鄂西清江下游中更新世晚期以来的河流演化

随着水利水电和旅游经济的发展,清江流域已成为众多学科研究关注的热点,清江的形成与演化也得到了学术界重视。探讨清江的河流演化有助于研究地质灾害的发生机理,为当地减灾防灾工作提供理论支撑。在清江下游多处河段存在以双底谷中谷为代表的古宽谷,它们呈线状连续分布,与现今河道大致平行,是清江下游河道变迁的重要证据。通过古宽谷内的代表性河流阶地年龄数据,可以较为准确地梳理出河流演化过程的时间序列。从清江下游的双底谷中谷和其中的河流阶地的系统调查研究入手,通过自然历史分析法和类比法,结合阶地物质光释光年代测试方法,重建了中更新世晚期以来清江下游大致的河流演化过程,同时提出山地河流演化存在去直取弯、袭夺归并和变换的特点,指出地壳差异隆升是导致河道变迁的主要因素,提出通过河流演化过程的研究探讨岸坡稳定性的思路。     

雅鲁藏布江加查段河流地貌对构造运动和气候的响应

通过对雅鲁藏布江加查段河流地貌和构造调查发现,该区具有平行状水系格局,河谷地貌以峡谷和宽谷相间为主要特征,经历了碰撞、挤压和伸展构造演化过程,产生了褶皱-逆冲、走滑剪切、韧性剪切、正断层等构造变形样式.该段河谷地貌的形成演化受构造运动和气候等影响.雅鲁藏布江加查段河流至少从上新世以来沿构造运动产生的不同性质断裂构造溯源...     

藏北长江源地区河流地貌特征及其对新构造运动的响应

对藏北长江源地区河谷地貌和新构造变形调查发现,该区具有平行式水系格局,河谷地貌以形态不同的窄谷和宽谷为特点,新近纪以来该区主要经历了早期挤压和晚期伸展构造演化过程,产生了褶皱-逆冲、走滑剪切、正断层和地堑构造3种构造变形样式。长江源区河谷地貌的形成演化明显受新构造运动的影响,新构造运动不仅控制了河谷地貌形态与水系格局,而且影响了河流阶地分布以及洪(冲)积扇的形态、结构。长江源地区主要水系至少自全新世以来是沿新构造运动产生的不同性质断裂构造溯源侵蚀发育而成。     

Tunnel erosion,upward-unsealing terraces,and dynamic interpretation of alluvial deposits

The morphology of alluvial terraces, as well as the facial composition of their sediments, is controlled by a number of factors, whose relative importance continues to be difficult to understand. Detailed studies of river valleys provide models of alluvium development, which differ rather strongly from existing models that postulate regular and universal changes in alluvium composition and structure in the course of its accumulation and further transformation of depositional bodies into a terrace. Based on examples from South Ural river valleys we propose a model of an “upward unsealing terrace,” which forms as a result of above-the-flow (tunnel) erosion.     

深切河谷水文地质结构类型

为有效防治水电水利工程建设和营运过程中可能遭遇的水文地质问题,本文以岩体工程地质力学理论为指导,在已有国内外岩体结构、水文地质结构认识的基础上,提出了深切河谷水文地质结构的概念。针对中国水电工程建设的主战场——西部深切河谷区地质环境特征,总结归纳出岸坡型、顺河型、跨河型、区域型4大类深切河谷水文地质结构及其特征表现,并初步阐述了各类河谷水文地质结构对相应水电工程建设项目工程水文地质问题的控制机理。     

川藏铁路线V形深切河谷地形地震放大效应数值模拟

V形河谷场地能产生地震动放大效应,并加剧地震的破坏作用和灾害效应。基于高性能离散元软件MatDEM,对规则V形河谷以及真实河谷地形下的放大效应进行数值模拟研究。结果表明,对于规则V形河谷,在地震波水平入射的情况下,背波坡面产生明显的地震动加速度放大效应,并在临近谷底处最为强烈;随着河谷坡角的增大,放大效应增大。数值模拟结果和解析解具有一致的趋势和规律,并符合现场观测现象。将模型进一步应用于川藏铁路线日扎深切河谷的分析,发现地形微小的转折将会影响到波的传播,临近谷底处的加速度放大效应与规则地形较为一致。离散元法能有效地模拟河谷中地震波的传播、反射、散射等现象,可用于川藏铁路沿线复杂条件下的动力作用灾害效应分析。     

杭洲湾地区晚第四纪下切河谷内部相结构与生物气勘探

本文根据杭州湾沿海平原大量的钻井、静力触探井和分析化验等资料，研究了下切河谷（钱塘江和太湖下切河谷）充填物的沉积建造和沉积相，以及浅层生物气藏分布特征。研究表明，末次冰期以来，随着海平面变化，杭州湾地区下切河谷演化经历了深切、快速充填和埋藏三个阶段。末次冰盛期，海平面下降的幅度大，增加了河流梯度、加强了下切作用，本区形成了钱塘江和太湖下切河谷，随后在冰后期被充填和埋藏，下切河谷的两侧为暴露地表的古河间地。根据岩石学、沉积结构和沉积构造特征，本区下切河谷充填沉积物表现为向上变细的沉积层序，可以划分为4个沉积相类型，有河床滞留沉积物到部分曲流河沉积体系的边滩沉积、河漫滩-河口湾沉积、河口湾-浅海沉积和河口湾沙坝沉积。在河漫滩-河口湾相沉积期间，由于海平面上升、潮流体系、沉积物供给和可容空间条件适合一个潮流沙脊体系的发育，该相中砂质透镜体可能代表下切河谷内发育的潮流沙脊。对于河口湾-浅海沉积和河口湾沙坝沉积而言，由于沉积条件不再有利，没有形成沙脊沉积。所有的商业性生物气都存储在下切河谷内河漫滩-河口湾砂质透镜体中。     

Late Pleistocene glaciations in southern East Sayan and detection of MIS 2 terminal moraines based on beryllium (10Be) dating of glacier complexes

Analysis and summary of publications on southern East Sayan, eastern Tuva, and northern Mongolia have shown that the late Pleistocene glaciation covered a large area and had a complicated dynamics of glacier advance and retreat. Starting with MIS 5, the Todza Basin and, partly, the Oka Plateau, Azas Volcanic Plateau, Mondy Basin, and river valleys in southern East Sayan were periodically covered with ice. The thickness of ice in the eastern Todza Basin was 700 m, on the Azas Volcanic Plateau it reached 300–600 m, and in the valleys of southern East Sayan it is estimated as 700–800 m. The thickness of ice in the Mondy Basin was 300–350 m.Geological and geomorphological studies and isotope surface exposure dating (¹⁰Be method) of boulders from terminal moraine complexes have provided evidence for extensive MIS 2 glacier advance in the Mondy Basin and in the Sentsa, Jombolok, and Sailag river valleys (southern East Sayan). The average age of exposure for three groups of samples is 14, 16, and 22 ka.     

VALUE OF THE LONGITUDINAL CROSS-SECTION OF A RIVER VALLEY IN ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL PLANNING

A longitudinal topographic river section and a large-scale geological map allow the geological engineer to forecast with an accuracy sufficient for practical purposes the geological engineering conditions expected at the river valley portion under consideration. The bends of the longitudinal river section provide “guide features” of a sort in choosing the most favorable site for concrete dams. In geologically young river valleys, areas of locally increased gradient of the river are most favorable for concrete dam construction.—Auth. English summ.     

准噶尔盆地车排子凸起东缘下切谷特征及其形成机制

下切谷是层序地层学研究的重要内容之一,同时也是寻找地层、岩性等圈闭的有利地区。综合利用钻测井、三维地震资料以及地震平面属性信息,在车排子凸起至红—车断裂带区域识别出下切谷沉积体系,对下切谷的发育特征以及形成机制进行分析,结果表明:地震振幅绝对值之和属性体显示研究区发育4条近东西流向的下切谷,主要表现为分支型和单一型的平面形态特征。在地震剖面上,几何形态以V形和U形为主,谷内沉积物充填样式有双向上超充填型和侧向加积充填型,同时具有加积、前积和上超等地震反射特征,属于“顺源堆积”与“溯源堆积”的交互沉积。结合准噶尔盆地车排子凸起中生代构造及气候演化特征分析认为,凸起东缘下切谷形成于晚侏罗世。该时期车排子凸起强烈隆升,相对湖平面急剧下降,河流侵蚀下伏地层导致下切谷形成。下切谷内沉积充填阶段发生在白垩纪。该时期车排子凸起剧烈下沉,相对湖平面上升,下切谷持续性的接受沉积充填。     

上海及长江口第四纪沉积层中埋盖的古河道

在第四纪时期,上海及长江口由于地质构造、古气候、海面升降等综合作用,第四纪沉积层中与之相适应的埋盖了七期古河道。文中指出埋盖古河道的形成与发育是因袭了基底深切沟谷的走向。古河道的摆动、延缩、埋盖,是受古气候冷热交替制约。文中还指出研究埋盖古河道的演变规律,不仅对上海及长江口变化、海陆变迁有着指导意义,而且对城市供水及长江口外大陆架供水有着重大经济意义。     

Connectivity analyses of valley patterns indicate preservation of a preglacial fluvial valley system in the Dyfi basin, Wales

Coastal valleys in the west part of Mid-Wales, such as the Mawddach, Dysynni, Tal-y-llyn and Dyfi, acted as corridors for ice which drained the Welsh Ice Cap during the Devensian. Analyses of detailed digital elevation models, and interpretation of satellite images and aerial photographs, show the existence of large variations in the amount of glacial modification between these valleys. Although all the valleys are glacially over-deepened along late Caledonian fault lines, only the Dyfi basin exhibits a dendritic pattern, with V-shaped cross-profiles and valley spurs typical of valleys formed by fluvial processes. Connectivity analysis of the Dyfi basin shows that it exhibits an almost completely dendritic pattern with connectivity α and β values of 0.74 and 1.01, respectively, with little glacial modification of the preglacial fluvial valley pattern in the form of glacial valley breaching. Several examples of glacial meltwater incision into a well-developed pre-existing river valley system, causing river capture across watersheds, have been identified in the Dyfi basin. The degree of preservation of the preglacial fluvial valley system within the Dyfi basin indicates limited modification by glacial processes, despite the area being subjected to glacier activity during the Late Devensian at least. It is possible that major parts of the basin were covered by cold-based or slow-moving ice, close to, or under, a migrating ice-divide, with the major ice drainage occurring along the weaker zone of the Pennal Fault along which teh Dyfi valley is located, causing minor adjustments to the surrounding interfluves and uplands. It is proposed here that the general river valley morphology of the Dyfi basin is of a pre-Late Devensian age.     

On the origin of tunnel valleys of the Saginaw Lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet; Michigan,USA

Tunnel valleys are common throughout the terrain of the Saginaw Lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet in southern Michigan. The set of valleys described in this paper is regularly spaced in a radial pattern behind the Kalamazoo Moraine, an ice‐marginal position formed during retreat from the Last Glacial Maximum. These valleys are divided into proximal and distal groups lying north and south, respectively, of a major river valley that cross‐cuts the tunnel valleys at right angles. Based on a series of rotasonic borings and core analysis, the proximal valleys are shallow, contain minimal sediment fill, and overlie fine‐grained diamicton and glaciolacustrine sediment, whereas the distal valleys are deeply incised into the substrate and are partially filled with coarse sediment. The distal valleys terminate within a broad zone of high‐relief, hummocky topography representing stagnation and collapse behind the Kalamazoo ice margin. The proximal valleys occur within a more subdued landscape located farther from the ice margin. Although some elements of existing genetic models are consistent with these valleys, none appears to be completely compatible with their stratigraphy and morphology. Initial incision of the valleys could have involved short‐lived moderate‐ to high‐discharge flows, followed by deposition during or after the events. The deep incision and thick, coarse sediment in distal valleys in the stagnant marginal zone probably involved supraglacial meltwater draining to the bed as the margin downwasted. Fining‐upward eskers inset into the valleys were formed by flows of declining energy in small late‐stage conduits.     

Palaeoenvironmental response to the ∼74 ka Toba ash-fall in the Jurreru and Middle Son valleys in southern and north-central India

Distal deposits of rhyolitic volcanic ash from the ∼74 ka “supervolcanic” eruption of Toba, in northern Sumatra, are preserved in numerous river valleys across peninsular India. The Toba eruption is hypothesized to have resulted in climate change and the devastation of ecosystems and hominin populations. This study reports the results of the analysis of sediments and stratigraphical sequences from sites in the Jurreru and Middle Son valleys in southern and north-central India. The aim of the study is to determine the extent of palaeoenvironmental change in both valleys as a result of the ash-fall. Inferences based on evidence from the Jurreru valley are more detailed, where pre- and post-Toba palaeoenvironmental changes are divided into seven phases. The results indicate that ash-fall deposits in both valleys underwent several phases of reworking that possibly lasted for several years, indicating that ash was mobile in the landscape for a considerable period of time prior to burial. This could have enhanced and lengthened the detrimental effects of the ash on vegetation and water sources, as well as animal and hominin populations.     

Evolution of an incised valley system in the southern Adriatic Sea (Apulian margin): an onshore–offshore correlation

Seismic surveys with sub‐bottom profiler were carried out in the Manfredonia Gulf in the southern Adriatic Sea. Here, a buried surface was recognized on which three valleys, located about 80 km from the shelf edge, were deeply incised. Beneath this surface, a pre‐upper Würm seismic unit (PW) was identified. Above, two seismic units were recognized: the transgressive system tract (TST) and highstand system tract (g₂)_. On the basis of regional correlation with onshore and offshore data, these units and their boundaries were dated and correlated with phases of the last glacial–interglacial cycle. The incised valley system was attributed to the Marine Isotopic Stage (MIS) 2. The TST and g₂ units fill the valleys and were attributed to the post‐glacial sea‐level rise and highstand. The incised valleys are anomalous with respect to published models; despite having many characteristics that would have limited the fluvial incision (the lowstand shoreline that remained on the shelf, the low gradient of the shelf, the subsidence that affected the study area since MIS 5), the valleys appear to be deeply incised on the shelf, with valley flanks that can exceed 40 m in height. The model to explain the formation of the valleys comprises enhanced river discharge as the key factor in increasing river energy and promoting erosion across the low gradient shelf. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

华北山地多成因壶穴初步研究——对华北山地“冰臼”等“冰川地貌”的讨论

华北山地"距今二、三百万年"的"冰臼"绝大部分位于第四纪河谷内,"距今1～2万年"的"冰川壶穴"位于全新世河谷内,与华北山地地貌演化相矛盾;所谓的"冰川地貌"组合不是真正的地貌组合,而是不同时代、不同成因地貌的混合,因此,华北山地不存在冰臼。所谓的"冰臼"是不同时代、多种成因的壶穴——距今2.50Ma前后的河蚀壶穴,距今10～20ka的雪蚀壶穴,距今10ka以来的溶蚀穴、溶蚀—河蚀壶穴、风化—风蚀壶穴、现代壶穴和水潭。     

流水地貌与铀矿床的关系

渗入砂岩型铀矿床主要分布在现代河流附近，并与深大河谷关系密切。本文从追溯铀矿床的主要含矿砂体的物源、探讨河流对铀矿床的影响等方面来分析论证流水地貌的控矿作用，即流水地貌不仅为铀矿床提供了物质条件，而且控制层间氧化带的形成。     

Geomorphic constraints on Middle Yangtze River reversal in eastern Sichuan Basin,China

The Yangtze, the longest river in Asia, was hypothesized to be assembled through a series of Cenozoic capture events, such as the reversal of Middle Yangtze River and the capture of Upper Yangtze River, but the history remains largely unknown. Here, we present new geomorphic observations in the structural context of the eastern Sichuan Basin, namely the Eastern Sichuan fold belt, and identify an important drainage divide along the “midline” of this arc-shape fold belt. Based on longitudinal profile analysis, we find that the river capture events more likely occurred in the syncline valleys of low-relief landscape. Our results yield a new perspective on Middle Yangtze River reversal, and we propose that the “midline” drainage divide, rather than the Three Gorges, was the starting site of Middle Yangtze River reversal. In this manner, the reversal could have been accomplished by a sequence of river reversal over range-parallel segments in syncline valleys with less impact on the pre-existing drainage system in eastern Sichuan Basin.     

Valleys and river benches from the viewpoint of morphotectonics

The geomorphological concepts on the formation of valleys and river benches applied until now have been based upon the viewpoints of dynamic and climatic geomorphology. This exogenous interpretation should be abandoned and an endogenous concept accepted, which is to say that rupturological views should serve as the base and exogenous processes considered a subsidiary.     

Latest erosional incision in river valleys of southern East Siberia

Examples of the geological and geomorphic framework of river valleys in the Tunka rift basin (Baikal rift system) and in the Irkutsk amphitheater (Siberian craton) have been used to show that horizontal and vertical motions of tectonic units in southern East Siberia are superposed with periodic movements. In the latter, the waves of slow uplift are attendant with erosional incision events, whereas during the subsidence cycles the incised valleys become filled with mainly alluvial sediments. The latest incision events in the area occurred in the past 70 kyr.