THE CHANGING METROPOLITAN STRUCTURE OF ATLANTA,GEORGIA: LOCATIONS OF FUNCTIONS AND REGIONAL STRUCTURE IN A MULTINUCLEATED URBAN AREA

The study of suburban downtowns in the past has emphasized the emergence of multinucleation in urban structure and the growing independence of multiple urban realms. The purpose of this study is to develop a framework to identify and compare the employment profiles of each downtown in a metropolitan area, including the CBD. Using data on retail employment, services, and finance, insurance, and real estate (FIRE), the four downtowns that exist in the Atlanta region are examined, together with scattered-site employment. This study suggests that downtowns, rather than existing as independent urban realms, are mutually interdependent based on work-trip commuting patterns, shopping behavior, and traffic flows in general, all of which increasingly are automobile based. Mass transit ridership suffers from its primary focus on radial services to and from the CBD and poor service levels to other downtowns and to scattered employment sites.     

关联视角下兰州市生产性服务业与制造业空间分布及区位选择比较

基于微观企业数据从关联性视角对兰州市生产性服务业与制造业空间分布特征和模式进行分析,进而探讨其区位选择因素的异同。研究表明：① 生产性服务业与制造业的空间布局均呈现出以主城区为主体、外围局部地区为补充的“中心-外围”空间格局,但生产性服务业集聚区主要集中在河谷地带的主城区,制造业集聚区则呈现出明显的郊区化趋势,二者在空间上存在关联的同时又具有一定的可分性。② 生产性服务业形成了以城市中心区和郊区国家级新区及卫星城镇为多元空间载体的“紧凑型-中心性”模式,制造业则形成了以国家级新区和产业园区为空间载体的“离散型-郊区化”模式。③ 生产性服务业与制造业企业的区位选择需在产业环境、要素禀赋以及政策导向方面进行权衡,生产性服务业企业较为关注区域整体发展氛围,制造业企业则更注重自然因素、区位历史和产业政策的影响。④ 传统型生产性服务业企业区位选择受到地方化经济、区位资源禀赋的影响最为显著,现代型和高端型生产性服务业企业则更容易受到政策的导引从而形成空间集聚;劳动密集型制造业企业主要依附在劳动力资源较为丰富且交通便利的地区,资本密集型制造业企业倾向于具有产业政策优势及土地成本优势的开发区和新区布局,技术密集型制造业企业受成本要素的制约较小且更加注重集聚经济的外部效用。     

NOHO: UPSCALING MAIN STREET ON THE METROPOLITAN EDGE

This paper traces the relationships between downtown revitalization, housing markets, and a growing lesbian presence in the small city of Northampton, Massachusetts, located on the northern edge of the Springfield Metropolitan region. In Northampton, lately known as NoHo, a self-consciously “cosmopolitan” and urbane revitalized downtown has been created since the 1970s, drawing on a regional set of markets. The downtown also forms a core for lesbian businesses and services, and lesbians have contributed to cultural changes in the area. However, this group had little direct involvement in the booming commercial property market of the 1980s except as a market for rental space. Northampton's downtown residential neighborhoods also underwent cultural and demographic changes in the past decades, but these shifts were more complex than a simple economic upgrading. This paper lends support to studies finding diverse gentrification and revitalization processes.     

我国服务业发展的国际比较

运用世界发展指标和国际统计年鉴数据,从时间序列的角度并深入服务业增加值及增长速度、就业比重、就业结构、行业结构、服务业贸易五个方面进行国际比较。结果表明:我国服务业发展水平与整体经济不协调,工业对服务业的支撑能力较弱,服务业的增速高于世界主要国家:服务业的就业比重稳步上升,与世界平均水平差距较大,但吸纳就业的潜力仍然较大;传统服务业比重较高而现代服务业比重偏低,房地产、租赁及商务服务业、社会服务业的就业比重远落后发达国家;服务业出口快速增长,但出口多集中与传统服务业,知识、技术密集型服务业出口偏少。     

ATLANTA IN THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS AGE: THE FIBER-OPTIC INFORMATION NETWORK

This paper addresses the role of the Atlanta metropolitan area as a telecommunications center based on the use of fiber optics. The major focus is on the intrametropolitan layout of this network, including fiber-optic access points, downtown and suburban fiber loops, and the location of data service and teleservice centers. The aim is to identify congruence between high-technology firms and fiber-optic lines that produce clustering within the metropolitan region. Atlanta has a dense fiber-optic infrastructure in place in the CBD-Midtown area and in several corporate clusters in the suburbs. A number of fiber-optic carriers compete in the Atlanta market—including BellSouth, with approximately 400,000 miles of fiber-optic cable—giving Atlanta more miles of optic fiber than any other metropolitan area in the United States. This extensive fiber network bestows fresh advantages to old downtown property and businesses and creates burgeoning opportunities in the suburbs as it literally undergirds the growth of edge cities at such locations as Perimeter Center and Cumberland-Galleria. Long-established Atlanta firms such as Coca-Cola have drawn fiber sites to themselves, whereas sites on fiber-optic loops attract new businesses seeking ready backbone and broadband access to other metropolitan areas in the United States and cities around the globe. This study also focuses on Atlanta's position within the U.S. intermetropolitan telecommunications hierarchy, where the metropolitan area ranks sixth in total number of backbone connections with other U.S. Metropolitan areas. [Key words: Atlanta, fiber optics, telecommunications.]     

Land Use Diversification in the Elite Residential Sector of Quito,Ecuador*

It is generally assumed that older mansions in the elite residential sector of Latin American cities filter down to the middle classes once their residents migrate to modern suburban homes. Five land use maps compiled between 1975 and 1999 show that the elite residential sector of Quito (Mariscal Sucre) experienced a much more complex fate. Diffusion of nonresidential land uses from the city center and its associated spine transformed the residential neighborhood into a vibrant upper‐scale business district. Sophisticated businesses subsequently moved on to modern suburban facilities, but Mariscal Sucre became a major hub for business, nocturnal entertainment, and tourism. Diversification of land use in Mariscal Sucre confirms the Crowley hypothesis of complexity in Latin American urban land use patterns ( Crowley 1995 ).     

空间功能视角下的公共服务对房价的影响——以成都市为例

房价的快速上涨和城市内部房价的巨大差异引起社会广泛关注,调控房价,防止局部区域房价过热势在必行。本文从城市空间功能的视角出发,以成都市2016年房价为例,基于地理探测器分析公共服务对房价的影响。结果表明：成都平均房价为8480元/m²,并从市中心沿交通环线和放射状干线同时向郊区递减,形成圈层加放射格局,总体上呈现西高东低、南高北低的特点。公共服务(主要包括医疗、金融和教育服务)对房价的影响以第三圈层和西南方最为显著,且高于城市层面上整体的影响。公共服务对房价的影响显著受不同区域的空间功能差异的影响,公共服务和空间功能差异会加剧房价的分异格局,并推动局部房价过热。因此,显著地受到在房价调控中,不仅要有传统的金融、经济政策,还要注重空间功能和公共服务的优化。     

The relationship between transit rich neighborhoods and transit ridership: Evidence from the decentralization of poverty

The concept of transit-rich neighborhoods (TRNs) has become a focus of more interest as it relates to rapidly growing and congested communities, and it has received national attention because of its contribution to smart growth in the United States. Although most investment in transit services has been concentrated in denser central cities, where most transit users, including those of low income, reside, the trend toward the decentralization of poverty has become evident in many metropolitan areas and underscored the need to improve suburban transit services. Many studies pertaining to transit ridership have focused on the physical characteristics of stations, their catchment areas, and equity issues for low-income riders, particularly in central cities, without accounting for the evolving socioeconomic characteristics of the neighborhoods being served. To address this issue, this paper categorizes TRNs based on changing socioeconomic and spatial characteristics and uses multiple regression to examine the relationship between types of TRNs and transit ridership in the Atlanta metropolitan area, focusing on the decentralization of poverty. The results show that suburban TRNs became more diverse in terms of income and race between 2000 and 2009, which suggests that investment in commuter rail transit is an important contribution to social and economic equality at the regional level. Furthermore, poverty rates in suburban areas, compared to those in their downtown and inner-city counterpart TRNs, positively influence the percentage of transit ridership. The increased use of suburban transit services suggests the potential presence of increased latent demand, which is further supported by the decentralization of poverty.     

基于网络口碑度的南京城区餐饮业空间分布格局研究——以大众点评网为例

运用大众点评网（南京站）餐饮商户的点评数据,在建立口碑评价指标体系的基础上,计算各商户的口碑综合得分和排名,并对城市餐饮业的空间分布格局进行核密度分析和综合评价。研究发现,南京城区餐饮商户大致分为4个等级,呈现“头小底大”的金字塔形状,口碑较差的商户占据绝大多数,中等口碑的商户较为缺乏,餐饮业发展综合水平较低;餐饮业的空间分布主要呈现出以新街口为服务核心,其他多个次级服务中心共生发展的格局;高等级餐饮服务中心仍旧集中在主城区范围内,发展较为孤立,大致表现为服务质量圈层递减或沿交通线路轴向扩展特征;城市商圈业态也会影响传统和休闲类餐饮商户的空间分布趋势。     

SMALL‐SCALE INDUSTRY AS A SPONGE? EMPIRICAL SURVEY IN THE CENTRAL REGION,GHANA

It has been posited that small‐scale industry – businesses with less than 30 workers – provides a large share of employment and income in Ghana. This paper examines the proposition that while such enterprises in the informal sector are said to act as a sponge to soak up surplus labour in marginal activities, they are unprofitable. Using data from a survey in 1998 of 175 micro and small‐scale enterprises in the Central Region of Ghana, the paper also confirms problematic aspects of employment in this sector including the lack of formal contracts, irregular pay, low remuneration, non‐existent social protection and only marginal employment growth. The implication is that the small‐scale industry sector is not economically sustainable in its present form in Ghana.     

Producer Services Research in the United Kingdom

This paper reviews recent research in the United Kingdom on producer services and suggests directions for further research. A recurrent theme in UK-based geographic research into producer services is the role of service activities, establishments, and trade in uneven development of the UK space economy, a role manifested in uneven provision and quality of services in peripheral regions. During the 1980s, overall growth in demand for producer services and the rapid rise in metropolitan London real estate costs reduced London's dominance, but these trends moderated by the end of the decade. In the absence of adequate government statistics, regular and standardized surveys are needed to compile a time series of service change in the United Kingdom. Directions for continued empirical research include the role of producer services in innovation and technology transfer, the implications of information technology for the location of employment in the sector, and the impacts of productivity increases on employment and wages.     

Urban Employment Subcenters and Sectoral Clustering in Montreal: Complementary Approaches to the Study of Urban Form

Since the late 1980's there has been renewed interest in the study of employment polynucleation within metropolitan areas, fed in part by the move to suburban locations of high-order service functions. In parallel, a growing body of research has underlined the role which proximity plays in information exchange, innovation and growth. So far there have been only limited attempts to merge these two approaches and investigate the degree to which local agglomeration economies and positive externalities may underpin the creation of suburban employment poles. In this paper a first step is taken in this direction by proposing an approach to systematically investigate the colocation of economic activities within a metropolitan context. It is found that the groups of economic activities which systematically tend to colocate closely mirror those activities which would be grouped together along sectoral lines.     

THE NEW CORPORATE LANDSCAPE: AMERICA'S FASTEST GROWING PRIVATE COMPANIES

Analysis of the location of the fastest growing private companies in the United States suggests that a new corporate landscape is emerging. During the 1980s this corporate landscape has increasingly been dominated by companies in the service sector rather than in manufacturing. Sunbelt metropolises, especially in California, are more favored locations for the fast-growth firms than for the traditional Fortune 500 industrial and 500 service corporations. The fast-growth firms are also more likely to locate in suburban areas than the traditional corporations. These service, Sunbelt, and suburban characteristics of the new corporate landscape are interpreted as a consequence of the restructuring of the US economy.     

Spatial order through the family: the regulation of urban space in Singapore

This article examines the regulation of urban public space through a study of the role of the family unit in past and present urban development in Singapore. Since the founding of modern Singapore 50 years ago, the nuclear family has remained the preferred social institution for state policies and subsequent regulation of education, housing, employment, health, leisure, social welfare and even neighborhood development. Drawing on primary government documents and field work and interviews with current and displaced small business owners on a commercial street in Chinatown, the article demonstrates how a “softer” version of spatial regulation emerged from an intersection of state commercial development policies that favored small, family-owned businesses and the extension of a family-based moral social order applied to the surrounding public spaces. The result is the regulation of Chinatown’s streets and sidewalks became inextricably bound up with the everyday operations of family-run businesses. More recently, state interest in creating an entertainment-based global Singapore has jeopardized this arrangement, as corporate gentrification threatens to displace family ownership of small businesses.     

RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN THE COMMUTING BEHAVIOR OF WOMEN IN BUFFALO, 1980-1990

Disagreement persists about whether or not African American workers in U.S. metropolitan areas are more distant from centers of employment opportunities than European American workers are. But few studies on employment accessibility focus on racial differences among women. Analyses of 1980 and 1990 census Public Use Microdata Samples for Erie County (Buffalo), New York show that, by 1990, African American and European American women who use private vehicles generally spend about the same time commuting. However in both years, work trips to destinations outside the central city penalize African American women relative to European American women. If employment opportunities, especially service jobs, continue to expand in suburban locations and not in central-city locations, the African American women who have to reverse commute (even when they use a car) are unlikely to enjoy the relative convenience of short commutes that characterize the journey-to-work behavior of European American women with suburban employment.     

基于改进两步移动搜索法的县域医疗卫生服务空间可达性研究

针对县域医疗卫生服务设施的空间布局问题,应用改进两步移动搜索法对德清县医疗卫生服务的空间可达性进行评价。具体改进包括：引入核密度型距离衰减函数对两步移动搜索法进行扩展、考虑医疗设施资源的未充分利用、对不同规模等级医疗机构设置不同服务阈值。计算结果表明：① 浙江省德清县域医疗卫生服务空间可达性呈圈层式空间分布特征,高可达性区域主要集中于县城及邻接区域,边缘地区缺医明显;② 基于改进两步移动搜索法和传统两步移动搜索法的可达性计算结果具有不同的整体特征,但前者可达性计算结果及空间分布更符合实际。     

北京都市区生产者服务业地域结构

利用北京第二次全国基本单位普查数据,以"街区单元"为基本空间单位,运用因子分析和聚类分析技术分析了北京都市区生产者服务业地域结构的特征、模式及内在机制。发现:北京都市区可以划分为7种生产者服务业地域类型区;中心城多类型混合同质性较差,近郊区内沿同质性较强,近郊区外缘和远郊区的广大地域为传统国有生产者服务业散布区;政府和市场两方面的力量共同影响了地域结构的形成。论文最后,通过将研究结论与西方主流观点的比较,总结了转型期快速形成的北京都市区生产者服务业地域结构的独特性。     

西宁市居民就职差异性及其空间演变——基于4种类型单位居住区的比较

为掌握单位居住区职住关系,采用问卷调查法和GIS空间分析方法对西宁市的4个单位居住区的510户居民进行基本通勤特征的问卷调查,分析就职单位空间密度分布,揭示西宁市不同单位类型居民的就职空间演变。结果表明:传统的、重组的、破产的和易地搬迁等多种类型的单位居住区共存,西宁市单位居住区就职空间发生了显著的空间分化,单位居住区就业空间演变受到居住区聚集度增加、居住区功能独立化、居民来源多样化、离城市商服中心的距离和单位运营结构稳定性等因素的影响,居住空间趋向于规模化和聚集化,就业空间由高聚集的单中心向多中心演变,职住分离显著。     

Race,Gender, and Spatial Segmentation in the Twin Cities*

This study analyzes commuting trends in a relatively vibrant setting during the 1980s to determine (a) how labor market segmentation correlates with differences in the spatial dimensions of local labor markets, and (b) whether this link represents a direct spatial effect, independent of earnings, travel mode, and part-time work. I use 1980 and 1990 PUMS data to analyze changes in racial and gender divisions in the workforce, and I develop an estimate of work trip distance to adjust for different travel modes. For all groups except white men, employment in a job “typical” of one's gender and racial group is associated with more localized commutes, but this effect is strongly mediated by variations in earnings and part-time work. Using a covariance structure model to control for these effects, I find no independent link between segmentation and longer commutes among African Americans. Earnings and commute distances remained unchanged over the decade for African Americans, providing no evidence of a purely spatial mismatch manifest in lengthening work trips without corresponding wage gains. The spatial dimensions of an employment mismatch for inner-city minorities are concealed through the replacement of production jobs by poorly paid service work in the expanding downtown economy of a vibrant regional center.     

EXPLORING MARKET‐BASED DEVELOPMENT: MARKET INTERMEDIARIES AND FARMERS IN CALAKMUL,MEXICO*

ABSTRACT. Market intermediaries play important roles in the development of tropical‐forest frontiers but are often overlooked in the assessment of land‐change dynamics. Consistent with research beyond land‐change studies, intermediaries are found to be a pivotal element in land‐use and land‐cover change in southeastern Mexico. They have stimulated commercial chili cultivation in this development frontier, providing transportation and other services to smallholders who could otherwise not enter the chili market. This role comes at the cost of a near monopoly on chili marketing. The various roles played by these intermediaries, or coyotes, the means by which they operate, and the consequences for smallholders and land use are detailed for the Calakmul Municipality, Campeche, Mexico.