黑龙江省冷害对水稻产量的影响

以黑龙江省为例, 比较了在大尺度范围内、利用传统的站点平均法以及基于格点水稻密度分布的泰森多边形面积权重法所得的两种省级水稻气象数据差异, 并分析了1960-2009 年内, 不同时间尺度上温度和降水的变化趋势特点。针对当地水稻低温冷害频发及其危害严重的实际情况, 对比研究了气象行业标准(QX/T 101-2009) 和国家标准中有关低温冷害的指标定义, 以及国际上较通用的有效负积温算法(GDD_n-) 这三种指标在反映黑龙江省水稻冷害事件上的能力, 结果表明:气象行业标准可以较好地反映延期型冷害对水稻的影响, 而GDD指标在反映障碍型冷害上均优于气象行业及国家标准。利用时间序列模型对包含延迟型和障碍型两种冷害影响的黑龙江省水稻产量进行拟合, 回归方程的解释能力可达92% (p < 0.05)。本研究定量得出了人为因素和气象因素对黑龙江省水稻生产的影响分别占87.2%和12.8%的结论, 并检测出近年来水稻抽穗开花期障碍型冷害的波动增加趋势, 为明确今后低温冷害的防御重点提供科学参考。     

Change analysis of rice area and production in China during the past three decades

Rice＇s spatial-temporal distributions, which are critical for agricultural, environ- mental and food security research, are affected by natural conditions as well as socio-eco- nomic developments. Based on multi-source data, an effective model named the Spatial Production Allocation Model （SPAM） which integrates arable land distribution, administrative unit statistics of crop data, agricultural irrigation data and crop suitability data, was used to get a series of spatial distributions of rice area and production with 10-km pixels at a national scale -it was applied from the early 1980s onwards and used to analyze the pattern of spatial and temporal changes. The results show that significant changes occurred in rice in China during 1980-2010. Overall, more than 50% of the rice area decreased, while nearly 70% of rice production increased in the change region during 1980-2010. Spatially, most of the increased area and production were in Northeast China, especially, in Jilin and Heilongjiang; most of the decreased area and production were located in Southeast China, especially, in regions of rapidly urbanization in Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang. Thus, the centroid of rice area was moved northeast approximately 230 km since 1980, and rice production about 320 km, which means rice production moved northeastward faster than rice area because of the significant rice yield increase in Northeast China. The results also show that rice area change had a decisive impact on rice production change. About 54.5% of the increase in rice pro- duction is due to the expansion of sown area, while around 83.2% of the decrease in rice production is due to contraction of rice area. This implies that rice production increase may be due to area expansion and other non-area factors, but reduced rice production could largely be attributed to rice area decrease.     

湖南省地形因素对水稻生产的影响

作为一种人工生态系统,水稻的生产受自然条件和人为管理的共同影响。其中,地形因素不仅决定了水稻生长必须的光热等资源的再分配,而且还影响人类的农业管理活动。以中国水稻主产区中地形较为复杂的湖南省为研究对象,基于多种数据,从生态学的“格局—过程”思想出发,讨论了地形因素对水田分布、水稻生长过程及水稻产量的影响。研究发现,地形因素对水田分布的空间格局影响最为明显,对水稻生长过程影响次之,而对水稻产量影响较弱。在各地形因素中,高程对于水稻生产的影响最为突出。研究结果还反映出地形因素造成了湖南省水田分布和热量分配在北部平原地区的不匹配,政府部门应根据区域特征,因地制宜采取措施,提高该地区水稻生产效益。     

中国南方调整水稻种植格局——一种水稻生产预先适应气候变化的选择(英文)

Rice planted in southern China accounts for 94% of the total in sown acreage and 88% of the total in production, which matters a lot to Chinese food security. However, due to the prolonged conflict between water availability and rice growth in spatial/temporal distribu-tion, rice production suffers from seasonal drought at acreage of 16%-22%, which compro-mises food production capacity and food security. Focusing on the spatial distribution of seasonal drought with rice and the practices to adapt to it, and based on an analysis of bal-anced water supply for and demand by rice at a growing season scale during 1981-2030, this paper assesses the changing seasonal drought in the process of rice production under the changing climate in the future, and identifies general rice re-cultivation options for climate change adaptation. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows. (1) Rice suggests a decline in seasonal drought, with early season rice (early rice hereafter) by 12,500 km2, middle season rice (middle rice) by 80,000 km2, and in particular late season rice (late rice) by 25,000 km2, which accounts for almost 20% of its cultivated acreage. It is indicated that due to climate change, seasonal drought in major rice producing areas tends to alleviate in general, late season rice in particular. (2) Future climate change brings about a significant impact on the spatial/temporal distribution of water resources in rice producing areas in China. Based on ’pre-designed’ adaptation actions for rice-re-cultivation, the rice cultivation pattern undergoes a significant alteration between 1981-2000 and 2001-2030. In eastern Guizhou and western Hunan, the pattern of single early plus single dry farming is changed into double cropping. In eastern Hunan, the pattern of dry cropping is changed into single early plus single dry farming. In northern Anhui, the pattern of dry farming cropping is changed into middle rice. All this is aimed at a potential adequate availability of water for rice production in the future. (3) Rice re-cultivation patterns developed in this paper help re-balance water demand and supply for rice growth using the spatial analysis tool to adapt rice growth to the changing water avail-ability from spatial perspective, and come up with rice producer-friendly re-cultivation options in response to climate change.     

论壮族地区的水稻种植与环境适应的关系

水稻种植过程中,常具有浓厚的环境适应的特征。分布在不同地貌区的壮族是典型的稻作民族,已充分意识到所在地区气候、土壤等自然地理环境对水稻种植的深刻影响。为适应自然地理环境,发挥最大的生产效益,山居壮族多选择种植生长期较长、耐寒、耐肥的粳稻为主;在平原丘陵地区的壮族则以种植生长期短的籼稻居多;为适应岩溶山区干旱少水、不利于灌溉的环境,当地壮族则多种陆稻,但由于陆稻口感不佳以及所在地区人地关系由宽趋紧,导致陆稻在壮族种植结构中的地位不断下降。此外,壮族在生活中对水稻用途的定位,也影响到水稻品种的选择与种植。     

水稻施用硅肥研究综述

文章首先综述了水稻施用硅肥后增产的机理，以及施用硅肥对水稻的叶片、植株、根系和抗逆性产生的积极影响，然后对水稻施用硅肥的增产效果以及增产幅度与土壤有效硅含量的关系作了总结，认为各地区施用硅肥的增产幅度存在差别，且北方一般高于南方；不同土壤类型，缺硅临界值应不同，并提出了华北平原的缺硅临界值为250mg/kg。最后，对今后的研究趋势作了论述。     

科学家培育出“抗洪水稻”

一个国际研究小组宣布，他们发现了水稻中的“抗洪基因”，并利用这一基因培育出了长时间被洪水淹没却能存活的“抗洪水稻”。科学家表示，这个水稻新品种将给洪水多发地区的农户带来福音。水稻是全球30亿人口的主要粮食作物，它离不开丰沛的水灌溉。但多数现有水稻品种不能在“大水没顶”时长期存活，一般在水下不超过两三天就会死亡，因此水稻抗洪水的能力不佳。据统计，每年洪水给全世界水稻种植带来的经济损失高达10亿美元。     

塔里木干旱区水稻田蒸发的实验研究

根据中科院06—02—01研究计划任务,作者于1990年开始在阿克苏水平衡站进行观测实验,获得了宝贵的第一手资料,并应用EBBR法(能量平衡——包文比法)计算了稻田的蒸发量。通过分析评价表明,由于受“绿洲效应”的影响,结果明显偏大,不符合物理规律,因此该法在干旱区绿洲的应用尚需更多的探索,有待进一步完善。     

中国水稻遥感估产区划研究

根据农作物遥感估产技术的具体要求，提出了我国水稻遥感估产区划的原则和依据，针对水稻遥感僚中的各项工作，分别作出了全国水稻遥感估产量最佳时期，信息源和土地利用结构分类方案，并在此基础上，设计区划指标，提出了一个两级区划方案。     

近20年气候变暖对黑龙江省水稻增产的贡献

研究过去的气候变暖对作物产量的影响是认识变暖对农业影响的有效途径,但如何定量区分出气候变化和技术发展对粮食作物的影响程度是目前研究的难点。本文提出的算法在一定程度上可以克服传统算法缺陷,用此方法估算过去20年气候变暖对黑龙江省水稻单产增加的贡献率,结果表明：20世纪80年代相对于70年代水稻单产增加了30.6%,其中由气候变暖带来的增产量占实际增产量的12.8%~16.1%,相当于使70年代的单产增加3.9%~4.9%。20世纪90年代水稻单产较80年代增产42.7%,其中,气候变暖对单产增加的贡献率约为23.2%~28.8%,相当于在20世纪80年代的单产水平上增产9.9%~12.3%。     

气候变暖对宁夏引黄灌区水稻生产的影响

对宁夏引黄灌区10个测站1961\_2004年水稻生长发育期5～9月的气温进行分析,结果表明,宁夏引黄灌区水稻生长期的气候明显变暖。ｔ检验表明,5～9月日平均气温的突变发生在1993年,突变后的气温比突变前升高了0.8℃。在水稻生长发育各阶段,气温都有所升高,但没有超过水稻生长发育的适宜温度范围。引黄灌区水稻的温度敏感系数在5月、7~9月上旬为正值,尤其在7月下旬至8月中旬最大,此阶段气候变暖对水稻生产有利,6月、9月中下旬为负值,气候变暖对水稻生产有不利影响。气候变暖为高产品种的引进创造了条件,降低了水稻对温度变化的敏感性,使水稻单产变率减小,保证了水稻的高产稳产。就宁夏引黄灌区而言,气候变暖对水稻单产的贡献为2.51％。     

科尔沁沙地奈曼旗水稻生产潜力与增产途径

根据沙地水稻栽培试验资料，计算了科尔沁沙地奈曼旗的水稻光温生产潜力。沙地水稻的现实生产力与最大光能利用率为４％时的光温生产潜力较接近，进而分析了沙地水稻增产的主要原因，提出了沙地水稻增产的栽培措施。     

两种水稻种植面积遥感提取方案的分析

文章以湖北省江陵县水稻面积提取为例,对这两种方案（分别称之为Ａ方案和Ｂ方案）进行了非监督分类试验,结果表明,在非监督分类过程中Ｂ方案明显优于Ａ方案,所提取的水稻面积精度也在８４％以上。     

广东省水稻旱灾的评价及防旱抗旱对策

根据广东省水稻旱灾实况，提出了水稻旱情和干旱灾情没的评价指标，分析了广东省解放后历年旱，晚稻旱情和灾情及分布和变化规律，并针对本省的自然条件和灌溉现状提出了防旱抗旱措施。     

沙丘地种植水稻试验的新进展

沙丘地种植水稻试验的新进展冯仲云杨泰运(中国科学院兰州沙漠研究所兰州730000)中国科学院兰州沙漠研究所和内蒙古哲里木盟农科所合作在奈曼沙漠化研究站于1992年首次在沙地试验"沙地衬膜种稻",取得产量9000kg/km²的成功。1996年我们又在腾格里沙漠东南缘的中国科学院沙坡头沙漠研究开放试验站进行了水稻种植试验,也取得了9 225 kg/km²的好收成,为进一步开发沙地高效利用技术提供了新经验,对我国沙漠治理和沙区经济发展有十分重要的意义。