Geochemistry and magmatic history of eclogites and ultramafic rocks from the Chinese continental scientific drill hole: Subduction and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism of lower crustal cumulates

Three distinct groups of eclogites (low-Mg–Ti eclogites, high-Ti eclogites and Mg-rich eclogites) and ultramafic rocks from the depth interval of 100–680 m of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drill Hole were studied. The low Mg#s (= 100^?molar Mg/(Mg + Fe)) (81–84%) and low Ni (1150–1220 ppm) and high Fe₂O₃^total (13–15 wt.%) contents of ultramafic rocks suggest a cumulate origin. Mg-rich eclogites show middle and heavy REE enrichments, which could not be produced by metamorphic growth of garnet. Instead, if the rocks formed from a light REE enriched magma, there may be an igneous precursor for some garnets in their protolith. Alternatively, perhaps they formed from a light REE depleted magma without garnet. The high-Ti eclogites are characterized by unusually high Fe₂O₃^total contents (up to 24.5 wt.%) and decoupling of high TiO₂ from low Nb and Ta contents. These features cannot be produced by concentration of rutile during UHP metamorphism (even for samples with TiO₂ > 4 wt.%) of high-Ti basalts, but could be attributed to crystal fractionation of titanomagnetite (for those with TiO₂ < ～ 4 wt.%) or titanomagnetite + ilmenite (for those with TiO₂ > ～ 4 wt.%). Thus, we suggest that protoliths of the high-Ti eclogites were titanomagnetite/ilmenite-rich gabbroic cumulates. As a whole, the low-Mg–Ti eclogites are geochemically complementary to the high-Ti eclogites, Mg-rich eclogites and ultramafic rocks, and could be metamorphic products of gabbroic/dioritic cumulates formed by high degree crystal fractionation. All these observations suggest that parental materials of the ultramafic rock-eclogite assemblage could represent a complete sequence of fractional crystallization of tholeiitic or picritic magmas at intermediate to high pressure, which were later carried to ultrahigh-pressure conditions during a continental collision event.     

Rare—Earth Element Geochemistry of Elogites from the Ultra—High Pressure Metamorphic Belt in Central China

Based on their REE contents and REE patterns,eclogites from the ultra-high pressure metamorphic belt in central China may be roughly divided into xis types including LREE-rich.LREE-rich positive Eu anomaly,LREE-rich negative Eu anomaly,REE pattern-smooth,MREE-rich and HREE-rich.The LREE_rich,LREE-rich positive Eu anomaly and LREE-rich negative Eu anomaly types of eclogites are dominant .REE types of eclogites in different areas can be compared and the REE feactures of the same REE type of eclogites in different areas are similar.The results of reconstruction of the primary rocks show that the primary rocks of eclogites possibly are dominated by continental tholeiites which are the product of partial melting of relatively fertile mantle and the rocks of tholeiite crystallization-differentiation.There is perfect evolution relationship among the primary rocks of the LREE-rich, LREE-rich positive Eu anomaly and LREE-rich negative Eu anomaly types of eclogites and among those of the REE pattern smooth and MREE-rich types of eclogites,the former three types were deried from continental settings and the latter two from nearly oceanic settings.Meanwhile,it is concluded that the mantle sources of primary rocks of the eclogites are inhomogeneous and the primary rocks of eclogites in this area appear to have undergone varying degree of crustal contamination.     

扬子陆块北缘东河铂钯矿化超基性岩脉成岩时代与岩石成因:锆石年代学、地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素约束

东河铂钯矿化超基性岩脉位于扬子陆块北缘房县东河地区,铂钯矿体产于超基性岩辉石岩脉中.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年表明该超基性岩脉结晶侵位年龄为433.2±2.9 Ma,属于早志留世.地球化学特征上,岩石具有较低含量的SiO_2(39.73%～47.46%,均值为41.41%)、中等偏低的Mg#(46.98～67.37)和高铝(11.25%～15.46%)的特征,整体上属于高铝质超基性岩类.微量和稀土元素方面,岩石具有较高的稀土总量、轻稀土富集和无明显的Eu正异常特征(ΣREE=59.59×10^-6～375.02×10^-6,(LaN/YbN)=3.94～19.13,δEu=0.93～1.13),所有岩石富集Rb、Ba、Sr、Nb、Ti等元素,亏损K、Hf、P等元素,且具有显著不同于地壳的不相容元素组成.Sr、Nd、Hf同位素研究表明,东河超基性岩具有低的(87 Sr/86 Sr)i(0.703 26～0.704 15),正的εNd(t)(4.37～5.27)和正的εHf(t)(7.29～10.26).综合研究表明:东河超基性岩来自亏损的岩石圈地幔源区,可能有富集岩石圈地幔组分的加入,原始岩浆在上升侵位过程中地壳物质的混染不明显.微量元素构造环境判别显示其形成于板内构造环境,通过分析表明东河地区在早志留世应处于被动大陆边缘,拉张伸展的状态,研究区出露的两期超基性岩床(脉)为岩石圈处于拉张状态下大陆裂谷早期阶段的产物.     

湘西隘口新元古代基性-超基性岩墙年代学和地球化学特征:岩石成因及其构造意义

湘西隘口地区基性-超基性岩墙锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年龄为831.6±9.7Ma,与桂北、赣东北基性岩墙具有相似的形成时代(约830～825Ma),组成了扬子陆块南缘新元古代呈带状断续分布的基性岩墙群。隘口地区的基性-超基性岩墙化学成分上属于碱性系列,超基性岩具有比基性岩明显高的MgO、Cr和Ni含量,所有样品都展示出相似的稀土和微量元素配分模式,部分样品具有轻微的Nb的负异常和明显的P、Ti的负异常,表明岩浆在演化的过程中遭受过不同程度的地壳的混染。该区基性-超基性样品具有明显高的相似于软流圈地幔的εNd(t)值,则暗示其母岩浆来源于长期亏损的软流圈地幔。结合其微量元素及其对应的比值和εNd(t)值与板内裂谷碱性玄武岩和洋岛玄武岩非常相似的特征,以及扬子周缘大规模相同时代岩浆作用的特点,我们认为这些新元古代火成岩是地幔柱有关的裂谷岩浆作用的产物,地幔柱或超级地幔柱的作用导致了Rodinia超大陆最终的裂解。     

Rare earth element geochemistry of Thetford Mines ophiolite complex,Northern Appalachians,Canada

The Thetford Mines complex is a complete ophiolite which is part of an ultramafic-mafic belt within Québec Appalachians. These allochtonous bodies were emplaced during the Early Ordovician. The Thetford Mines complex comprises a lower unit of metamorphic harzburgite (in which tabular, dyke-like, dunitic bodies occur) overlain successively by ultramafic cumulates, mafic cumulates, ophitic gabbros, diabase sills and dykes, and basaltic volcanic rocks. Field evidence, petrography and chemical data indicate that the tabular dunitic bodies formed when fractures in the metamorphic harzburgite (which constituted the floor of the magma chamber) filled with early cumulates (i.e., olivine±chromite). Representative rocks from all units were analyzed for major and rare earth elements (REE). Metamorphic harzburgite samples from Thetford Mines complex have U-shaped chondrite-normalized REE patterns. Pyroxenites and wehrlites of the cumulate sequence are all strongly light-REE depleted and have heavy REE ranging from 0.4 to 1.5 times chondrite. REE data from ultramafic and volcanic rocks of Thetford Mines complex and geochemical modelling indicate that the metamorphic harzburgite has the chemical characteristics of depleted upper mantle residues with U-shaped patterns, and that the ultramafic cumulates crystallized from magmas having different La/Yb ratios.     

鄂西黄陵背斜南部元古宙庙湾蛇绿岩的发现及其构造意义

对鄂西黄陵背斜南部宜昌太平溪、邓村一带崆岭岩群中的元古宙庙湾岩组强烈变形变质超镁铁—镁铁质岩的研究表明,镁铁质岩主要为似层状细粒斜长角闪岩,变辉长岩岩体、岩脉及辉绿岩岩脉,超镁铁质岩则主要为蛇纹石化纯橄榄岩、方辉橄榄岩,呈构造岩片、岩块分布于斜长角闪岩之中。细粒斜长角闪岩TiO2=1.14%～1.48%,稀土元素配分型式为略亏损—平坦型,无明显的Eu异常,(La/Yb)N=0.87～1.12,La/Nb、Ce/Zr、Zr/Nb、Zr/Y、Ti/Y平均值分别为1.04、0.15、18.78、2.53、290.51,Nb/Th平均为9.88,显示为大洋中脊构造环境形成的N-MORB型拉斑玄武岩;变辉长岩具典型的堆晶结构特征,稀土元素配分型式为平坦型,具明显的Eu正异常;蛇纹石化纯橄榄岩的稀土元素配分型式具中稀土元素略亏损的U形特征,显示为LREE略富集的地幔岩。上述特征表明,黄陵背斜南部崆岭岩群中的元古宙庙湾岩组实际上是一套混杂堆积的古大洋蛇绿岩残片。元古宙庙湾蛇绿岩的发现为华南扬子克拉通存在中元古代洋盆和哥伦比亚超大陆聚合、裂解构造事件提供了重要的证据。     

华中超高压变质带中榴辉岩的稀土元素地球化学

根据ＲＥＥ含量及其分配模式,华中超高压变质带中榴辉岩可大体分为六种类型,即ＬＲＥＥ富集型、ＬＲＥＥ富集＋Ｅｕ正异常型、ＬＲＥＥ富集＋Ｅｕ负异常型、ＲＥＥ平坦型、ＭＲＥＥ（中稀土）富集型和ＨＲＥＥ富集型,主要为ＬＲＥＥ富集型和ＬＲＥＥ富集＋Ｅｕ正异常型,不同地区榴辉岩ＲＥＥ类型可进行对比,不同地区同ＲＥＥ类型榴辉岩的ＲＥＥ特征相似。原岩恢复结果表明榴辉岩的原岩主要为来源于相对富集地幔的大陆拉斑玄武岩     

Ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks from the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project: I. Petrology and geochemistry of the main hole (0–2,050 m)

The main hole (MH) of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project (CCSD) in southern Sulu has penetrated into an ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic rock slice which consists of orthogneiss, paragneiss, eclogite, ultramafic rock and minor schist. Recovered eclogites have a UHP metamorphic mineral assemblage of garnet + omphacite + rutile ± phengite ± kyanite ± coesite ± epidote. Ultramafic rocks contain garnet + olivine + clinopyroxene + orthopyroxene ± Ti-clinohumite ± phlogopite. Gneisses and schists contain an amphibolite-facies paragenesis, but their zircons have coesite, garnet, omphacite (or jadeite) and phengite inclusions, indicating that eclogites and gneisses have been subjected to in situ UHP metamorphism. Using available geothermobarometers, P–T estimates of 3.1–4.4 GPa and 678–816°C for eclogites were obtained. If surface outcrops and neighboring shallow drill holes are considered together, we suggest that a huge supracrustal rock slab (> 50 km long × 100 km wide × 5 km deep) was subducted to a depth > 100 km and then exhumed to the surface. The depth interval (0–2,050 m) of the CCSD-MH can be divided into six lithological units. Unit 1 consists of alternating layers of quartz-rich and rutile-rich eclogites, with thin interlayers of gneiss and schist. Eclogites of unit 1 are characterized by Nb, Ta, Sr and Ti depletions, low Mg number and general LREE enrichment. Unit 2 comprises rutile- and ilmenite-rich eclogite and minor “normal” eclogite and is characterized by high TiO₂, total Fe, V, Co and Sr, and very low SiO₂, alkali, Zr, Ba, Nb, Ta and total REE contents, and LREE-depleted REE patterns with slightly positive Eu anomalies. Unit 3 contains ultramafic rock and minor MgO-rich eclogite. Protoliths of UHP rocks from units 1, 2 and 3 represent a layered mafic to ultramafic intrusion at crustal depth. Units 4 and 6 consist of interlayered eclogite and paragneiss; the eclogites are characterized by Th, U, Nb, Ta and Ti depletion and K enrichment and LREE-enriched REE patterns. Paragneisses show Nb, Ta, Sr and Ti depletions and LREE-enriched REE patterns occasionally with slightly negative Eu anomalies, indicating that their protoliths represent metamorphic supracrustal series. Unit 5 consists mainly of orthogneisses, showing distinct Nb, Ta, Sr and Ti depletions, and LREE-enriched REE patterns with pronounced negative Eu anomalies, suggesting granitic protoliths. In conclusion it is proposed that the southern Sulu UHP belt consists of a series of meta-supracrustal rocks, a layered mafic–ultramafic complex and granites.     

Petrogenesis of garnet-bearing ultramafic rocks and associated eclogites in the Su-Lu ultrahigh-P metamorphic terrane, eastern China

Ultramafic blocks that themselves contain eclogite lenses in the Triassic Su-Lu ultrahigh-P terrane of eastern China range in size from hundreds of metres to kilometres. The ultramafic blocks are enclosed in quartzofeldspathic gneiss of early Proterozoic age. Ultramafic rocks include garnetiferous lherzolite, wehrlite, pyroxenite, and hornblende peridotite. Garnet lherzolites are relatively depleted in Al₂O₃ (<3.8wt%), CaO (<3.2%) and TiO₂ (<0.11 wt%), and are low in total REE contents (several p.p.m.), suggesting that the rocks are residual mantle material that was subjected to low degrees of partial melting. The eclogite lenses or layers within the ultramafic rocks are characterized by higher MgO and CaO, lower Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ contents, and a higher CaO/Al₂O₃ ratio compared to eclogites enclosed in the quartzofeldspathic gneiss. Scatter in the plots of major and trace elements vs. MgO, REE patterns and La, Sm and Lu contents suggest that some eclogites were derived from melts formed by various degrees (0.05–0.20) of partial melting of peridotite, and that other eclogites formed by accumulation of garnet and clinopyroxene ± trapped melt in the upper mantle. Both ultramafic and eclogitic rocks have experienced a complex metamorphic history. At least six stages of recrystallization occurred in the ultramafic rocks based on an analysis of reaction textures and mineral compositions. Stage I is a high temperature protolith assemblage of Ol + Opx + Cpx + Spl. Stage II consists of the ultrahigh-pressure assemblage Ol + Cpx + Opx + Grt. Stage III is manifested by the appearance of fine-grained garnet after coarse-grained garnet. Stage IV is characterized by formation of kelyphitic rims of fibrous Opx and Cpx around garnet, and replacement of garnet by spinel and pargasitic-hornblende. Stage V is represented by the assemblage Ol + Opx + Prg-Hbl + Spl. The mineral assemblages of stages VI_A and VI_B are Ol + Tr-Amp + Chl and Serp + Chl ± talc, respectively. Garnet and orthopyroxene all show a decrease in MgO with retrogressive recrystallization and Na₂O in clinopyroxene also decreases throughout this history. Eclogites enclosed within ultramafic blocks consist of Grt + Omp + Rt ± Qtz ± Phn. A few quartz-bearing eclogites contain rounded and oval inclusion of polycrystalline quartz aggregates after coesite in garnet and omphacite. Minor retrograde features include thin symplectic rims or secondary amphiboles after Cpx, and ilmenite after rutile. P-T estimates indicate that the ultrahigh-metamorphism (stage II) of ultramafic rocks occurred at 820-900d? C and 36-41 kbar and that peak metamorphism of eclogites occurred at 730-900d? C and >28 kbar. Consonant with earlier plate tectonic models, we suggest that these rocks were underplated at the base of the continental crust. The rocks then underwent ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism and were tectonically emplaced into thickened continental crust during the Triassic collision between the Sino-Korean and Yangtze cratons.     

Consistent patterns of rare earth element distribution in accessory minerals from rocks of mafic-ultramafic complexes

This paper summarizes analytical data accumulated in the world literature and other materials about the regularities of the REE distribution in minerals contained in ultramafic and mafic rocks as accessory phases. These minerals are tentatively divided into two groups. The first includes garnets, zircons, apatites and perovskites, which can accumulate increased amounts of REE in their structure. The second consists of minerals whose structure can accumulate only limited contents of these trace elements. These are chrome-spinels, ilmenites, and micas. These minerals, in respect of REE geochemistry, are studied to a varying degree because of the different levels of accumulations of these elements, different degrees of occurrence in rocks, tiny sizes of their grains and other reasons. The analytical database formed on their basis includes about 600 original analyses. The overwhelming majority of presently available data on REE geochemistry in accessory minerals from ultramafic and mafic rocks have been published only in the recent 15 years. The studies became possible due to the development and introduction of new highly sensible microprobe analyses allowing detection of REE and many other trace elements in minerals grains directly in thin sections. The greatest numbers of these analyses were performed for garnets and zircons, fewer for apatites, and the fewest for chrome-spinels, ilmenites, micas, and perovskites. In general, the regularities of REE distribution in these minerals from ultramafic and mafic rocks are less studied compared to the rock-forming minerals from ultramafic and mafic rocks. Among the analytical methods, which were used to study the REE composition of accessory minerals, the most efficient was the mass-spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS).     

Eocene continental dyke swarm from Central Iran (Khur area)

The Eocene dyke swarm with east-west general trend intrudes the Cretaceous sedimentary rocks in ～25 km north of the Khur city (Central Iran). Some of the studied dykes can be followed for over 7 km, but the majority of exposures in the area are less than 5 km long. The dykes commonly exhibit a chilled contact with the wall rocks. These dykes are trachybasalt and basalt in composition. The trachybasalt dykes are much more abundant. The basaltic dykes cross cut the trachybasalt dykes in some locations, indicating that trachybasalt dykes are older than the basaltic ones. Primary igneous minerals of the basaltic dykes are olivine (chrysolite), clinopyroxene (diopside, augite), plagioclase (labradorite), sanidine, magnetite, orthopyroxene (enstatite), spinel and phlogopite, and secondary minerals are zeolite (natrolite and mesolite), chlorite (diabantite), calcite and serpentine. The trachybasalt dykes are composed of clinopyroxene (diopside), plagioclase (labradorite), sanidine, mica (biotite and phlogopite), amphibole (magnesio-hastingsite) and magnetite as primary minerals, and chlorite and calcite as secondary ones. Whole rocks geochemical data of the studied dykes indicate their basic and calc-alkaline nature and suggest that these two set of dykes were derived from the same parental magma. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns and the primitive mantle-normalized multi-elemental diagram of the Khur dykes show enrichment of light rare earth elements (LREE) relative to heavy rare earth elements (HREE), and negative anomalies of high field strength elements (HFSE) (e.g. Ti, Nb and Ta). These rocks show enrichment of the large ion lithophile elements (LILE) (e.g. Cs, Ba, Th and U) and depletion of the HREE and Y relative to MREE, Zr and Hf. In the chondrite-normalized REE diagram, the basalts show elevated REE abundances relative to the trachybasalt samples. Geochemical analyses of the studied samples suggest a spinel lherzolite from the mantle as the source rock and confirm the role of subduction in their generation. The chemical characteristics of the Khur dykes resemble those of continental arc rocks, and they were possibly formed by subduction of the Central-East Iranian microcontinent (CEIM) confining oceanic crust and decompression melting of a lithospheric subcontinental mantle spinel lherzolite enriched by subduction.     

Petrology and Petrogenesis of the Eclogite in Mt.Dabie Area,Central China

The occurrence,mineralogy and geochemistry of eclogites in the Mt.Dabie area show that they were subjected to a high-pressure metamorphism together with the country rocks,but their petrochemistry and REE geochemistry show some difference from those of the country rocks.The geochemical characteristics of the eclogites are similar to those of bot continental tholeiitic basalt and oceanic tholeiitic basalt.The rocks probably subducted to the upper mantle with the Dabie metamorphic complex.When elevated to the surface,they were subjected to different staes of retrogressive metamorphism.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987110000125

<正>Carbonatites are commonly related to the accumulation of economically valuable substances such as REE.Cu,and P.The debate over the origin of carbonatites and their relationship to associated silicate rocks has been ongoing for about 45 years.Worldwide,the rocks characteristically display more geochemical enrichments in Ba,Sr and REE than sedimentary carbonate rocks.However,carbonatite's geochemical features are disputed because of secondary mineral effects.Rock-forming carbonates from carbonatites at Qinling.Panxi region,and Bayan Obo in China show REE distribution patterns ranging from LREE enrichment to flat patterns.They are characterized by a Sr content more than 10 times higher than that of secondary carbonates.The coarse- and fine-grained dolomites from Bayan Obo H8 dolomite marbles also show similar high Sr abundance,indicating that they are of igneous origin.Some carbonates in Chinese carbonatites show REE(especially HREE) contents and distribution patterns similar to those of the whole rocks.These intrusive carbonatites display lower platinum group elements and stronger fractionation between Pt and Ir relative to high-Si extrusive carbonatite.This indicates that most intrusive carbonatites may be carbonate cumulates.Maoniuping and Daluxiang in Panxi region are large REE deposits.Hydrothermal fluorite ore veins occur outside of the carbonatite bodies and are emplaced in wallrock syenite.The fiuorite in Maoniuping has Sr and Nd isotopes similar to carbonatite.The Daluxiang fiuorite shows Sr and REE compositions different from those in Maoniuping.The difference is reflected by both the carbonatites and rock-forming carbonates,indicating that REE mineralization is related to carbonatites.The cumulate processes of carbonate minerals make fractionated fluids rich in volatiles and LREE as a result of low partition coefficients for REE between carbonate and carbonatite melt and an increase from LREE to HREE.The carbonatite-derived fluid has interacted with wallrock to form REE ore veins.The amount of carbonatite dykes occurring near the Bayan Obo orebodies may support the same mineralization model,i.e.that fluids evolved from the carbonatite dykes reacted with H8 dolomite marble,and thus the different REE and isotope compositions of coarse- and fine-grained dolomite may be related to reaction processes.     

Trace-element abundances of iron-rich eclogites,with implications on the geodynamical evolution of the Voltri Group (Pennidic Belt)

Fe (136,900 ppm)- and Ti (28,540 ppm)-rich eclogites contained in the Voltri serpentinites show contents of metallic trace elements different from those of other eclogites described so far, both those of ophiolitic type and those included in ultramafic rocks. The Voltri eclogites are enriched in Mn (1,894 ppm), V (610 ppm), and Co (75 ppm) and depleted in Cr (110 ppm), Ni (56 ppm), and Zr (46 ppm) in comparison with other occurrences. The analyzed samples are: twelve flaser-eclogites, four fine-grained bimineralic eclogites and three eclogites showing an advanced degree of retrometamorphism toward greenschist facies. The given average values (in ppm) are based on nineteen analyzed samples. This trace-element content is believed to reflect the highly fractionated tholeiitic character of the eclogites and suggests that the Voltri rocks originated from the isochemical metamorphism of ferrogabbros which were probably intruded into the serpentinized lherzolites of a mid-oceanic ridge at the time of the opening of the Pennidic trough.     

Petrology and metamorphic evolution of ultramafic rocks and dolerite dykes of the Betic Ophiolitic Association (Mulhacén Complex, SE Spain): evidence of eo-Alpine subduction following an ocean-floor metasomatic process

The Betic Ophiolitic Association, cropping out within the Mulhacén Complex (Betic Cordilleras), is made up of numerous metre- to kilometre-sized lenses of mafic and/or ultramafic and meta-sedimentary rocks. Pre-Alpine oceanic metasomatism and metamorphism caused the first stage of serpentinization in the ultramafic sequence of this association, which is characterized by local clinopyroxene (Cpx) breakdown and Ca-depletion, and complementary rodingitization of the basic dykes intruded in them. Subsequent eo-Alpine orogenic metamorphism developed eclogite facies assemblages in ultramafic and basic lithotypes, which were partly retrograded in Ab-Ep-amphibolite facies conditions during a meso-Alpine event. The heterogeneous development of the oceanic metasomatism in the ultramafic rock-types led to the patchy development of highly serpentinized Ca-depleted domains, without gradual transition to the host, and less serpentinized, Cpx-bearing ultramafites, mainly lherzolitic in composition. The high-pressure eo-Alpine recrystallization of these ultramafites in subduction conditions originated secondary harzburgites in the Ca-depleted domains, consisting of a spinifex-like textured olivine+orthopyroxene paragenesis, and a diopside+Ti-clinohumite paragenesis in the enclosing lherzolitic rocks. During the meso-Alpine event, secondary harzburgites were partly transformed into talc+antigorite serpentinites, whereas the diopside and clinohumite-bearing residual meta-lherzolites were mainly transformed into Cpx-bearing serpentinites. Relics of mantle-derived colourless olivine may be present in the more or less serpentinized secondary harzburgites. These relics are overgrown by the eo-Alpine brown pseudo-spinifex olivine, which contains submicroscopic inclusions of chromite, ilmenite and occasional halite and sylvite, inherited from its parental oceanic serpentine. The same type of mantle-derived olivine relics is also preserved within the Cpx-bearing serpentinites, although it has been partly replaced by the eo-Alpine Ti-clinohumite. The dolerite dykes included in the ultramafites were partly rodingitized in an oceanic environment. They were then transformed during the eo-Alpine event into meta-rodingites in their border zones and into eclogites towards the innermost, less-rodingitized portions. Estimated P–T conditions for the high-pressure assemblages in ultramafic and basic lithotypes range from 650 to 750°C and 16–25 kb.     

白云鄂博矿区碱性基性岩—碳酸岩岩墙岩石学研究

白云鄂博地区广泛发育碳酸岩墙 -碱性基性岩墙,通过对其岩石学、矿物学、岩石化学、稀土元素、微量元素的系统研究表明,碳酸岩墙为火成碳酸岩,部分碳酸岩墙的REE含量高达14 6 75 %,与赋矿白云石碳酸岩体的REE含量(最高达 10 % )相近,两者均为富稀土矿石。矿区基性岩墙的K2 O +Na2 O含量( >5 % )高于普通基性岩石(4 % ),表明它们属于碱性岩类,是碱性基性岩墙。碳酸岩墙 -碱性基性岩墙的REE与微量元素的分配型式近似,Sr、Nd、Pb同位素特征亦相近,表明它们形成于一个比较特殊的、近似的源区,两者有一定的成因关系。     

超基性岩红土风化壳中REE地球化学:不同气候风化剖面的对比

选择印度尼西亚苏拉威西岛Kolonodale地区和中国云南省元江地区的2个超基性岩红土风化壳为研究对象,对比研究不同气候环境下超基性岩在红土风化过程中REE的地球化学特征及其演化机制.研究发现,印尼Kolonodale和中国元江剖面的REE分布型式具有一定的共性规律,都表现出显著的REE表生富集效应(相对于基岩的最大富集系数分别达44.21和236.19)、不均一的轻重稀土分异(分异程度随剖面深度加大而降低)以及剧烈的Ce异常正负转换现象(风化壳上部是正Ce异常,风化壳下部是负Ce异常).2个剖面中REE最大富集段的产出位置明显错位,表现在Kolonodale剖面中REE最大富集段出现在腐岩层,而在元江剖面中REE最大富集段出现在红土层.质量平衡计算指示,REE在超基性岩红土化过程中发生了显著的迁移和分异现象,其地球化学行为受红土剖面pH值环境与有机质(O.M.)含量的制约.案例对比分析表明,气候环境对超基性岩红土化过程中REE的地球化学演化具有重要影响.在热带雨林环境的印尼Kolonodale剖面中,风化壳中REE主要继承于基岩,在高强度的红土化作用下,REE经历了强烈的重新分配和垂向分异.而在亚热带季风气候环境的中国元江剖面中,风化壳中的REE具有更复杂的物源背景,除继承基岩外还可能叠加了风尘沉积物的影响.元江剖面的红土化程度偏弱,导致REE在表生演化中未发生强烈的淋滤和次生富集作用.      

Geochemistry and origin of the Archean Prince Albert Group volcanics,western Melville Peninsula,Northwest Territories,Canada

Major and trace element data on the Archean metavolcanic rocks of the Prince Albert Group (PAG), Northwest Territories. Canada, are reported. The following major groups were found, based on combined field and geochemical evidence: ultramafic flows; basaltic rocks, predominantly tholeiites; andesites; heavy REE depleted dacites; and rhyolites.The ultramafic and basaltic rocks are relatively normal Archean volcanics except for the downward bowed REE patterns of the tholeiitic basalts. The andesites, dacites and rhyolites, however, are not typical of Archean terrains. Comparisons between the andesites of the PAG and other Archean and more recent ones show that those of the PAG are most similar chemically to modern high-K andesites. REE patterns in these rocks suggest that partial melting of assemblages with significant garnet are an unlikely source but it is not possible to ascribe their origin to any simple process. Partial melting of a garnet-poor mafic granulite is an acceptable source for the heavy REE depleted dacites. The geochemical characteristics of the rhyolites cannot be explained by partial melting of a mafic source or by fractional crystallization from the daeites. It is suggested that these rocks originated by partial melting of pre-existing sialic crust.     

U-Pb dating of magmatic zircon and metamorphic baddeleyite in the Ligurian eclogites (Voltri Massif,Western Alps)

U-Pb geochronology with ion microprobe (SHRIMP) analysis has been carried out on eclogite-facies rocks of the Beigua Unit, an ophiolitic slice of the Voltri Massif, Western Alps. The investigated samples are eclogites and high-pressure metasomatic rocks (metarodingites and centimetre-sized Ti-clinohumite-bearing dykes). Zircon contained in an eclogitic metagabbro and a metarodingite preserves magmatic zoning patterns and trace element compositions. The zircon ages of 160±1 and 161±3 Ma are interpreted to date the crystallization of the gabbroic protoliths. Ti-clinohumite dykes in the same unit contain baddeleyite crystals in textural equilibrium with Ti-clinohumite, diopside, chlorite and magnetite, which form the eclogite-facies assemblage in these rocks. Baddeleyite also contains inclusions of such minerals, indicating its formation at high pressure. The baddeleyite has cathodoluminescence intensity and chaotic patterns similar to metamorphic zircon. It contains a significant amount of Hf (1.3–1.7 wt%), traces of Ti, Y, Nb, Ta, REE, U and Th. Its chondrite-normalised trace element pattern has strong enrichment in middle REE, positive Ce-anomaly and small negative Eu-anomaly. This represents the first report of baddeleyite formed during regional metamorphism, and suggests that this mineral could (re)crystallize easier than zircon under low-temperature, high-pressure conditions. The age of the baddeleyite is interpreted as likely dating the eclogite-facies metamorphism in the Beigua Unit at 33.6±1.0 Ma. This age is very close to the Early Oligocene age of the overlying Tertiary continental breccias and conglomerates, which contains clasts of high-pressure rocks. This sedimentary record, which is unique for Alpine high-pressure units, is direct evidence of fast exhumation of the Beigua eclogites. The young age for the HP metamorphism of the Beigua ophiolite makes a revision of either the palaeogeography prior to collision, or of the subduction setting in the entire region, necessary.Editorial responsibility: J. Hoefs     

白云鄂博REE-Nb-Fe矿床的富钠岩石类型析及成因分

白云鄂博稀土-铌-铁矿是世界最大的稀土多金属矿床之一,主要产于中元古界富钠岩石、白云岩和富钾板岩中。富钠岩石与含矿碳酸岩、富钾板岩一起在白云鄂博广泛分布,特别是在主矿和东矿南侧分布广泛,也产在含矿围岩和底盘围岩中。富钠岩石包括富钠长石岩、含钠闪石钠长岩脉、钠闪石岩脉及钠闪石碳酸岩脉和钠闪石化蚀变白云岩。富钠岩石在一个地质单元内出现,但成分略有不同,其岩石化学分析表现出富钠特征,大部分样品的w(Na2O)在6%以上,w(Na2O+K2O)>8%,w(Na2O)>w(K2O)。富钠长石岩的里特曼指数δ为2.96~8.56,n(A l)/n(K+Na)>1,n(A l)/n(K+Na+Ca)<1,表明为弱碱性偏铝质岩石。富钠岩石以富集地壳不相容元素、亏损地幔元素为特征,其稀土总量低于矿化白云岩,但轻稀土元素高度富集,具弱负铕异常,与含矿白云质火山岩一致。根据岩石产状、组构及化学成分分析,富钠长石岩属于富钠火山岩,而其他含钠闪石岩脉则属于岩浆分异侵入的岩脉与岩浆热液充填岩脉。钠化交代以霓石化、钠铁闪石化和钠长石化出现为特征。另外,富钠流体与白云岩反应形成了钠铁闪石化白云岩,强烈的钠化蚀变作用主要出现在稀土强烈富集的主矿和东矿。比较蚀变与未蚀变岩石的化学成分,表明蚀变作用引起稀土的重新分配和弱负铕异常。钠铁闪石化白云岩的w(S iO2)、w(TiO2)、w(K2O)和w(Na2O)升高,w(P2O5)降低。钠化蚀变前的碳酸岩中稀土元素已经富集,热液蚀变引起稀土元素的活化和重新分配,但是没有提供新的稀土来源。