用聚丙烯酰胺泥浆钻进砂卵砾石层

龙江南部平原区地层表面出露多,为第四系砂卵砾石。其特点是砾径大,胶结性差,层位厚。81年04机施工的L－36号孔设计孔深200米,因用普通泥浆钻进至168．77米,孔壁严重坍塌,处理无效被迫终孔。因生产所需,我们在这个地区试用了PAM泥浆,钻进4个孔,共190．85米,收到良好的效果。82年全面推广使用,又完成了25个孔2366．9米的钻进工作量。提高了台月效率,保证了钻孔质量,深受工人欢迎。     

栲胶泥浆使用情况

我队在大王矿区钻进，钻孔设计孔深都约1200米，钻机为XB－1000A型。孔深，地层复杂，超负荷施工，又使用不含处理剂的泥浆护孔，很难保证钻机正常运转。当使用栲胶泥浆后，基本上解决了上述问题，作到正常钻进。施工终孔的六个钻孔总进尺6663.76米，最深的达1160米，正在施工的两个钻孔已分别超过900和1000米。在超过千米之后，见矿最大厚度为70余米，为突破低缓异常打开了局面。通过生产实践，还初步掌握了针对不同地层使用不同配比的栲胶碱液处理泥浆的一些规律，现将有关情况简介如下。     

优质泥浆解决铝土矿地层护孔问题

一九八四年五月后,后槽矿区钻探施工采用聚丙烯酰胺优质泥浆护孔,解决了浮土层厚、钻进垮塌严重,开孔下多层套管、而且比较困难的问题,取得了一定效果,获得了较好的经济效益。 一、地层概况: 后槽矿区施工的地层依次为亚粘土(浮土),含燧石团块灰岩,铝土矿层、含硫铁矿粘土岩、白云岩等。 钻孔浮土风化层较厚,有的达50—60米,胶结性差,遇水膨胀、垮塌、极不稳定。清水钻进经常发生缩径挤钻,砂多埋钻等事故,造成下多层套管都无法施工的问题。实属水敏性地层,给正常施工带来很大困难。     

金刚石钻进打滑地层的一点体会

我队于1980年在冀东某矿区施工CK66孔时遇到较厚的打滑地层,现将钻进中的一点体会小结如下: 钻进条件1.地层该孔89.30～286.16米为白云岩、白云质石英砂岩、石英砂岩等互层,其中石英砂岩主要矿物为石英(最高含量达70%以上),少量长石、云母,钙质及硅质胶结,可见条带燧石及纯石英脉,致密坚硬,     

钾盐矿区的泥浆工作

钻探过程中使用泥浆的好坏，对高速、优质、低耗、安全地进行钻进工作关系很大，不同的地层岩性应采用不同类型和性能的泥浆。我队2409井队所施工的钾1井，根据地质情况使用了两大类型的泥浆：见矿前的901米用低碱性石灰泥浆（钙处理泥浆），见矿后用饱和盐水泥浆。使用一年来，虽然并段穿过的地层复杂，但钻进一千三百多米，井内未发生任何异常。现将泥浆使用情况分述如下。     

无固相冲洗液在复杂地层钻进中的应用

钻进松散、破碎、坍塌、水敏等复杂地层，最常用的护壁办法是用泥浆和下套管。穿过复杂地层对泥浆性能要求很高，稍有疏忽就会导致孔内事故，从而增加了其使用难度。无固相冲洗液以其高分子聚合物吸附能力强、胶结性能好、配制使用简便等特点，为解决这些复杂地层钻进问题提供了新的途径。在几个典型矿区分别应用DWY-Ⅱ型、PAA和HJ-l三种无固相冲洗液，成功地解决了复杂地层钻进中护壁、取心等技术难题。     

钻机高基台安装作业方法

山西临汾水文队所施工的钻孔中含水层多而且厚,平均十米就要出现一个含水层,总厚度占钻孔深度的60—70％。从岩层情况来看都是一些毫无胶结的流砂,坍塌非常严重,钻具提上来后,所钻的孔马上就会被泥砂填实。为保证水文钻孔的质量,又不能用泥浆钻进,给钻进工作带来很大的影响;套管下不去,套管挤夹,无法加长钻杆扫孔或钻进……。某些钻孔以致发展到无法钻进     

泥浆回灌

在复杂岩层钻进中,泥浆护孔是常用的措施。随着小口径金刚石钻进的发展,回灌泥浆这一新经验很值得重视。回灌泥浆的作用泥浆之所以能够护孔,主要是靠造壁能和泥浆柱来平衡地层压力。在小口径钻孔中,钻具所占体积很大,提钻后孔内泥浆柱显著下降,如果不及时给予补充,不仅破坏地层压力     

优质膨润土造浆的经济效益

云南省地矿局807队老厂分队过去长期使用当地劣质粘土造浆，因此孔内事故多，效率低。自从使用优质膨润土粉造浆以后，孔内事故大大减少，钻进效率提高，工人的劳动强度降低。现就915孔和1713孔可比性较强的孔段进行对比如下：915孔自672.75—900.50米完全使用当地劣质粘土泥浆，钻进227.15米；1713孔自775.20—984.44米完全使用山东高阳膨     

空气（泡沫）潜孔锤钻进工艺在王家岭煤矿紧急避险孔中的应用

空气（泡沫）潜孔锤钻进工艺在王家岭煤矿紧急避险孔钻进中,有效解决了钻孔垂直度要求高、地层漏失等施工难点,实现了高质量快速成孔。该工艺平均机械钻速高达7.99 m/h,终孔水平位移仅为0.48 m,二开孔段每米综合成本504.8元。邻孔SW1水文补勘孔以泥浆作为循环介质、采用牙轮回转正循环钻进工艺,平均机械钻速为0.86 m/h,二开孔段每米综合成本为820.5元。前者平均机械钻速约是后者的9倍,较后者节约成本38.5%。与邻孔泥浆正循环牙轮回转钻进工艺相比,该工艺不仅解决了紧急避险孔施工难点,还提高了孔身质量、节约了工期、降低了成本,达到降本增效的目的,值得类似工程借鉴。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.