Industry in Israel's new development towns

Conclusions The industrialization of the development towns is one of the main factors in the creation of a modern productive economy in a new social environment. The proportion of Israel's large industrial plants that have been located in the developments town is much larger than the corresponding proportion of all the country's industries. The tendency to establish relatively large industries in the development towns will probably continue for a considerable time, and it will necessitate the chanelling of large government resources to the development regions.A more serious obstacle is the shortage of labour, and particularly of skilled labour. In contrast to the supply of capital, this difficulty cannot be solved by administrative decisions taken in accordance with an agreed economic policy. What is needed here is a revolution in vocational training, and a diversification in plant sizes, the smaller plants supplying services to the larger industries.Vocational education is one of the most important conditions for the success of the industrialization process in the development towns. Jews have no technological and industrial tradition, and when they established their state, they did not attach sufficient importance to the rapid training of a labour force that would be able to take its place in the new factories. In making up for this omission, it is important to avoid concentrating on the conservative and traditional trades, and attention should be paid to the needs of the newer and more sophisticated industries.     

利用空间数据库概念管理地形图

随着信息技术在国土资源部门的广泛应用,空间数据库理论、技术和实践日臻成熟。在日常地形图管理服务工作中,引入空间数据库概念,在不进行矢量化的条件下,构建地形图数据模型,提供便捷的计算机查询、辅助管理服务。     

月球地质图空间数据库设计

我国即将完成1: 2 500 000全月球数字地质图编制,为便于成果数据存储管理和集成共享,需要建立完备合理的空间数据库。本文基于本次编图工作实践,对月球地质图空间数据库要素内容进行了全面整理和归类。月球地质图空间数据库要素包括物质要素、构造要素、其他特殊符号、注记共4个大类,在大类基础上细分为13个中类及40个小类,并据此设计了具有可扩展性的要素分类代码。空间要素采用分层的方式进行组织管理,图层名前4位为所属图幅号,第5位为比例尺代码,其后为图层英文名称的缩写。每个要素图层与一张属性表关联,对属性表所有字段的字段名称、别名、类型、能否为空、长度、小数位及单位进行了定义和规范。本文选取月表撞击坑坑物质、月海岩石、撞击断裂及高程点要素详细阐述了其属性表结构。属性表主键为“要素标识号”,用于唯一标识某一个图元,其由图幅号、比例尺代码、要素分类代码、图元顺序码四层14位层次码构成。数据库设计遵循可扩展原则,特定区域或其他比例尺的月球地质图空间数据库建设也可参照执行,本文以月球冯·卡门撞击坑及邻区地质图为例进行了空间数据库设计。科学合理的数据库设计是数据库建设的前提,将为编图成果存储管理、集成共享与国际合作提供重要支撑。     

Geostatistical methods to identify and map spatial variations of soil salinity

The problem of estimating and predicting spatial distribution of a spatial stochastic process, observed at irregular locations in space, is considered in this paper. Environmental variables usually show spatial dependencies among observations, with lead one to use geostatistical methods to model the spatial distributions of those observations. This is particularly important in the study of soil properties and their spatial variability. In this study geostatistical techniques were used to describe the spatial dependence and to quantify the scale and intensity of spatial variations of soil properties, which provide the essential spatial information for local estimation. In this contribution, we propose a spatial Gaussian linear mixed model that involves (a) a non-parametric term for accounting deterministic trend due to exogenous variables and (b) a parametric component for defining the purely spatial random variation due possibly to latent spatial processes. We focus here on the analysis of the relationship between soil electrical conductivity and Na content to identify spatial variations of soil salinity. This analysis can be useful for agricultural and environmental land management.     

Optimum versus reality in Israel's town system

Israel's town system consists of 37 towns of different size, 28 development towns, and 24 semi-urban Jewish and Arab settlements, most of them consisting of 5,000–10,000 inhabitants. In the existing town system there is an exaggerated concentration of large towns in the Tel Aviv region; an excessive number of development towns; slow urban growth in the Negev and the Galilee; failure of semi-urban settlements to attain urban status; and the absence of urban settlements in many regions where they would be needed.A proposal to outline an optimal system of Israel's town development is discussed. It was found that the existing urban system in Israel shows a distortion which is four times bigger than the optimal one. A comparison between the optimal lay-out of towns and the real one uncovers the gaps where new towns should be established in the future, and points out the locations where no further urban development should be encouraged.     

国际地质编图现状及发展趋势

随着经济社会的发展和科学技术的进步,以及地质工作服务领域的空前扩展,地质图件作为地质工作成果的集中体现和地质工作服务于经济社会发展的主要工具,受到各国政府及国际地质组织的高度重视,并出现一些明显的特点和发展趋势,主要表现为:由专业性地质图件向更多实用性图件发展;由单一地质类图件向多学科系列图件发展;由地区性、国家级图件向洲际性及全球性图件扩展;由地表地质图件向反映深部地壳结构构造图件发展;并在图面结构、表现形式上进行了诸多改革,提供了更多地质信息。     

Generation of a landslide risk index map for Cuba using spatial multi-criteria evaluation

This paper explains the procedure for the generation of a landslide risk index map at national level in Cuba, using a semi-quantitative model with ten indicator maps and a cell size of 90 × 90 m. The model was designed and implemented using spatial multi-criteria evaluation techniques in a GIS system. Each indicator was processed, analysed and standardised according to its contribution to hazard and vulnerability. The indicators were weighted using direct, pairwise comparison and rank-ordering weighting methods, and weights were combined to obtain the final landslide risk index map. The results were analysed per physiographic region and administrative units at provincial and municipal levels. The Sierra Maestra mountain system was found to have the largest concentration of high landslide risk index values while the Nipe–Cristal–Baracoa system has the highest absolute values, although they are more dispersed. The results obtained allow designing an appropriated landslide risk mitigation plan at national level and to link the information to the national hurricane early warning system, allowing also warning and evacuation for landslide-prone areas.     

吉林省1:5万区域地质图空间数据库建设

本文论述了15万区域地质图空间数据库建设的必要性及数据库的建设方法和步骤.     

用AutoCAD二次开发系统绘制化探图

将地球化学测量的分析数据按照每条测线上的测点位置以一定的顺序依次输入Microsoft Excel、Microsoft Word或其他数据库软件编制的多元素分析数据表，并对各元素分别建立成纯文本数据文件。根据制图比例尺、测线数目和间距、测线上测点数目和点距、测区的某一角点坐标等已知参数，分别计算出各测点在图纸上的坐标值，将纯文本数据文件中各元素的分析结果标注在图纸上对应的测点位置，以绘制原始数据图并根据如上的参数以及化验数据计算编绘平面剖面图，最后再根据测线方位角使整个图形旋转，从而完成图件的制作。按照上述方法，以VisualLISP为工具，利用AutoCAD2000二次开发技术编制相应的处理程序，从而实现地球化学原始数据图和平面剖面图的微机制图。     

基于空间数据和专家知识驱动的地质编图技术研究与应用

地质图编制专业性强、工作量大,编图环节繁琐,而人工智能、大数据等新一代信息技术的快速发展,为中国地质图的编图技术发展提供了支撑。在地质大数据环境下,提出基于地质知识驱动的地质编图技术,通过构建地质编图时空综合模型和地质代号智能识别模型,可以对多图幅的沉积岩、侵入岩、火山岩、变质岩、构造等地质要素进行人机交互式、自动化、智能化地图元综合、断层简化、线形圆滑、图幅接边等。近年来,基于该技术在青海东部地区、河南洛阳、郑州地区及京津冀多地区开展的编图实践表明,该编图技术能够显著提高地质编图工作效率,具有实际应用意义。     

The effects of inequality on total factor productivity across districts in South Africa: a spatial econometric analysis

GeoJournal - This study builds on the fundamentals of the new economic geography and the skill-biased technological change argument, to empirically investigate whether increasing income/earning...     

多源异构空间数据库整合技术探讨与实践--以1/5万区域地质图空间数据库为例

本文在1/5万区域地质图空间数据库两种不同标准数据的基础上,开展多源异构空间数据整合研究实例性探索,基于空间数据应用转换模型及相关标准,实现了两类空间数据库向应用模型的整合,取得了良好的整合效果,为下一步开展空间数据一体化管理与共享服务提供了理论与实践基础。     

The spatial perspective of water resource management and economic development in Nigeria

The indispensability of good water supply in the development of a healthy citizenry and consequently its economy is very well known. In Nigeria the last drought that affected areas north of 12^oN has awakened some awareness on the need for good water resource management. Most of the scarce food items in the market are caused by lack of irrigation and total relying on the rhythm of the rain for their cultivation.In this paper the government is reminded of its obligation in the inauguration of a national water resource management (control and usage) policy that will result in integrated development. Water supply in the rural areas will not attract industries, improve agricultural output, but reduce the incidence of water-borne diseases and the rate of rural-urban migration. Improvement in living standards due to good water supply means the development of human capital that can be mobilized for economic development in the country.     

A spatial decision support system for extracting the core factors and thresholds for landslide susceptibility map

Spatial decision support system (SDSS) is an interactive, computer-based system designed to support a user in achieving a higher effectiveness of decision-making while solving a semi-structured spatial data. Satellite Remote Sensing and Digital Elevation Modeling are providing a systematic, rational framework for advancing scientific knowledge of our SDSS of geophysical phenomena that, often lead to observe the natural hazards or resources. Taking the advantage of these, more specifically, our study focused on using these to collect and measure the landslide data on a vast area located at Shei Pa National Park, Miao Li, Taiwan. Our source data includes (1) Digital Elevation Modeling is also used to investigate the landform, and (2) remote sensing image data are also employed to analyze the vegetation conditions. In addition, the process of generating landslide susceptibility maps involved on how to effectively extract the site-condition dominant attributes and thresholds for displaying the landslide occurrence accurately. Thus, the information from landslide must be categorized and thoroughly evaluated by an Advanced Data Mining Technique — Entropy-based classification method to construct the landslide knowledge rules. The knowledge scope with regards to core factors and thresholds are solved. Then, the susceptibility hazard maps are drawn and verifications are made. On the other hand, the conventional statistical method of Logistic Regression is used for comparison.     

A geo-environmental map for the sustainable development of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

An engineering and environmental geological map of the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal has been elaborated within a project of German-Nepalese cooperation. In the Kathmandu Valley, the major geo-environmental problems arise from haphazard exploitation of geologic resources, local landslide zones, severe problems of garbage disposal, river flooding and a dramatic river pollution. The map was prepared by the use of GIS techniques. It contains all basic geological and environmental data, as geotechnical risk zones (landslide-prone areas or those of poor foundation conditions), areas for preferable extraction of construction material and those not to be allowed to be exploited, areas of immediate need of reforestation in order to prevent landslide or badland development, groundwater protection zones, and suitable garbage disposal sites. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The spatial knowledge politics of crisis mapping for community development

Crisis mapping, the combination of software-as-a-service mapping and reporting aimed at large numbers of individuals, is proposed for chronic problems as well as acute issues; it is universalized for global south disasters as well as global north community development. It supposedly affords a new spatial knowledge politics (SKP) that unfolds in local communities. We tested the role of spatial knowledge politics in crisis mapping for community development by co-developing, with local organizations, four applications based on the prominent mapping-telecommunications crisis platform, Crowdmap by Ushahidi. We assessed crisis mapping’s effectiveness in North American community based activities in Francophone and Anglophone Canada. We found persistent technical challenges, consistent with the literature, although crisis mapping allowed increased opportunities for the developer to insert their knowledge. Analysis of the contributions illustrated the use of crisis mapping to report on place-based features that enabled contributors to connect, but also limited the ability to express location and place in 160 characters. It revealed tensions in conceptualization of local spatial knowledge politics as witness versus political influence. Crisis mapping could simultaneously aid and disrupt traditional place-based politics of community based organizations. Our critique serves as a test of crisis mapping’s universality for other fields and its promise of a new SKP.     

基于MapGIS K9的航空物探图框绘制软件开发

在分析MapGIS自带的图框绘制功能存在的不足和航空物探图框构成的基础上,应用C#语言和MapGIS K9的二次开发接口,开发航空物探图框绘制软件。实际应用表明,该软件能快速、方便地绘制不同种类的图框,提高工作效率;图框要素样式库易维护、易扩展,用户可根据实际需要进行定制。     

黄土坡体节理发育特征和空间分区与边坡稳定性

通过现场调查分析了黄土坡体节理发育特征,节理走向与边坡倾向呈大角度斜交,节理走向受边坡倾向的控制。根据对斜坡不同区域受力分析,台塬区土体主要受到湿陷拉张作用,在斜坡地带土体主要受水平卸荷所产生的推力作用,把斜坡区节理发育分为湿陷节理发育区、拉张节理发育区、挤压节理发育区和开挖卸荷节理发育区。最后,对有无节理边坡进行了稳定性计算,计算结果和理论分析一致。