汶川M_S8.0地震前后川滇地区地壳水平形变动态变化初探

利用中国地壳运动观测网络和中国大陆构造环境监测网络GPS区域网观测资料,解算川滇地区1999—2007年、2009—2011年相对欧亚板块的水平速度场,并借助连续应变模型获得了川滇地区应变率场。通过分析汶川地震前后地壳水平运动速度场和应变率场的动态变化,得到:(1)水平相对运动与主应变场分布反映出在巴彦喀拉地块的东向推挤与华南地块的强烈阻挡下,龙门山断裂带长期的应力应变积累并突然释放导致了汶川大地震的发生;(2)发生大地震的龙门山断裂带在地震前应变量值并不显著,处于应变亏损状态,应变高值区主要集中在川滇菱形块体的东边界与北边界;(3)大地震的发生导致震源区及其周边应力应变剧烈调整,龙门山断裂带中南段显示出明显的应变增强态势,一定程度上反映了2013年芦山7.0地震发生前的应变背景累积信息。     

张家口—渤海断裂带分段运动变形特征分析

利用张家口—渤海断裂带(张渤带)及其邻区1999—2007年的GPS观测数据, 研究了该区域现今地壳水平速度场特征。 运用最小二乘配置方法获得应变率场的空间分布特征, 根据区域地壳主应变率、 面膨胀率和最大剪切应变率等形变场的空间变化, 分析了张渤带各分段的形变特征。 结果表明: 相对于欧亚框架, 研究区内GPS速度场以SE方向运动为主; 应变场以NE方向的主压应变为主, 伴随着近NW方向的张性应变; 整个张渤带及其邻区的高剪切变形区主要位于河北香河、 文安以及唐山等三个地区。 利用跨断层GPS剖面分析得到张渤带以左旋走滑为主, 兼有挤压运动。 华北平原块体和燕山块体的相对运动是张渤带左旋走滑的直接动力来源, 而印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞后继续向北的推挤作用则是张渤带运动变形的根本动力来源, 太平洋板块的作用相对较弱。     

利用GPS观测资料研究山西断陷带的应变特征

利用美国麻省理工学院的GAMIT／GLOBK数据处理软件,计算获得了山西GPS观测网2001—2003年观测点在ITRF2000框架下的运动速率,并扣除了欧亚板块的整体运动。在此基础上,根据距离加权的最小二乘估计法计算了该区在2001-2003年的水平主应变,有效地避免了三角均匀应变场计算方法易受点位分布及划分网格形式的影响。得到的应变率结果显示,在山西断陷带内部,大同和运城盆地拉张较为明显,太原一临汾盆地之间呈现出一定的挤压特征,表明了山西各盆地内部区域应力场的差异以及整体构造的不连续性。     

青藏高原东南缘南段现今变形特征研究

本文以青藏高原东南缘南段1999—2017年的GPS速度场为主,结合小震分布、历史地震和活断层探测等资料,首先,基于Okada断层位错模型反演了研究区域主要活断层的滑动速率;其次,以断层滑动速率和GPS速度场观测资料作为约束,利用DEFNODE负位错方法反演了研究区域的块体内部变形及主要活断层的闭锁程度和滑动亏损;最后,计算研究区域现今应变率场,并结合Pms和XKS剪切波分裂结果,探讨分析了青藏高原东南缘的动力学特征.研究结果表明:(1)红河断裂带现今滑动速率明显低于南华—楚雄—建水断裂和无量山断裂;(2)红河断裂带的元江—元阳段、鹤庆—洱源段和小江断裂带北段处于强闭锁状态,南华—楚雄—建水断裂带和无量山断裂带中—北段的闭锁程度强于南段;(3)青藏高原东南缘南段现今地壳变形表现为近E-W向的拉张和近N-S向的挤压,最大剪切方向与Pms和XKS剪切波分裂的快波方向呈一定角度,表明地壳与地幔处于完全解耦状态,而中-下地壳低速层可能是壳幔解耦的主要原因之一;(4)青藏高原东南缘的整体变形受控于印度板块的推挤、印缅俯冲带的深源俯冲以及缅甸微板块与巽他板块的后撤/回退的共同作用.     

汾渭断裂带近10年GPS观测获得的剖面变形与应变积累分析

利用1999～2009年汾渭断裂带GPS速度场观测资料,研究了跨断裂剖面变形动态演化特性、应变积累的分段差异性以及汶川大地震等的可能影响.结果表明:近10年来山西断陷带南段、渭河盆地中东部应变积累相对较快,山西断陷带北端的蔚广盆地南缘断裂、渭河断裂西段也存在一定程度应变积累.汶川大地震影响相对明显,2007～2009年...     

郯庐断裂带南段及其周边地区应力场分区与反演

基于震源机制解和地应力测量资料,研究分析郯庐断裂带南段及其周边地区的应力场分布特征,并结合大地构造特征将该区域应力场分为3个子区域:郯庐断裂带西侧应力区、苏北断陷应力区和苏南隆起应力区。分区反演构造应力场结果显示:(1)郯庐断裂带以西区域和苏北断陷区水平方向受到NEE向的挤压作用,苏南隆起区水平方向受到近EW向的挤压作用;(2)郯庐断裂带以西区域水平方向受到的挤压作用方向介于苏北断陷区NEE向与苏南隆起区近EW向之间;(3)郯庐断裂带以东区域构造应力场为正断兼走滑机制,以西区域为走滑机制;(4)整个研究区域水平方向挤压应力自西向东呈放射状分布。     

基于最小二乘配置在椭球面上解算喜马拉雅地区GPS应变分布

随着空间大地测量技术不断发展,GPS观测的地壳水平形变速度场精度也在不断提高,更加严密的GPS应变分析模型将有助于促进更高精度的地壳运动模型的构建.大地线长度与对应球面弧长之间的差异与纬度、经度变化均有关,并且与纬度变化影响最为显著,纬度越低,相应的椭球面效应约显著.本文在最小二乘配置模型的基础上进一步研究并推导了基于椭球坐标系的GPS应变分析模型,通过该模型进一步计算了青藏高原南部喜马拉雅构造带及阿萨姆构造结地区现今GPS应变分布.最大、最小主应变的显示喜马拉雅山脉中部的南北向压缩变形最强,西部次之,东部最弱.在印度板块的俯冲推挤作用下,喜马拉雅构造带内部地壳的变形过程并不统一.本文研究发现雅鲁藏布江缝合带与亚东—古鲁断裂带是该区域地壳水平形变的两条重要分界构造,雅鲁藏布江缝合带南部、亚东—古鲁断裂西侧的条带状地区可能是青藏南部吸收来自印度板块俯冲挤压作用的主要区域,最大剪应变分布及面膨胀值分布均表明亚东—古鲁断裂带是喜马拉雅构造带东西向拉伸变形过程中的一条重要的分界构造.沿喜马拉雅构造带分布的地壳剧烈变形区域集中分布在断裂以西,向东跨过该断裂的GPS应变场大幅减弱.青藏高原东南缘以阿萨姆构造结为中心的顺时针旋转变形存在旋转内、外圈层速度不一致现象,旋转速率由内向外逐渐增强.     

玉树MS7.1级地震前的形变应变场变化特征

基于1999～2007年和2007～2009年的GPS站点观测数据计算的速度场,分析了青藏亚板块的运动特征.利用块体(旋转与线性应变)弹性运动公式计算可可西里-巴颜喀拉块体和羌唐块体的应变率、可可西里-玉树断裂带的运动速度和应变率,研究了玉树7.1级地震前的形变应变特征.结果表明:可可西里-巴颜喀拉块体处于青藏亚板块运...     

鄂尔多斯块体周缘地区现今地壳水平运动与应变

位于青藏块体和华北块体之间的鄂尔多斯块体及其周缘地区是中国大陆构造活动最活跃的地区之一,从1300年至今,在块体周边断陷盆地和西南缘断裂带上发生了五次8级以上的地震.为了了解该地区现今地壳运动、应变状态以及断裂滑动分布,我们收集了中国大陆构造环境监测网络2009—2013年、国家GPS控制网、跨断陷盆地的8个GPS剖面等共527个流动站和32个连续站GPS观测数据,获得了高空间分辨率的地壳水平运动速度场,进一步用均匀弹性模型计算了应变率分布.结果表明,块体内部GPS站点向NEE方向运动,速度变化较小,应变率大多在(-1.0~1.0)×10~(-8)/a之间;山西断陷带构造运动与变形最为强烈,盆地相对于鄂尔多斯块体为拉张变形,应变率为(1.0~3.0)×10~(-8)/a,相对于东部山地则为挤压变形,应变率为(-2.0~-3.0)×10~(-8)/a,盆地西侧断裂(如罗云山断裂、交城断裂)以拉张运动为主,拉张速率为2~3mm·a-1,盆地东侧断裂主要以右旋缩短运动为主,速率为1~3mm·a-1;河套断陷带西部的临河凹陷处于较强的张性应变状态,应变率为(2.0~3.0)×10~(-8)/a;块体西南边缘处于压缩应变状态,应变率为(-1.0~-2.0)×10~(-8)/a,六盘山断裂存在明显的地壳缩短运动,速率约为2.1mm·a-1,速率在断裂附近逐渐减小,反映了断裂处于闭锁状态;相对于鄂尔多斯块体内部渭河断裂带为左旋运动,速率为1.0mm·a-1,盆地处在弱拉张变形状态.     

巴颜喀拉块体北东地区现今水平运动与变形

本文利用GPS数据研究了巴颜喀拉块体北东地区现今水平运动与变形特征。 在球坐标系中解算了各应变分量, 分析了应变率场的空间分布特征, 并与地球物理学和地震地质学研究结果进行了综合对比分析。 最新的GPS速度场结果表明, 巴颜喀拉块体北东地区与高原整体运动性质一样具有顺时针向南东方向旋转的特征, 自西向东和北东方向测站水平运动速度呈现明显的衰减特征。 应变场结果显示, 研究区以北东向的主压应变为主, 伴随着近北西向的张性应变。 应变较强的区域主要分布在活动块体的边界断裂东昆仑断裂带的东段塔藏段和龙门山断裂带上。 东昆仑断裂带东段塔藏段的主压应变明显, 结合地震地质和活动构造资料, 认为东昆仑断裂带东段塔藏段的运动性质自西向东发生了改变, 水平滑动速率逐渐减小, 垂向运动逐渐增强。 研究区GPS速度场和应变场的这一变形特征表明, 青藏高原内部的块体运动特征较为明显, 变形主要集中在作为活动块体边界的活动断裂带上, 边界断裂带的运动特征在调节活动块体间的相互运动中起着重要作用。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.     

Species Composition and Seasonal Variations of the Gastropoda in Upper Sakarya River System (Turkey) in Relation to Water Quality

Species composition, abundance, and seasonal distribution of the Gastropoda fauna and the physical and chemical variables of Upper Sakarya River System have been investigated between October 1998 and August 1999. Gastropod fauna in the Upper Sakarya River System was represented by 9 species of Prosobranchia and 7 species of Pulmonata. Diversity, dominance, and abundance of the Gastropoda species were recorded seasonally. The abundance of some of the 16 species was correlated positively with temperature, dissolved oxygen and negatively or positively with pH and nitrate. It was observed that Gyraulus albus (Müller, 1774), Physa acuta Draparnaud, 1805, Valvata pulchella Studer, 1820, and Oxyloma elegans (Risso, 1826) can tolerate a high level of NO‐N while V. piscinalis (Müller, 1774) spread out in unpolluted water. Although the species and their numbers change at the stations, the maximum numbers were found during autumn, while minimums were identified during the winter sampling. Gyraulus albus was the most widespread species in our research area. Only 5 species (Gyraulus albus, Physa acuta, Valvata cristata (Muller, 1774), Valvata pulchella, Melanopsis praemorsa costata (Olivier, 1804)) were determined each season. However, no Gastropoda were found at the station 3 that has high BOD, NO‐N, NO‐N, and NH₃ levels.