Poroelastic behaviour of saturated brittle rock with anisotropic damage

A new anisotropic poroelastic damage model is proposed for saturated brittle porous materials. The model is formulated in the framework of the continuum damage mechanics. A second‐rank symmetric tensor is used to characterize material damage due to oriented microcracks. The classic Biot poroelastic theory is then extended to include poroelastic damage coupling. Both the deterioration of elastic properties and poroelastic coefficients is taken into account. A suitable procedure for determination of model parameters from standard laboratory tests is presented. The validity of the model is tested through comparison between numerical predictions and experimental data in various loading conditions. The overall performance of the model is evaluated. The choice of relevant effective stress for the microcrack propagation criterion in saturated cohesive geomaterials is discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A discrete approach for anisotropic plasticity and damage in semi-brittle rocks

In this paper, we propose an anisotropic plastic damage model for semi-brittle geomaterials based on a discrete thermodynamic approach. The macroscopic plastic deformation is generated by frictional sliding of weakness planes. The evolution of damage is related to growth of such weakness planes. The local frictional sliding in each family of weakness planes is described by a non-associated plastic model taking into account material softening and volumetric dilatancy. The damage evolution is coupled with plastic deformation and modelled by an isotropic damage criterion. The proposed model is applied to modelling mechanical responses of typical sandstone under different loading paths. There is good agreement between numerical predictions and experimental data. Further, the anisotropic distributions of plastic deformation and induced damage are analysed and discussed.     

考虑峰值后区应力跌落速率的脆岩损伤本构模型研究

为了研究和分析脆岩峰值后区变形破坏力学性质,引入统计细观损伤理论,针对以破坏微元体数目与总数目之比定义的损伤变量存在的局限性与不足,在分析非均匀性岩石峰后变形破坏特征基础上探讨脆岩细观损伤演化机制,建立了考虑破坏微元体引起岩石材料非均匀性的修正损伤模型,并提出模型修正系数的函数假设;然后,在此基础上推导建立了岩石修正统计损伤本构模型,并给出了模型参数的确定方法;最后,将模型理论曲线与试验曲线进行了比较分析,并对模型参数的变化规律进行了讨论。研究表明:该模型能够反映脆岩峰值后区不同应力跌落速率的现象,模型理论曲线及模型参数的变化规律与试验结果较为吻合,表明提出的模型和方法具有一定的合理性与可行性。     

岩石材料的三维各向异性损伤破坏模型与数值模拟

基于复合材料以及连续介质损伤理论,给出了岩石材料的各向异性损伤破坏模型。通过引入与岩石材料单轴加载行为相对应的特征模态构成的四阶对称损伤张量,描述了岩石材料的损伤演化过程,其中对不同主应变方向采用不同的损伤变量,而对同一主应变方向拉压时的损伤则采用不同的损伤变量来描述。在数值模拟岩石破坏过程的程序中,采用了张量分解的方法。将该模型编写用户材料子程序,并嵌入到大型有限元分析程序ABAQUS中,通过ABAQUS/EXPLICIT SOLVER的显式有限元算法求解。利用此程序对岩石材料的单轴压缩进行了数值模拟。     

脆性岩石破坏的能量跌落系数研究

从能量角度出发,分析了脆性岩石的整个变形破坏过程。列举出岩石破坏过程的各种能量类型并对其分类,通过分析机械能和热能在岩石破坏过程中的不同影响,提出了用能量法分析岩石破坏过程必须区分热能与机械能。根据循环加、卸载曲线讨论了在岩石变形破坏的不同阶段输入的机械能?W与可释放应变能增量e?U以及耗散能增量d?U之间的关系及变化规律。分析了应力脆性跌落系数存在的不足,提出了一个新的表征岩石破坏的参量,即脆性岩石的能量跌落系数。对不同围压下大理岩和花岗岩破坏过程的应力-应变曲线分析计算,得到了能量跌落系数与围压的关系,以及损伤程度和泊松比对其影响。并通过与现有的应力脆性跌落系数进行对比,说明了本模型的合理性,并认为用其描述岩石的脆性程度在更广泛的围压条件下的适用性。     

The initiation of brittle faults in crystalline rock

Faults in the upper crust initiate from pre-existing (inherited) or precursory (early-formed) structures and typically grow by the mechanical interaction and linkage of these structures. In crystalline rock, rock architecture, composition, cooling, and exhumation influence the initiation of faults, with contrasting styles observed in plutonic rocks, extrusive igneous rocks, and foliated metamorphic rocks. Brittle fault growth in granitic rock is commonly controlled by the architecture of inherited joints or preexisting dikes. In basalt, abundant joints control the surface expression of faulting, and enhanced compliance due to abundant joints leads to folding and deformation asymmetry in the fault zone. Highly reactive mafic minerals likely become rapidly evolving fault rocks. In foliated metamorphic rocks, fault initiation style is strongly influenced by strength anisotropy relative to the principal stress directions, with fracturing favored when the foliation is aligned with the directions of principal stress. The continuity of micas within the foliation also influences the micromechanics of fault initiation. Brittle kink bands are an example of a strain-hardening precursory structure unique to foliated rock. Each of these fault initiation processes produces different initial fault geometry and spatial heterogeneity that influence such properties as fault permeability and seismogenesis.     

脆性岩石侧向变形特征及损伤机理研究

进行了三峡花岗岩常规三轴压缩、保持轴向应变和保持轴向应力的卸围压试验,研究了脆性岩石在不同应力路径和不同加载控制方式下的侧向变形特征,可见临界侧向应变均稳定在（?0.004 ? 0.000 5）范围内。进一步进行三峡花岗岩的全过程应力-应变曲线和损伤力学分析,发现脆性岩石在不同应力路径和不同加载控制方式下均以侧向损伤为主,且侧向损伤曲线的形态近似,达到临界破坏状态时损伤值稳定在0.7?0.8左右。最后以侧向损伤变量表征花岗岩脆性破坏过程,建立了基于应变空间的、可以考虑卸荷应力路径的损伤模型和应变型破坏准则。     

Coupling between anisotropic damage and permeability variation in brittle rocks

In this paper, a coupled constitutive model is proposed for anisotropic damage and permeability variation in brittle rocks under deviatoric compressive stresses. The formulation of the model is based on experimental evidences and main physical mechanisms involved in the scale of microcracks are taken into account. The proposed model is expressed in the macroscopic framework and can be easily implemented for engineering application. The macroscopic free enthalpy of cracked solid is first determined by approximating crack distribution by a second‐order damage tensor. The effective elastic properties of damaged material are then derived from the free enthalpy function. The damage evolution is related to the crack growth in multiple orientations. A pragmatic approach inspired from fracture mechanics is used for the formulation of the crack propagation criterion. Compressive stress induced crack opening is taken into account and leads to macroscopic volumetric dilatancy and permeability variation. The overall permeability tensor of cracked material is determined using a micro–macro averaging procedure. Darcy's law is used for fluid flow at the macroscopic scale whereas laminar flow is assumed at the microcrack scale. Hydraulic connectivity of cracks increases with crack growth. The proposed model is applied to the Lac du Bonnet granite. Generally, good agreement is observed between numerical simulations and experimental data. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

节理岩体各向异性等效弹性参数研究

采用复合材料力学分析方法,针对规则节理岩体考虑坐标转换及刚度系数,建立各向异性等效弹性参数的解析公式。通过算例证明了解析公式的可行性,同时对规则节理岩体等效参数规律性进行了研究,分析在不同的节理刚度比值下等效弹性参数的变化规律。结合白鹤滩坝址区柱状节理岩体特征,探讨了其等效弹性参数取值和各向异性特征。研究表明：所采用方法在刚度取值相等时岩体可退化为各向同性介质,且该方法计算结果与实测结果较为吻合;同时发现柱体偏转对等效弹性参数的影响较大,偏转后水平向和铅直向弹性模量分别降低约54%和17%,根据曲线规律性,偏转角度越大,降低程度越高,等效弹性参数的曲线变化反映了其具有明显的各向异性特征。     

高放废物处置北山预选区地表岩体结构与岩体质量相关性及其应用研究

岩体工程质量是影响高放废物地质处置（HLW）工程长期稳定性和安全性的关键因素,也是处置库场址比选的重要依据。在地表岩体节理调查统计的基础上,采用RMR(relative metabolic rate)分级方案,探讨北山高放废物处置预选区内以花岗岩为主体围岩的岩体质量与岩体结构的对应特征,建立结构面间距D与RMR岩体质量总评分值之间的定量关系,对北山预选区芨芨槽地表岩体质量分布进行研究。研究结果表明,RMR与D值的点群分布具有扇形发散的正相关特征,随D值的增大,RMR亦呈增长趋势,但低级序岩体结构与岩体质量比高级序岩体表现出更好的对应关系。研究认为,选用RMR与D的点群中心线对应的线性方程评价花岗岩候选区的岩体质量可达到快速评价岩体质量、查明各级岩体空间分布特征的目的,同时也便于对不同候选场区进行大范围岩体质量对比。分析结果显示,北山芨芨槽预选地段BS16钻孔周边3 km2范围内主要以Ⅰ、Ⅱ级岩体为主,岩体质量总体较好且分布相对较为均匀。     

地下洞室围岩脆性破坏时的应力特征研究

在高应力作用下,岩爆、钻孔崩落、片帮都是地下空间硬脆围岩中常见的破坏现象,这三类现象本质上均可归于完整岩体的脆性破坏,它们分别反映了高应力作用下完整岩体不同的破坏程度。通过对前人关于岩爆判据、钻孔崩落判据和片帮应力强度比判据研究成果的类比分析可知,这些脆性破坏现象在破坏时具备相同的应力背景条件。脆性破坏的应力条件可以用地下空间周边切向最大应力与岩石单轴抗压强度之比（ / ）或者工程区最大主应力与岩石单轴抗压强度之比（ / ）来描述,两种指标本质上反映了相同的应力背景条件。对于 / , / = 0.4 ± 0.1是发生脆性破坏的应力临界条件;对于 / , / = 0.15 ± 0.05是发生脆性破坏的应力临界条件。大量的工程实例和基于Hoek-Brown强度准则的力学分析也证明了这一背景条件的正确性。这里两种指标都取了一个范围,主要是由于不同的岩体分级、岩性和工程地质条件会对指标的界定产生较为显著的影响。     

考虑温度损伤的盐岩蠕变本构关系研究

根据统计力学原理,以分形岩石力学为桥梁,对盐岩在温度与应力耦合作用下蠕变特性进行了研究,导出了考虑围压效应的损伤变量表达式。综合前人的成果,推导出温度–应力耦合下的盐岩损伤方程。对盐岩在温度与三轴应力共同作用下的蠕变试验数据进行研究,分析了盐岩蠕变过程中衰减蠕变阶段、稳态蠕变阶段和加速蠕变阶段的各自特征。对于广义Bingham 蠕变模型在衰减和稳态蠕变阶段引入一非线性函数,在加速蠕变阶段引入损伤,建立了盐岩考虑温度损伤的蠕变本构关系。利用盐岩的三轴蠕变试验数据对新的蠕变损伤模型参数进行辩识与比较分析。结果表明,该模型能够很好地反映在不同温度作用下盐岩的衰减蠕变阶段、稳态蠕变阶段和加速蠕变阶段的规律,验证了该模型的合理性和正确性。     

A viscoplastic model including anisotropic damage for the time dependent behaviour of rock

This paper presents a new constitutive model for the time dependent mechanical behaviour of rock which takes into account both viscoplastic behaviour and evolution of damage with respect to time. This model is built by associating a viscoplastic constitutive law to the damage theory. The main characteristics of this model are the account of a viscoplastic volumetric strain (i.e. contractancy and dilatancy) as well as the anisotropy of damage. The latter is described by a second rank tensor. Using this model, it is possible to predict delayed rupture by determining time to failure, in creep tests for example. The identification of the model parameters is based on experiments such as creep tests, relaxation tests and quasi‐static tests. The physical meaning of these parameters is discussed and comparisons with lab tests are presented. The ability of the model to reproduce the delayed failure observed in tertiary creep is demonstrated as well as the sensitivity of the mechanical response to the rate of loading. The model could be used to simulate the evolution of the excavated damage zone around underground openings. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling of anisotropic damage in brittle rocks under compression dominated stresses

A new model for describing induced anisotropic damage in brittle rocks is proposed. Although phenomenological, the model is based on physical grounds of micromechanical analysis. Induced damage is represented by a second rank tensor, which is related to the density and orientation of microcracks. Damage evolution is related to the propagation condition of microcracks. The onset of microcrack coalescence leading to softening behaviour is also considered. The effective elastic compliance of the damaged material is obtained from a specific form of Gibbs potential. Irreversible damage‐related strains due to residual opening of microcracks after unloading are also captured. All the model's parameters could be determined from conventional triaxial compression tests. The proposed model is applied to a typical brittle rock. Comparison between test data and numerical simulations shows an overall good agreement. The proposed model is able to describe the main features related to induced microcracks in brittle geomaterials. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

含预制裂纹脆性岩石破坏数值模拟研究

岩石是经过变形、遭受过破坏的地质体。在外界荷载条件下岩石内部缺陷引起的渐进性破坏,这个过程与材料本身存在的缺陷有着密切的关系。应用数值模拟方法对含有预制裂纹的脆性岩石的破坏规律进行了初步的研究,分析了裂纹的存在对岩石破坏的影响机制。研究发现,在对带有预制裂纹的岩石试件进行加载试验过程中,预制裂纹的存在成为了影响岩石破裂方式的主要因素。与之相比,由材料非均质性所造成的影响便成了次要因素,而对于含有双预制裂纹的岩石试件裂纹的间距是影响岩石破坏型式的重要因素。     

Investigation of desaturation in an old tunnel and new galleries at an argillaceous site

A numerical investigation of the desaturation process at the argillaceous Tournemire site has been carried out. This desaturation is initialized by the contact of the saturated rock with the ambient air in excavated openings. The used hydraulical model is based on the Richards’ approximation for unsaturated one phase flow coupled with the deformation of a porous medium with anisotropic linearly elastic behavior. In relation to the extent of the desaturated zone around an excavated opening, the intrinsic permeability and the relative permeability have been identified to be the most important model parameters. The mechanical deformation process itself, the seasonal influences and the tunnel lining are less important for the formation of the desaturated zone. The comparison with measured saturation values bares some difficulties but indicates the principle capacity of the applied finite element codes to simulate the desaturation process. The consideration of seasonal changes in humidity in the ambient air results in a constantly recurring desaturation–resaturation cycle in the near field of the openings. This seasonally influenced zone amount 1–2 m and is nearly independent from time and from a variation of model parameters within a reasonable range. The possibility of material weakening in this zone is of special interest, since claystone is a potential host rock for the disposal of radioactive waste.     

水压和应力耦合下脆性岩石蠕变与破坏时效机制研究

基于水压和应力耦合作用下锦屏深部大理岩的三轴蠕变试验,研究了大理岩的变形时效特性、等时曲线特征以及时效破坏机制。研究结果表明,(1) 孔隙水压可以增强大理岩的时效变形能力,有水压时的稳态蠕变率大于无水压状态时的稳态蠕变率。(2) 裂纹扩容失稳应力强度比可以作为硬脆性岩石是否发生失稳蠕变的门限值,且当应力强度比到达这一门限值时,岩石的失稳概率随着时间发展而陡增。(3) 体积蠕变量大于侧向和轴向的蠕变量值,显示脆性岩石扩容蠕变效应特征显著。(4) 不同时刻的等时曲线具有明显的相似性,在发生加速蠕变之前,等时曲线基本呈线性特征;而在发生加速蠕变时,等时曲线呈显著非线性特征。     

岩石低周疲劳损伤模型与损伤变量表达方法

在岩石（体）工程领域,周期荷载作用下岩石的疲劳破坏特性与岩体的长期稳定性密切相关。针对目前对混凝土疲劳损伤研究较多,但对岩石疲劳损伤研究相对较少这一现状,运用损伤力学方法对以累积塑性应变表达的损伤变量进行了分析,指出了目前常用的以累积塑性应变表达的损伤变量表达式存在的理论上的缺点,建立了一种新的岩石疲劳损伤变量表达方法。为研究岩石在疲劳荷载作用下力学性能不断劣化的过程,从连续介质损伤力学的基本理论出发,分析岩石在疲劳荷载下的损伤发展和变形规律,并考虑岩石材料的硬化特性,推导了低周疲劳损伤演化方程,经低周疲劳试验数据分析,所建模型可以较好地反映岩石的疲劳损伤演化规律,可用于岩石在低周疲劳荷载作用下的有限元分析。     

压剪应力条件下各向异性岩石损伤本构模型和渗流模型(Ⅰ)：理论模型

采用细观力学研究了岩石损伤变形过程和渗流过程。在本构模型中增加了对剪胀变形机理和渗流对变形影响的内容,同时按照微裂纹发展过程建立了考虑微裂纹扩展、变形和渗透压影响的岩石各向异性渗流模型,使得模型能够更好地表述岩石的变形特性和渗流特性。所建立的模型能够考虑微裂纹闭合摩擦滑移、微裂纹发生自相似扩展和微裂纹发生弯折扩展等过程。