Diel vertical migration of the copepod Calanus sinicus before and during formation of the Yellow Sea Cold Bottom Water in the Yellow Sea

To understand the effects of the Yellow Sea Cold Bottom Water(YSCBW)on the diel vertical migration(DVM)of the copepod Calanus sinicus,we surveyed vertical distribution of C.sinicus at a fixed station in the Yellow Sea before(spring)and during(summer)formation of the YSCBW.Cold water(<10 C)was observed in the bottom layer when the water column was thermally stratified in summer,but the water column was thermally well-mixed in spring 2010.Samples were collected from five different layers at 3-h intervals using an opening-closing net.Adult females(1–155 ind./m3)showed a clear normal DVM pattern throughout the entire water column in spring,whereas adult males did not migrate.DVM of copepodite V(CV)individuals was not clear,but the maximum abundance of CI–CIV occurred consistently in the upper 10–20 m layer,where there was a high concentration of chlorophyll-a(Chl-a)(0.49–1.19μg/L).In summer,weak DVM was limited to cold waters beneath the thermocline for adult females(<30 ind./m3),but not for adult males.The maximum abundance of CI–CIV also occurred consistently in the subsurface layer(20–40 m)together with high concentrations of Chl-a(0.81–2.36μg/L).CV individuals(1–272 ind./m3)moved slightly upward nocturnally to the near-surface layer(10–20 m),where the average temperature was 25.74 C,but they were not found in the surface layer(0–10 m;28.31 C).These results indicate that the existence of the YSBCW affected food availability at depth and the vertical temperature distribution,leading to variation in the amplitude and shape of stage-specific vertical distributions(CI to adults)in C.sinicus before and during the formation of cold waters in the Yellow Sea during the study period.     

黄海冷水团的化学水文学特征

Based on the field data obtained during summer cruises in 2006, the overall perspective of chemical and hydrographic characteristics of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(YSCWM) are discussed through the crossYSCWM transect profiles and horizontal distributions of hydrological and chemical variables, with emphasis on the differences between the northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(NYSCWM) and the southern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(SYSCWM). The results show that YSCWM is characterized by low temperature(10°C) and dissolved oxygen(DO) concentration, high salinity(32.0) and nutrient concentrations. Compared to the SYSCWM, the NYSCWM possesses lower values of temperature, salinity and nutrient concentrations but higher values of DO.Also its smaller variation ranges of variables(except for temperature) demonstrate that NYSCWM is more uniform than that of SYSCWM. In addition, thermocline is more intensive in the SYSCWM than that of NYSCWM.Furthermore, DO and Chl a maxima appear at the depth of 30 m in the SYSCWM, while these phenomena are not obvious in the NYSCWM.     

北黄海冷水团季节变化特征分析

利用2006—2007年春、夏、秋、冬4个航次的CTD数据,对北黄海冷水团的季节变化及其消长过程进行了分析.结果显示:春季,冷水团特征开始出现,6℃冷水占据了调查区域的1/3,冷水团中心的盐度值大于32 psu.成山头以东的高盐水舌主轴从冬季的124°E西移至123.3°E处;夏季,北黄海冷水团特征最为明显,核心温度约6℃,盐度高于32 psu,盘踞在50 m等深线以深的深槽中,温、盐呈现明显的双峰结构.与前人的结果相比,本文低温中心的位置偏东;秋季,北黄海冷水团强度减弱,但仍存在2个低温中心,并且高盐中心位于38.5°N,122.5°E附近;在垂直方向上,冷水团与上层水之间以温跃层为分界:温跃层春季时形成,位于20～30m;夏季达到最强,跃层在10～20m;秋季减弱,跃层深度降至30～40m;至冬季温跃层完全消失.     

黄海冷水团可培养细菌的多样性研究

本文研究了2008年7月黄海冷水团海域可培养细菌的多样性。AODC和DVC计数总菌数和活菌数分别为(1.3~4.8)×105/mL和(0.6~1.6)×105/mL;2216E平板以菌落计数法可培养细菌浓度为(0.56~2.2)×103cfu/mL。从分离到的475株中选取163株进行16S rDNA扩增,并用HhaⅠ酶进行ARDRA(扩增性rDNA限制酶切片段分析)多态性分析,取114株不同带型测序。结果显示,冷水团细菌归为4个细菌类群:变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Acti-nobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),共24个属,其中包括α-,β-,γ-变形菌纲;非冷水团细菌也归为这4个门类,共15个属,但未分离到β-变形菌纲。γ-变形菌纲在冷水团和非冷水团区域的不同深度都是优势菌群,不同的是冷水团区域α-变形菌纲比例较高(26.8%),而非冷水团区域α-变形菌纲比例相对较低(15.6%)。这表明黄海冷水团和非冷水团区域细菌多样性都很丰富,但其群落组成和优势菌群有所不同。此外,16S rDNA测序结果表明,6株细菌可能为海洋细菌新种。     

北黄海冷水团温度年际变化研究

本文基于1976—2006年国家标准断面(大连—成山头)调查资料,结合ECMWF气温、风速以及辐射等再分析资料,研究了北黄海冷水团的低温中心以及北部锋面的年际变化规律,并对其与气候年际变化信号的关系做了相关性分析以及EOF分析,研究了影响北黄海冷水团的诸多因素。研究结果表明,北黄海冷水团及其北部锋面强度存在明显的年际变化特征,北黄海冷水团中心最低温度具有升温趋势,北部锋面强度具有减弱趋势。分析发现,前冬海温,当地气温,经向风场以及辐射通量都对来年北黄海冷水团的强度存在影响,东亚冬季风的年际变异是影响北黄海冷水团温度年际变化的主要机制,El Nio、La Nia事件成熟期滞后于北黄海冷水团最低温度的相对低值、高值出现,ENSO通过与东亚冬季风的相互作用与北黄海冷水团相联系。     

北黄海冷水团对獐子岛微微型浮游生物分布的影响

Picoplankton distribution around the Zhangzi Island(northern Yellow Sea)was investigated by monthly observation from July 2009 to June 2010.Three picoplankton populations were discriminated by flow cytometry,namely Synechococcus,picoeukaryotes and heterotrophic prokaryotes.In summer(from July to September),the edge of the northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(NYSCWM)resulting from water column stratification was observed.In the NYSCWM,picoplankton(including Synechococcus,picoeukaryotes and heterotrophic prokaryotes)distributed synchronically with extremely high abundance in the thermocline(20 m)in July and August(especially in August),whereas in the bottom zone of the NYSCWM(below 30 m),picoplankton abundance was quite low.Synechococcus,picoeukaryotes and heterotrophic prokaryotes showed similar response to the NYSCWM,indicating they had similar regulating mechanism under the influence of NYSCWM.Whereas in the non-NYSCWM,Synechococcus,picoeukaryotes and heterotrophic prokaryotes exhibited different distribution patterns,suggesting they had different controlling mechanisms.Statistical analysis indicated that temperature,nutrients(NO3–and PO43–)and ciliate were important factors in regulating picoplankton distribution.The results in this study suggested that the physical event NYSCWM,had strong influence on picoplankton distribution around the Zhangzi Island in the northern Yellow Sea.     

The temporal and spatial variability of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass in the southeastern Yellow Sea, 2009-2011

The Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(YSCWM) is one of the important water mass in the Yellow Sea(YS).It is distributed in the lower layer in the Yellow Sea central trough with the temperature less than 10 C and the salinity lower than 33.0.To understand the variability of the YSCWM,the hydrographic data obtained in April and August during 2009–2011 are analyzed in the southeastern Yellow Sea.In August 2011,relatively warm and saline water compared with that in 2009 and 2010 was detected in the lower layer in the Yellow Sea central area.Although the typhoon passed before the cruise,the salinity in the Yellow Sea central trough is much higher than the previous season.It means that the saline event cannot be explained by the typhoon but only by the intrusion of saline water during the previous winter.In April 2011,actually,warm and saline water(T >10 C,S >34) was observed in the deepest water depth of the southeastern area of the Yellow Sea.The wind data show that the northerly wind in 2011 winter is stronger than in 2009 and 2010 winter season.The strong northerly wind can trigger the intrusion of warm and saline Yellow Sea Warm Current.Therefore,it is proposed that the strong northerly wind in winter season leads to the intrusion of the Yellow Sea Warm Current into the Yellow Sea central trough and influenced a variability of the YSCWM in summer.     

The diel vertical migration of the sound-scattering layer in the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water of the southeastern Yellow Sea：focus on its relationship with a temperature structure

Using the hydroacoustic method with a 200 kHz scientific echo sounding system,the diel vertical migration(DVM) of the sound-scattering layer(SSL) in the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water(YSBCW) of the southeastern Yellow Sea was studied in April(spring) and August(summer) of 2010 and 2011.For each survey,13–27 hours of acoustic data were continuously collected at a stationary station.The acoustic volume scattering strength(Sv) data were analyzed with temperature profile data.In the spring of both 2010 and 2011,the SSL clearly showed the vertical migration throughout the entire water column,moving from the surface layer at night to near the bottom during the day.Conductivity,temperature,and depth data indicated that the entire water column was well mixed with low temperature of about 8 C.However,the SSL showed different patterns in the summers of 2010 and 2011.In the summer of 2010(28 C at the surface),the SSL migrated to near the bottom during the day,but there were two SSLs above and below the thermocline at depth of 10–30 m at night.In the summer of 2011(20 C at the surface),the SSL extended throughout the entire water column at night,possibly owing to an abrupt change in sea weather conditions caused by the passage of a Typhoon Muifa over the study area.It was concluded that the DVM patterns in summer in the YSBCW area may be greatly influenced by a strengthened or weakened thermocline.     

黄海冷水团海域浮游植物磷胁迫的季节变动

The Yellow Sea is located between the China Mainland and the Korean Peninsula, representing a typical shallow epicontinental sea. The Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass（YSCWM） is one of the most important physical features in the Yellow Sea. The characteristics of vertical profiles and seasonal variations of biogenic elements in the YSCWM may lead the variations of nutrient availability（e.g., phosphorus） and phosphorus stress of phytoplankton. In this study, the authors surveyed the seasonal variations of phytoplankton phosphorus stress with emphasis on the effect of the YSCWM during the four cruises in April and October 2006, March and August 2007. Using both bulk and single-cell alkaline phosphatase activity（APA） assays, this study evaluated phosphorus status of phytoplankton community, succession of phytoplankton community and ecophysiological responses of phytoplankton to phosphorus in the typical region of the YSCWM. With the occurrence of the YSCWM, especially the variations of concentration of dissolved inorganic phosphorus（DIP）, the results of bulk APA appeared corresponding seasonal variations. Along Transects A and B, the mean APA in August was the highest, and that in March was the lowest. According to the ELF-labeled assay＇s results, seasonal variations of the ELF-labeled percentages within dominant species indicated that diatoms were dominant in March, April and October, while dinoflagellates were dominant in August. During the four cruises, the ELF-labeled percentages of diatoms except Paralia sulcata showed that diatoms were not phosphorus deficient in April 2006 at all, but suffered from severe phosphorus stress in August 2007. In comparison, the ELF-labeled percentages of dinoflagellates were all above 50% during the four time series, which meant dinoflagellates such as Alexandrium and Scrippsiella, sustained perennial phosphorus stress.     

黄海冷水团声层析监测数值模拟

海洋冷水团是海洋学家关注多年的问题 ,其监测方法亟待解决。本文将简正波波数层析法用于冷水团监测 ,并对简正波波数层析用于反演黄海冷水团声速剖面进行了数值模拟。数值模拟结果表明 ,简正波波数层析可以用于反演平均声速剖面 ,特别在监测与距离有关海洋环境的声速结构方面大有潜力。     

Structure of the Sunda Trench lower slope off sumatra from multichannel seismic reflection data

Multichannel seismic reflection profiles across the Sunda Trench slope off central Sumatra reveal details of subduction zone structure. Normal faults formed on the outer ridge of the trench offset deep strate and the oceanic crust, but die out upsection under the trench sediments. At the base of the inner trench slope, shallow reflectors are tilted seaward, while deeper reflectors dip landward parallel to the underlying oceanic crustal reflector. Intermediate depth reflectors can be traced landward through a seaward-dipping monocline. We interpret this fold as the shallow expression of a landward-dipping thrust fault at depth. Landward of this flexure, relatively undeformed strata have been stripped off the oceanic plate, uplifted 700 meters, and accreted to the base of the slope. The oceanic crust is not involved in the deformation at the toe of the slope, and it can be observed dipping landward about 25 km under the toe of the accretionary prism.The middle portion of the trench slope is underlain by deformed accreted strata. Shallow reflectors define anticlinal structures, but coherent deep reflectors are lacking. Reflectors 45 to 55 km landward of the base of the slope dip 4°-5° landward beneath a steep slope, suggesting structural imbrication.A significant sediment apron is absent from the trench slope. Instead, slope basins are developed in 375–1500 m water depths, with an especially large one at about 1500 m water depth that is filled with more than 1.1 seconds of relatively undeformed sediments. The seaward flank of the basin has recently been uplifted, as indicated by shallow landward-dipping reflectors. Earlier periods of uplift also appear to have coincided with sedimentation in this basin, as indicated by numerous angular unconformities in the basin strata.Contribution of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, new series.     

黄海冷水团邻近海域浮游植物的昼夜垂直变化

于2006-10-19~20日在黄海南部海域进行定点(123°30′E,33°00′N)采样观测,用Uterm hl方法分析了浮游植物群集的垂直分布时间序列变化。研究结果表明:铁氏束毛藻(Trichodesmium thiebautiiGomont)为最优势种,其他优势种依次为具槽帕拉藻(Paralia sulcata(Ehrenberg)Cleve)、圆海链藻(Thalassiosira rotula Meunier)、菱形海线藻(Thalassionema nitzschioides Grunow)和佛氏海线藻(Thalassionema frauenfeldii Grunow)。硅藻在物种丰富度上占优势。调查期浮游植物细胞丰度介于(1.111~2 042.889)cells mL-1,平均值为192.756 cells mL-1。浮游植物细胞丰度垂直分布特征是表层水体最高,10m层迅速降低,底层最低。浮游植物细胞丰度随时间具有一定的波动,10月19日12:00和10月20日0:00在表、底层水体各出现2个细胞丰度峰值,10 m层的2个峰值比表、底层均滞后3 h。调查期浮游植物群集各层差异明显。     

黄海冷水团海域微型异养鞭毛虫与细菌的弱耦合关系

A study was carried out to investigate the grazing pressure of heterotrophic nanoflagellates(HNF) on bacteria assemblages in the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(YSCWM) area in October, 2006. The results show that the HNF abundance ranges from 303 to 1 388 mL-1, with a mean of 884 mL-1. The HNF biomass is equivalent to 10.6%–115.6% of that of the bacteria. The maximum abundance of the HNF generally occurred in the upper 30 m water layer, with a vertical distribution pattern of surface layer abundance greater than middle layer abundance, then bottom layer abundance. The hydrological data show that the YSCWM is located in the northeastern part of the study area, typically 40 m beneath the surface. A weak correlation is found between the abundances of HNF and bacteria in both the YSCWM and its above water layer. One-way ANOVA analysis reveals that the abundance of HNF and bacteria differs between inside the YSCWM and in the above water mass. The ingestion rates of the HNF on bacteria was 8.02±3.43 h-1 in average. The grazing rate only represented 22.75%±6.91% of bacterial biomass or 6.55%+4.24% of bacterial production, implying that the HNF grazing was not the major factor contributing to the bacterial loss in the YSCWM areas.     

Seasonal variability of the zooplankton community in the southwest of the Huanghai Sea (Yellow Sea) Cold Water Mass

Samples were collected with a plankton net in the four seasonal cruises during 2006-2007 to study the seasonal variability of the zooplankton community in the southwest part of Huanghai Sea Cold Water Mass (HSCWM, Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass). The spatial and temporal variations of zooplankton species composition, biomass, abundance and biodiversity were examined. A total of 122 zooplankton species and 30 pelagic larvae were identified in the four cruises. Calanus sinicus and Aidanosagitta crassa were the most dominant species, and Themisto gaudichaudi and Euphausia pacifica were widely distributed in the HSCWM area. The spatial patterns of non-gelatinous zooplankton (removing the high water content groups) were similar to those of the total zooplankton biomass in autumn, but different significantly in the other three seasons. The seasonal means of zooplankton biomass in spring and summer were much higher than that in autumn and winter. The total zooplankton abundance averaged 283.5 ind./m~3 in spring (highest), 192.5 ind./m~3 in summer, 165.5 ind./m~3 in autumn and 65.9 ind./m~3 in winter (lowest), and the non-gelatinous groups contributed the most total abundance. Correlation analysis suggests that the non-gelatinous zooplankton biomass and abundance had a significant positive correlation in the whole year, but the relationship was insignificant between the total zooplankton biomass and abundance in spring and summer. The diversity index H of zooplankton community averaged 1.88 in this study, which was somewhat higher than historical results. Relatively low diversity in summer was related to the high dominance of Calanus sinicus, probably due to the strongest effect of the HSCWM in this season.     

黄海冷水团上升流对叶绿素垂向分布的影响

利用黄海冷水团物理-生态耦合模式，对冷水团水域叶绿素垂向分布的季节变化进行了数值模拟研究。物理模式为冷水团热动力模型，生态模式主要考虑叶绿素，营养盐和食植浮游动物基本状态变量的耦合方程。研究结果表明，黄海冷水团上升流对叶绿素垂向分布的夏季上层结构具有显著影响。整个夏季，受上升流的影响，叶绿素垂向分布最大值的位置向海面抬升，量值增大，混合层叶绿素的平均浓度增加，与实测资料比较表明，考虑冷水团上升流的影响比不考虑上升流与实测结果符合要好。     

An overview of Mediterranean Ridge collisional accretionary complex as deduced from multichannel seismic data

 The Mediterranean Ridge (eastern Mediterranean) is a large accretionary complex that results from the Africa–Europe–Aegean plates convergence. Multichannel seismic data, combined with previous results showed that the ridge comprises distinct major structural domains facing different forelands: (1) An outer domain is bounded to the south by the ridge toe. Underneath the Ionian and Levantine outer Ridge, Messinian evaporites act as a major decollement level. (2) An axial, or crestal, ridge domain with mud diapiric and mud volcano activity is bounded to the north by backthrust. (3) A less tectonized inner Ridge domain, possibly a series of former forearc basins, abuts the Hellenic Trench. The ridge displays strong along-strike variations. These variations can be interpreted as consequences of an ongoing collision against the Libyan continental promontory.     

北黄海夏季冷水团营养盐贡献的估算

根据2006年北黄海夏季航次调查资料,初步估算夏季冷水团及整个调查海区的水体体积,进而分别计算两者的营养盐总量,并在此基础上估算夏季冷水团区营养盐对调查海域的贡献.结果表明冷水团作为营养盐的高值区,以仅占调查海区总体积23.7％的体积分数,达到了对DIN、PO4-P和SiO3-Si分别为46.3％、63.9％和32.1％的贡献率,尤其是PO4-P的贡献量,更是达到海区总量的一半以上,充分体现出其营养盐贮库,特别是PO4-P贮库的特性.在水体层化减弱、消失的季节,冷水团对整个水体的营养盐是极大的补充.     

A fixed receiver for recording multichannel wide-angle seismic data on the seabed

Previous experiments to record seismic data at wide angle on the continental shelf have generally been unsuccessful in determining velocity structure in the lower crust; either the lines were too short or shot-receiver density too sparse to identify lower crustal arrivals. In contrast, deep normal incidence profiles show good structural resolution in the crust and uppermost mantle. A sea-bottom multichannel instrument has been developed to record datasets containing closely spaced traces, in order to improve the resolution of reversed wide-angle experiments on the continental shelf.The Pull-up Multichannel Array (PUMA) is a 1200 m, 12-channel hydrophone array for remotely recording seismic data on the seabed. It consists of 12 short hydrophone sections linked by 100 m-long passive sections. A pressure case is attached to the array at one end, in which recording electronics, cassette tape recorders and a battery power supply are housed. The PUMA is designed for deployment in water depths less than 200 m from a research ship and is moored to buoys for recovery.The instrument, which was successfully used in an experiment west of Lewis, Outer Hebrides, UK (Powell and Sinha, 1987) was specifically designed to provide a reliable determination of the velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle over part of the BIRPS WINCH deep normal incidence profile. Because the traces are closely spaced it is easy to correlate phases across the record section and to monitor changes in amplitude. A velocity structure for the continental crust and uppermost mantle has been devised from these data, using amplitude modelling.     

黄海冷水团大型鲑科鱼类养殖研究进展与展望

黄海中部洼地的深层存在一个巨大的夏季冷水团,面积约13万km^2,水质优良,可以利用现代海洋装备在此海域养殖大型鲑科鱼类。中国海洋大学黄海冷水团鲑鱼养殖团队研发了养殖工船,概念性地设计了海浪能驱动的5万m^3的全潜式钢构网箱"深蓝1号"和约17万m^3的养殖-能源-管理于一体的"深蓝2号"智能钢构网箱,成功地完成了黄海冷水团鲑科鱼类养殖技术路线的验证。为实现规模化安全生产,仍需对养殖容量与黄海冷水团变动、适养种类及其育种、养殖技术、病害防治、饲料研发、机械化生产与智能化管理等进行深入研究。     

Morpho-tectonic evolution of the Marmara Sea inferred from multi-beam bathymetric and seismic data

In an initial stage, the Sea of Marmara developed as a graben and, in due course, considerable volumes of sediments were deposited in this basin. Before 200 ka, a new fault (New Marmara Fault) cutting through the whole basin developed, which postdated large sub-marine land sliding in the western part of the basin. This mass movement created the Western Ridge. The initiation of this strike-slip fault indicates that the extensional stress regime was replaced by a new, shearing stress field. In the eastern part of the Marmara Basin, the New Marmara Fault consists of two branches. The northern one replaces the normal faulting at the bottom of the northeastern slope of the basin. As a result, this slope has been rejuvenated. The southern branch is located along the central axis of the basin, forming the major extension of the North Anatolian Fault Zone within the region. Two restraining bends were formed because of the counterclockwise rotation of that part of the Anatolian Block. This resulted the uplifting of the Eastern Ridge and the formation of the positive flower structure within the Tekirdag Basin. The establishment of the compressional regime around the Sea of Marmara also resulted in the northwest–southeast shortening of the initial Marmara Basin.