表层沉积物特性对地震地面运动的影响研究

建立包含震源、沉积盆地和表层低速沉积层的二维模型,采用交错网格有限差分/伪谱混合方法求解地震波传播,讨论沉积层厚度和速度对地震地面运动的作用。结果表明:沉积层内产生的地震波的多重反射以及转换会引起地面运动持续时间的延长,它们的相干叠加会造成地面运动峰值的放大;随着沉积层速度的增加,多重反射与转换波的能量减小,地面运动持续时间减小,但是不同速度或者不同厚度的低速层模型均显示出一致的地面运动峰值放大特征。结果说明,在包含震源、沉积盆地和沉积层的模型中,沉积层对地面运动的作用机理更复杂。在实际应用中有必要同时考虑这些因素的综合作用。     

电导率分块均匀的瞬变电磁25维有限元数值模拟

在吸收并修正部分前人工作的基础上，给出了电导率分块均匀的瞬变电磁25维有限单元法正演算法. 在该算法中，（1）采用在矩形网格中进一步三角细化的剖分方式，同时考虑到矩形单元中心节点的性质，求解线性方程组前用高斯消元法消除矩形网格中心节点上的待求未知量，这样一方面较准确地模拟出任意二维复杂地电断面，另一方面又大大地节省了计算量；（2） 采用计算二次场的算法，事先仅需获得电场和磁场沿地电构造走向方向两个分量的一次场，故而不但计算精度较高，而且不明显增加计算量. 最后，对几例典型模型进行正演，并与解析解对比，验证了本文方法的有效性.     

2.5维起伏地表条件下时间域航空电磁正演模拟

时间域航空电磁作为一种高效地球物理勘探技术特别适合我国地形复杂地区(沙漠、高山、湖泊、沼泽等)资源勘查.然而,这些地区地形起伏较大,对航空电磁响应有严重影响,忽略地形影响会给航空电磁数据解释造成很大误差.到目前为止人们对航空电磁地形效应特征研究十分有限.本文提出了基于非结构化网格的有限元法模拟带地形时间域航空电磁系统响应.该方法与基于结构化网格的有限差分相比能更好地模拟地形.首先通过傅里叶变换将2.5维问题转化成二维问题,利用伽辽金方法对二维问题进行离散.通过使用MUMPS求解器,得到波数域电磁响应.利用反傅里叶变换将波数域电磁响应变换到空间域,并利用正弦变换将其变换到时间域,得到2.5维时间域航空电磁响应.通过将本文的计算结果与半空间模型解析解及其他已发表的结果进行对比,检验了本文算法的精度.最后,我们系统分析了山峰和山谷地形对航空响应的影响特征.本文研究结果对航空电磁地形效应的识别和校正具有指导意义.     

典型斜坡地形地震动特征分析

以云南鲁甸6.5级地震中房屋建筑破坏严重的龙头山集镇斜坡地形为例,通过地脉动测试分析得出斜坡及坡顶测点相对于坡脚参考点谱比峰值均＞1,顺坡向谱比峰值大于垂直坡向谱比峰值,且谱比峰值从斜坡坡脚到坡顶逐渐增大,坡顶处约为3;顺坡向谱比峰值对应的频率为4.57～5.39 Hz,垂直坡向谱比峰值对应的频率稍高,为5.42～5.96 Hz。通过结合黏弹性边界的时域动力有限元方法分析斜坡地形在垂直入射地震动作用下的响应,数值模拟结果表明,斜坡坡顶处的位移放大作用显著,坡脚处放大作用较小;介质剪切波速对斜坡地震动的影响较明显,尤其是坡顶点处不同介质剪切波速模型位移峰值差异较大。由于斜坡地形复杂的散射效应,在斜坡及附近测点均出现明显的转换面波,坡顶点处波形转换最显著。数值模拟结果进一步验证了龙头山集镇依坡而建的房屋建筑破坏严重是由局部地形地震动放大效应与地震动差动共同作用引起的。     

2.5维电导率正交各向异性海洋可控源电磁等参有限元数值模拟

本文实现了2.5维电导率正交各向异性海洋可控源电磁等参有限元数值模拟.利用傅里叶变换导出了电导率正交各向异性2.5维海洋可控源电磁法波数域电磁场耦合方程,采用伽里金加权余量法推导了相应的有限元方程;采用任意四边形单元对研究区域进行剖分,在单元中进行双二次插值,将有限元方程化为线性代数方程组;最后,求解线性方程组并进行反傅里叶变换获得空间域电磁场值.这个方法可以模拟海底起伏地形条件下地下任意形状电导率正交各向异性的复杂模型.与一维模型的数值模拟结果对比表明,电磁场数值解与解析解吻合.二维模型的计算结果与二维自适应非结构有限元模拟结果也吻合.水平海底二维地电模型考察了不同各向异性系数对海洋可控源电磁响应的影响特征.海底起伏地形地电模型的数值结果表明,电导率各向异性对海洋可控源电磁响应影响明显,有可能淹没海底地形和高阻油气藏引起的异常.

     

3-D Modelling of Campi Flegrei Ground Deformations: Role of Caldera Boundary Discontinuities

Campi Flegrei is a caldera complex located west of Naples, Italy. The last eruption occurred in 1538, although the volcano has produced unrest episodes since then, involving rapid and large ground movements (up to 2 m vertical in two years), accompanied by intense seismic activity. Surface ground displacements detected by various techniques (mainly InSAR and levelling) for the 1970 to 1996 period can be modelled by a shallow point source in an elastic half-space, however the source depth is not compatible with seismic and drill hole observations, which suggest a magma chamber just below 4 km depth. This apparent paradox has been explained by the presence of boundary fractures marking the caldera collapse. We present here the first full 3-D modelling for the unrest of 1982–1985 including the effect of caldera bordering fractures and the topography. To model the presence of topography and of the complex caldera rim discontinuities, we used a mixed boundary elements method. The a priori caldera geometry is determined initially from gravimetric modelling results and refined by inversion. The presence of the caldera discontinuities allows a fit to the 1982–1985 levelling data as good as, or better than, in the continuous half-space case, with quite a different source depth which fits the actual magma chamber position as seen from seismic waves. These results show the importance of volcanic structures, and mainly of caldera collapses, in ground deformation episodes.     

Gravity Anomalies of 2.5-D Multiple Prismatic Structures with Variable Density: A Marquardt Inversion

We present an inversion technique based on the Marquardt algorithm to estimate the depth of a 2.5-D sedimentary basin in addition to the regional gravity anomaly that is associated with the residual gravity anomaly, wherein the density contrast varies parabolically with depth. Forward modeling is carried out through a derived analytical gravity expression of a 2.5-D vertical prism. Inversion of a theoretical gravity anomaly with and without a regional gravity anomaly illustrates the procedure that it is found to be insensitive to the regional gravity effect. Furthermore, the algorithm is exemplified with the gravity anomalies of the derived density-depth model of the Godavari subbasin, India with a parabolic density profile resulting in a more consistent geological model rather than a constant density profile. The main advantage of this method is that it works well even when the profile of interpretation does not bisect the strike length of the sedimentary basin.     

A Numerical Study of Effects of Valley-Weathering and Valley-Shape-Ratio on the Ground Motion Characteristics

A study of combined effects of valley-weathering and valley-shaperatio on the ground motion characteristics and associated differential ground motion (DGM) is documented in this paper. In order to properly quantify the weathering effects, a forth-order-accurate staggered-grid viscoelastic time-domain finite-difference program has been used for the simulation of SH-wave responses. Simulated results revealed that the defocusing caused by valley is frequency-independent in contrast to the ridge-focusing. A decrease of average spectral amplification (ASA) with an increase of shape-ratio of the non-weathered triangular and elliptical valleys was obtained. Overall, the amplification and de-amplification pattern was larger in case of triangular valleys as compared to the elliptical valleys. It can be concluded that the dwelling within or near the topcorners of weathered valleys may suffer more damage as compared to their surroundings. A weathered triangular valley with large shape-ratio may cause unexpected damage very near its top-corners since both the ASA and DGM are largest.     

软夹层和硬夹层对地表地震动特性的影响

利用日本KIK台网地表和井下地震记录验证了一维等效线性化土层地震反应程序,结果表明在土体小变形范围内,对于刚度递增型场地,程序计算结果与实际相符;而对于含软夹层或硬夹层的场地,程序计算结果与实际相差较大。据此,本文提出了一种研究软夹层和硬夹层对地表地震动影响的方法。为得到参照标准,将真实土层剖面中的夹层替换为正常土层,以满足刚度递增条件,采用土层地震反应程序计算在井下地震记录激励下的地表反应。将其与该场地地表实际地震记录进行对比分析,可得到软夹层和硬夹层对地表地震动的影响结论。本文对几个典型场地进行计算分析后得到如下结论：软夹层与硬夹层对地表地震动的影响是一致的;当夹层处于覆盖层上部时对高频地震动有较强的放大作用;当夹层处于覆盖层下部时对高频地震动有隔震作用。     

软夹层和硬夹层对地表地震动特性的影响

利用日本KIK台网地表和井下地震记录验证了一维等效线性化土层地震反应程序,结果表明在土体小变形范围内,对于刚度递增型场地,程序计算结果与实际相符;而对于含软夹层或硬夹层的场地,程序计算结果与实际相差较大。据此,本文提出了一种研究软夹层和硬夹层对地表地震动影响的方法。为得到参照标准,将真实土层剖面中的夹层替换为正常土层,以满足刚度递增条件,采用土层地震反应程序计算在井下地震记录激励下的地表反应。将其与该场地地表实际地震记录进行对比分析,可得到软夹层和硬夹层对地表地震动的影响结论。本文对几个典型场地进行计算分析后得到如下结论：软夹层与硬夹层对地表地震动的影响是一致的;当夹层处于覆盖层上部时对高频地震动有较强的放大作用;当夹层处于覆盖层下部时对高频地震动有隔震作用。     

经验GREEN函数法研究丽江6.0级强余震的地震动及破裂特征

利用经验Green函数方法，用1996年云南丽江地震后的ML4．7级地震合成了这次地震的最大余震Ms6．0的加速度记录，通过与实际记录在频域和时域的对比研究，分析研究了地震动特征和这次最大余震的可能破裂特征，并对经验Green函数方法进一步的改进方向进行了探讨。     

2.5维起伏地表条件下频率域地空电磁正演模拟

频率域地空电磁探测方法是指在地面布设人工场源,在空中测量电磁场的一种高效的地球物理勘探技术.该方法具有大范围、高通过性、快速测量的优势,尤其适合崎岖山地、沙漠、沼泽、海陆交互带等复杂地貌区域的资源勘查.但是这些地区的地形起伏通常较大,因此分析地形对地空电磁响应的影响具有重要意义.本文利用有限元法对频率域地空电磁响应进行了正演计算,分析了起伏地表条件下的频率域地空电磁响应特征.首先利用傅里叶变换将2.5维问题转化成二维问题,利用伽辽金加权余量法推导了相应的离散有限元方程组.采用任意四边形单元对区域进行不均匀网格剖分,源和异常体附近网格加密处理,保证计算精度,远离目标区域网格逐渐稀疏,模拟无穷远边界,降低对计算资源的要求.在单元内进行插值,将有限元方程组变换为线性方程组,采用总场算法,利用具有一定面积的伪δ函数表达源电流分布,源项近似为分布在以电偶极源为中心的25个节点上.通过求解线性方程组得到波数域电磁响应,再对波数域电磁场响应进行反傅里叶变换从而获得空间域2.5维频率域电磁场值.通过对比2.5维正演结果与均匀半空间解析解,验证了本文算法的精度,同时本文还对地空电磁场与地面电磁场的响应特...     

基于ANSYS的2.5维直流电法正演模拟

从点电源场中电位满足的微分方程出发,给定相对应边界条件,结合有限元软件ANSYS的强大分析计算功能,通过使用ANSYS本身提供的APDL语言编制相应的计算程序,进行了大量的2.5维直流电法正演计算,取得了很好的效果,证明了ANSYS在地球物理数值模拟方面有着广泛的应用前景,具有很好的理论价值和应用价值.     

Ground Motion Zoning of Santiago de Cuba: An Approach by SH Waves Modelling

— The expected ground motion in Santiago de Cuba basin from earthquakes which occurred in the Oriente fault zone is studied. Synthetic SH-waves seismograms have been calculated along four profiles in the basin by the hybrid approach (modal summation for the path source-profile and finite differences for the profile) for a maximum frequency of 1 Hz. The response spectra ratio (RSR) has been determined in 49 sites, distributed along all considered profiles with a spacing of 900 m. The corresponding RSR versus frequency curves have been classified using a logical-combinatorial algorithm. The results of the classification, in combination with the uppermost geological setting (geotechnical information and geological geometry of the subsoil) are used for the seismic zoning of the city. Three different main zones are identified, and a small sector characterized by major resonance effects, due to the particular structural conditions. Each zone is characterized in terms of its expected ground motion parameters for the most probable strong earthquake (M_S=7), and for the maximum possible (M_S=8).     

黄土丘陵河谷场地地震动特征研究

研究黄土丘陵河谷场地在地震作用下强地面运动特征的变化情况,可以揭示强震对该类场地上震害的触发机理。结合黄土高原的地貌特征,建立具有代表性的动力数值分析模型,通过输入不同幅值、频谱特性和持续时间的地震波,对起伏地形和覆盖黄土层共同影响下的黄土河谷场地进行地震反应分析。结果表明:黄土层和地形耦合作用控制了地表的PGA变化,使其趋于复杂,在同一输入波不同振幅作用下,与基岩河谷各测点相比,黄土覆盖河谷场地的地震动频谱幅值均有所增加,并且频谱主峰均向高频移动。在不同地震波输入下,场地不同部位的固有频率受地形高程和土层影响;而地震动大小和频谱幅值不仅与场地的基本频谱和地形起伏有关,也与输入地震波的频谱成分相关。输入波PGA与地震频谱特征都不变时,同一场地输出的地震频谱形状具有相似的特征,随着地震持时增长,能量向场地基本频率附近集中,从而可能导致场地上相应频率建筑物震动幅值增加,造成累积破坏。     

频率域2.5-D井间波形层析成像及其实际应用

从频率域3-D声波波动方程出发,结合井间观测方式的特点,基于Tarantola广义反演理论,提出了一种频率域2.5-D井间波形层析成像方法.数值模型试验结果表明：该方法对薄层厚度的分辨能力能达到约主频波长的1/4,且分辨率显著高于走时层析成像,尤其垂直分辨率有实质改善.模拟资料的抗噪试验表明：在信噪比为0.8的情况下,随机噪声对波形层析成像的影响较小;而相干噪声对全波形层析成像的影响显著,特别是初至波附近的强振幅干扰影响更为严重.井间实际资料的试处理结果表明：波形层析成像能很好地刻画井间介质的分布情况与储层连通性,对于油藏开发阶段的方案实施具有指导意义.     

Two and Half Dimensional Simulation of Ridge Effects on the Ground Motion Characteristics

— Seismic responses of weathered and non-weathered ridge models were simulated to study the ridge effects on the ground motion characteristics. The range of ridge slope from 19.98° to 45° was considered to produce a possible set of generalized results. 2.5-D modeling based on parsimonious staggered grid approximation of elastodynamic wave equations was adopted in simulations. Computed results reveal an increase of amplitude of incoming waves with both elevation and the slope of the ridge. Further, the characteristics of surface waves are highly ridge slope dependent. The analysis of responses of weathered and non-weathered ridge models reveals that ridge has caused a strong generation of surface waves near its top. The surface waves are not dominating on the top of the ridge but at some lower elevation. The increase of weathering of ridge further intensified the ridge effect. Analysis in frequency domain, based on spectral ratio method, does not indicate any pattern in the spectral amplification factor and is very much sensitive to slope, source focal mechanism and location. However, on an average there is a continuous decrease of amplification with slope in the vertical component and increase in the transverse component, and it is increasing in the radial component up to slope =38.0° and thereafter decreasing.     

随机模型上的地震动模拟研究

介绍了一项随机模拟实验,该实验通过模拟一个具体场址模型的地震动响应了解模型参数不确定性对模拟结果的影响。首先给定一个典型的第四纪沉积层场址模型的参数(包括地层厚度、介质密度、横波速度和品质因子等)的统计特征,并据此在计算机上按截尾的正态分布随机抽样形成了16384个随机模型,然后分别在各个模型上进行SH波地震动响应模拟,最后对所有的模拟结果进行统计分析,了解模型参数的不确定程度与模拟结果变化范围之间的关系。实验结果表明,模型参数不确定性对模拟结果的影响程度是随频率增大的。随机模型地震动响应的第一个放大峰发生在353±031Hz的频率上,其幅值为438±076;第二放大峰发生在885±108Hz的频率上,幅值为422±090。两放大峰值的均方差与均值之比分别为18%和25%。与模型参数20%的相对变化程度大致相当。但更高频率上振幅响应的均方差与均值之比则高达30%～40%。     

大型河谷场地地震动特性研究

采用有限差分方法,通过算例研究了大型河谷场地地震动特性分析中的人工边界的选取方法,对比分析了不同人工边界的选取对数值模拟结果的影响,确定了散射场地震反应分析输入边界的地震动输入方法,认为在进行有限差分动力计算时,模型两侧施加自由场边界的模拟效果要优于两侧施加粘性边界的模拟效果;同时,对FLAC计算软件进行二次开发,对2个地形差异较大的河谷场地,采用线性和非线性摩尔-库仑模型进行了地震反应对比分析,研究了河谷场地地震动幅值和频谱特性随地形变化的规律。模拟数据表明,河谷场地谷底处地震动基本无放大作用,地势凸起处放大作用则较为明显;当考虑土体非线性时,随着地震动强度的增加,放大作用逐渐减小;谱分析结果表明,地势凸起处受高频地震动的影响显著,而地势平坦的谷底则受低频地震动的影响显著。     

场地条件对地表地震动特征的影响

以安徽省滁州市地震小区划场地为研究对象,基于ABAQUS显式有限元并行计算平台,采用大尺度二维精细化有限元非线性分析方法,研究了局部地质条件差异对场地地震效应的影响。结果表明：该场地地震动放大效应明显,河漫滩地表PGA放大效应尤为显著;相比一级阶地,河漫滩地表加速度反应谱谱形加宽,谱峰向长周期方向移动,移动幅度约为0．05～0．25S,相应的特征周期增大。地表加速度反应谱呈双峰甚至多峰特征,大尺度场地非线性有限元分析能定性反映出局部地质条件对场地地震效应特性的影响,可为城市地震小区划提供更为合理的科学依据。