成都市中心城区地表沉积物中重金属分布及矿物学特征

城市地表沉积物已成为城市环境污染的重要组成部分,是城市环境中各种污染物的"源"和"汇",通过研究城市地表沉积物的物化及矿物学特征对城市环境质量的监测具有良好的指示作用。本文在成都市中心城区不同区域采集40件地表沉积物样品,利用激光粒度分析仪、扫描电镜能谱和X射线衍射等技术分析研究了地表沉积物的粒径分布特征、重金属分布特征、矿物组成特征及微区形貌特征。结果表明:地表沉积物粒径的质量和体积分布特征具有较高一致性,均以中细颗粒物为主,其中小于0. 3mm的地表沉积物占总质量或体积的70%以上,小于0. 125mm的地表沉积物占总质量或体积的40%左右; Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Ni等重金属随着沉积物粒径的减小而呈明显增加的趋势,主要存在于小于0. 125mm粒径的沉积物中,同时在成都市中心城区各方位区域和各环路区域的分布上存在一定的差异; Si、Ca、K、Na等造岩元素在不同粒径级别沉积物中都大量存在;地表沉积物矿物组成主要是石英、长石类、方解石等,且各类矿物在不同粒径级别沉积物中所占含量大致相当,但细粒径矿物表现出胶体行为,极易吸附各种微量重金属。研究认为,城市地表沉积物的粒径分布特征和矿物组成特征是影响重金属在沉积物中分布的内在因素,而人类活动是决定地表沉积物重金属污染程度的关键因素。     

DAF–dissolved air flotation: Potential applications in the mining and mineral processing industry

Conventional and non-conventional flotation for mineral processing and for water (and wastewaters) treatment and reuse (or recycling) is rapidly broadening their applications in the mining field. Conventional flotation assisted with microbubbles (30–100 μm) finds application in the recovery of fine mineral particles (< 13 μm) and flotation with these fine bubbles is being used as a solid/liquid separation to remove pollutants. The injection of small bubbles to conventional coarse bubbles flotation cells usually leads to general improvements of the separation parameters, especially for the ultrafines (< 5 μm) ore particles. Results obtained are believed to occur by enhancing the capture of particles by bubbles, one of the main drawbacks in fine ore flotation. It is believed that by decreasing the bubble size distribution (through the injection of small bubbles), increases the bubble surface flux and the fines capture. DAF or dissolved air flotation with microbubbles, treating water, wastewater and domestic sewage is known for a number of years and is now gradually entering in the mining environmental area. This technology offers, in most cases, advantages over settling, filtration, precipitation, or adsorption onto natural and synthetic adsorbents. The targets are the removal of oils (emulsified or not), ions (heavy metals and anions) and the reuse or recirculation of the process waters. Advantages include better treated water quality, rapid start up, high rate operation, and a thicker sludge. New applications are found in the mining vehicles washing water treatment and reuse, AMD (acid mining drainage) neutralization and high rate solids/water separation by flotation with microbubbles. This work reviews some recent applications of the use of microbubbles to assist the recovery of very small mineral particles and for the removal of pollutants from mining wastewaters. Emphasis is given to the design features of innovative devices showing the potential of conventional and unconventional DAF flotation.     

Geochemical characteristics of ores and surface waters for environmental risk assessment in the Pinpet iron deposit,southern Shan State,Myanmar

Mining operations in the Pinpet Fe deposit, which is the second‐largest Fe deposit in Myanmar, are currently suspended, in part because of possible contamination of heavy metals and hazardous elements (e.g., Fe, As, Cu, Zn, and U) into the surrounding aquatic environment and associated public concern. However, a scientific investigation of the source and degree of contamination in streams near the deposit has not yet been conducted. Therefore, we quantified heavy‐metal and hazardous‐element concentrations of stream waters and sediments in stream beds, and measured the speciation and concentration of these metals in deposit Fe ores using the sequential extraction method, to better understand the influence of mining activities on the surrounding environment. Geochemical results for Nan‐tank‐pauk stream and its tributaries indicate that the chemical compositions of their waters are controlled by carbonate bedrock and that no detectable contamination has occurred as a result of mining activity or hematite and limonite ore beneficiation processes in either the wet or dry seasons. All measured heavy‐metal and hazardous‐element concentrations were below the World Health Organization standards for drinking water and the proposed national drinking water quality standards in Myanmar. Bulk chemical compositions of stream‐bed and tailings dam sediments show that As, Zn, and Cu concentrations are similar to those in uncontaminated sediments. Results of bulk mineralogical and chemical analyses of ore samples reveal that some limonite ore samples contain substantial amounts of As (up to 2 wt%). However, sequential extraction results indicate that most (>90%) of the As in these As‐rich ores is hosted in insoluble fractions (e.g., crystalline Fe hydroxides and clays). Therefore, arsenic is unlikely to be released into the aquatic environment by interacting with water during ore beneficiation processes should the mine resume operations.     

天山高山区与郊区降水中颗粒物特征的比较

以天山乌鲁木齐河流域为例,运用参数比较法、相关分析法,对降水中粉尘颗粒物特征在高山区和郊区随时间变化特征及其差异进行研究.结果表明,降水中颗粒物的浓度、粒径分布及化学要素组成在两个取样点都具有明显的季节变化.颗粒浓度表现为冬-春季节升高而夏-秋季节降低,与降水量成反向变化,反映了降水受中亚沙尘活动的影响明显.颗粒在冬-...     

辽西地区珍珠岩矿床成因及成矿模式探讨

珍珠岩为一种酸性火山玻璃熔岩,配用不同胶结剂可制成多种珍珠岩制品,具有重量轻、耐腐蚀、隔音好、不燃烧等性能,广泛应用于建筑、化工及国防等领域。辽西地区珍珠岩是辽宁乃至全国重要产地之一,因此研究该地区珍珠岩矿床成因及成矿模式,具有重要的现实意义。在充分收集该地区珍珠岩矿床地质特征基础上,结合前人的研究成果,总结了矿床的时空分布规律,分析了矿床成因,构建了成矿模式。结果表明,辽西地区具有较好的珍珠岩成矿环境条件,需进一步开展矿产资源评价工作。     

Economic minerals of the Kovdor baddeleyite-apatite-magnetite deposit,Russia: mineralogy,spatial distribution and ore processing optimization

The comprehensive petrographical, petrochemical and mineralogical study of the Kovdor magnetite-apatite-baddeleyite deposit in the phoscorite–carbonatite complex (Murmansk Region, Russia) revealed a spatial distribution of grain size and chemical composition of three economically extractable minerals — magnetite, apatite, and baddeleyite, showing that zonal distribution of mineral properties mimics both concentric and vertical zonation of the carbonatite-phoscorite pipe.The marginal zone of the pipe consists of (apatite)-forsterite phoscorite carrying fine grains of Ti–Mn–Si–rich magnetite with ilmenite exsolution lamellae, fine grains of Fe–Mg-rich apatite and finest grains of baddeleyite, enriched in Mg, Fe, Si and Mn. The intermediate zone accommodates carbonate-free magnetite-rich phoscorites that carry medium to coarse grains of Mg–Al-rich magnetite with exsolution inclusions of spinel, medium-grained pure apatite and baddeleyite. The axial zone hosts carbonate-rich phoscorites and phoscorite-related carbonatites bearing medium-grained Ti–V–Ca-rich magnetite with exsolution inclusions of geikielite–ilmenite, fine grains of Ba–Sr–Ln-rich apatite and comparatively large grains of baddeleyite, enriched in Hf, Ta, Nb and Sc. The collected data enable us to predict such important mineralogical characteristics of the multicomponent ore as chemical composition and grain size of economic and associated minerals, presence of contaminating inclusions, etc. We have identified potential areas of maximum concentration of such by-products as scandium, niobium and hafnium in baddeleyite and REEs in apatite.     

The Processing Mineralogy for Lead and Zinc Oxide Ore in Sichuan

Using variety of modern testing methods, the processing mineralogical characteristics for a lead and zinc oxide ore in Sichuan were studied systematically. The chemical analysis result shows that the lead and zinc oxide content exceeding the minimum industrial grade and iron ore, total iron content reaches a minimum industrial grade and associated with gold and silver; The mineralogical analysis result shows that lead and zinc mineral composition and configuration are very complexity. The zinc minerals and zinciferous minerals are sphalerite, hemimorphite, Smithsonite, Hydrozincite, zinc chlorite, limonite, zinc dolomite and zincocalcite; lead minerals and plumbiferous minerals are mainly galena, cerussite, anglesite, limonite and Coronadite; The minerals disseminated grain size are very fine and mineral dissemination characteristics are very complex ; expected theoretical recoveries for lead and zinc were 72% and 67% respectively. The results of this study provide basic data and theoretical basis for ore dressing.     

Environmental magnetic studies on surface sediments: a proxy for metal and hydrocarbon contamination

Visakhapatnam is one of the major port cities, and it is developed into a hub of many large- and medium-scale industries. Due to growing industrialization and urbanization, coast is vulnerable to both organic and inorganic micro-pollutants. Twenty-five surface sediments were collected along the Visakhapatnam coast for the measurement of texture size, petroleum hydrocarbons, trace metals and environmental magnetic parameters. The percentage of coarser particles was more in the northern region, whereas the percentage of fine particles was increased toward south. Elevated levels of petroleum hydrocarbons and trace metals were attributed due to marine and land-based sources, in particular, those were due to shipping activities, treated and partially treated sewage and industrial wastes. The concentrations of trace metals, petroleum hydrocarbons and magnetic minerals were decreased from nearshore to seaward. Our results revealed that the magnetic mineralogy is dominated by magnetite with a small proportion of hematite, and the grain size of magnetic minerals was in the range of pseudo-single domain to multidomain nature with detrital origin. From the principal component analysis, the magnetic concentration and mineralogy-dependent parameters co-vary with the heavy metal and PHC concentrations, suggesting that the inputs of magnetic minerals, petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals in the Visakhapatnam shelf sediments were derived from the same anthropogenic sources. Thus, the large magnetic dataset can be used to reduce the number of chemical analysis; hence, environmental magnetic parameters were used as a proxy for both organic and inorganic micro-pollutants.     

Geometallurgy of Australian uranium deposits

Australian uranium ores are often composed of complex mineral assemblages. Differences in ore compositions and textures are seen between deposits as well as within a single deposit, which can host a range of ore types. Such a wide variety of uranium ores make it impossible for a single extraction or treatment process to be developed that will accommodate all of the ores. From a mineralogical perspective, key issues confronting the Australian uranium mining industry include: the prevalence of low grade ores; a lack of detailed chemical and mineralogical information (uranium speciation, texture, grainsize) for the various ore deposit types; and the presence of refractory uranium-bearing minerals and highly acid-consuming gangue minerals. This paper reviews some of the main controls on uranium geometallurgy by linking concepts relating to ore genesis and the resulting ore mineralogy, with the processing behaviour of specific Australian uranium ore types. Emphasis is placed on the value of detailed ore mineralogical analysis and the insight this provides into the factors of importance when considering uranium extraction.     

Quantitative determination of cerussite (lead carbonate) by X-ray powder diffraction and inferences for lead speciation and transport in stream sediments from a former lead mining area in Scotland

Most current investigations of sites contaminated with heavy metals (e.g. Pb, Zn, Cu) emphasise the importance of determining the amounts of physical and chemical forms of metals rather than just the total amounts present. Chemical extraction techniques used for this purpose are inevitably operationally defined. A more direct approach to the identification of crystalline forms can be made by mineralogical techniques such as X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), but quantitative determination of a particular form is not often attempted. Recent advances in methods of analysis and sample preparation for XRPD mean that it is now a relatively simple matter to obtain quantitative XRPD data. Here, it is applied to the quantitative determination of the forms of Pb in different size-fractions of stream sediment samples from Leadhills/Wanlockhead, SW Scotland, an historic Pb mining area. Comparison of the XRPD analyses with determinations of Pb by atomic absorption spectrophotometry demonstrates that a large proportion of the Pb present in the stream sediments is in the form of cerussite (PbCO₃). Furthermore, the cerussite tends to be concentrated in the silt fraction and is even a minor component of the clay-size fraction. However, quantitative analysis of fractions <6 μm indicates that cerussite alone cannot account for all the Pb in this size range. Indirectly, this result suggests that Pb adsorbed to clay minerals, organic matter and/or amorphous Fe and Mn oxides may be proportionally more important for the <6 μm materials. Sediment in this size range, however, typically accounts for no more than 1% by weight of the total stream bed sediment samples collected in the study area. In relation to its size distribution, the mobility of Pb within the wider environment is most likely to occur principally through physical transport of fine particles.     

Distribution of chemical elements in calc-alkaline igneous rocks,soils, sediments and tailings deposits in northern central Chile

This study follows the paths of 32 chemical elements in the arid to semi-arid realm of the western Andes, between 27° and 33° S, a region hosting important ore deposits and mining operations. The study encompasses igneous rocks, soils, river and stream sediments, and tailings deposits. The chemical elements have been grouped according to the Goldschmidt classification, and their concentrations in each compartment are confronted with their expected contents for different rock types based on geochemical affinities and the geologic and metallogenic setting. Also, the element behavior during rock weathering and fluvial transport is here interpreted in terms of the ionic potentials and solubility products. The results highlight the similarity between the chemical composition of the andesites and that of the average Continental Crust, except for the higher V and Mn contents of the former, and their depletion in Mg, Ni, and Cr. The geochemical behavior of the elements in the different compartments (rocks, soils, sediments and tailings) is highly consistent with the mobility expected from their ionic potentials, their sulfates and carbonates solubility products, and their affinities for Fe and Mn hydroxides. From an environmental perspective, the low solubility of Cu, Zn, and Pb due to climatic, chemical, and mineralogical factors reduces the pollution risks related to their high to extremely high contents in source materials (e.g., rocks, altered zones, tailings). Besides, the complex oxyanions of arsenic get bound by colloidal particles of Fe-hydroxides and oxyhydroxides (e.g., goethite), thus becoming incorporated to the fine sediment fraction in the stream sediments.     

矿床的环境质量———一个新的地学研究领域

摘 要　 为了人类社会的可持续发展‚需要实行矿业开发和环境保护的协调发展。矿床的环 境质量就是适应这一需要而正在形成的边缘研究领域‚它的目的是为改善环境而进行的矿床 学研究。主要任务是：① 研究矿床的环境质量‚包括矿床类型、物质成分 （主要是有害组 分）、矿体产状、矿床构造及矿床的表生变化过程;② 按环境影响程度对矿床作分类‚建立 矿床的地质 环境模型;③ 进行矿床的地质 环境评价;④ 研究和找寻经济 环境综合效益好 的矿床新类型。面向21世纪‚矿床地质工作者应更新观念‚开拓新的研究领域‚将矿床学研 究单纯为找矿、采选冶服务转变为矿业开发与环境保护的协调发展服务。     

Compositional variation in Hg-bearing sphalerite from the polymetallic Eskay Creek deposit, British Columbia, Canada

The Eskay Creek, British Columbia, Canada, is a polymetallic, gold- and silver-rich, volcanic-hosted, massive sulfide deposit. The ore in the deposit is divided into subzones distinguished by mineralogy, texture, grade and metallurgical characteristics. This study presents the results of a mineralogical examination of three composite field samples, with emphasis on the chemistry of sphalerite. Sphalerite is associated with variable amounts of Hg-tetrahedrite and cinnabar, and an array of sulfides, sulphosalts and non-opaque minerals. Electron micro probe analyses of sphalerite in the three composite samples reveal wide variations in compositions. The Hg content in sphalerite in the three samples varies between 0.08 and 16.35 wt%, whereas the Fe content ranges from 0.33 to 2.29 wt%. The chemical formula of the sphalerite shows the compositional range (Zn_0.89–0.98Hg_0.01–0.09.Fe_0.005–0.02)S. Sphalerite exhibits an almost perfect substitution of Hg and Zn, as shown by the negative covariance between them. Sphalerite with the highest Hg contents tends to have the lowest Fe concentrations. The highest Hg contents in sphalerite are recorded in the samples with the highest bulk Hg concentrations and with the highest cinnabar contents.

The compositional variations of sphalerite are important because they can be used in mapping ore forming fluids and indicate possible temporal variations. Second, determination of the compositional variation of the sphalerite in the mine has metallurgical implications because the mineral is an important Zn source. The mineralogical data indicate that non-physical processes (e.g. pyrometallurgy) must be used to separate Hg from Zn concentrates, with direct environmental implications, that is, release of metals, such as Hg, into the environment during mining and processing.     

The geochemistry of a lenticular manganese-ore deposit (Um Bogma,Southern Sinai)

Trace element distributions and interrelationships in the lenticular Mn ore bodies of Um Bogma, Sinai, are utilized to establish physicochemical conditions of formation and diagenesis. The deposits are considered to be shallow marine in origin. Mineralogical and chemical data suggest that these ores were subjected to various diagenetic processes which resulted in the separation of manganese from iron, several ore types being recognized: a) a mixture of Fe and Mn considered to be the original one (mixed ore); b) Mn-rich types; c) Fe-rich types. In this investigation, chemical and mineralogical data and interrelationships are employed to evaluate environmental conditions prevailing during diagenesis.     

The colloid chemistry of acid rock drainage solution from an abandoned Zn–Pb–Ag mine

Acid rock drainage (ARD) solution from an abandoned ore mine (pH 2.7, SO²⁻₄ concentration 411 mmol/l, Fe concentration 93.5 mmol/l) was investigated by photon correlation spectroscopy, centrifugation, filtration, ultrafiltration, scanning electron microscopy, ICP–MS, AAS, ion chromatography, TOC analysis, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. A colloid concentration of ⩾1 g/l was found. The prevailing particle size was <5 nm. Iron, As and Pb were the metal constituents of the colloidal particles. The most probable mineralogical composition of the particles is a mixture of hydronium jarosite and schwertmannite. A small amount of a relatively coarse precipitate was formed in the ARD solution during the months after sampling. The colloid particles are obviously an intermediate in the precipitate formation process. The results suggest that the arsenate is bound to the colloids by the formation of a bidentate binuclear inner-sphere surface complex. However, the transformation of the colloidal material to the more aggregated long-term precipitate results in the incorporation of the arsenate into the interior of the Fe hydroxy sulfate crystal structures. Lead seems to occur as anglesite.     

纳米地球化学:穿透覆盖层的地球化学勘查

盖层下方隐伏矿成矿及伴生元素如何穿透覆盖层到达地表,是深穿透地球化学迁移机理研究的热点。笔者以隐伏铜镍矿和金矿为例,同时采集地气、土壤、矿石样品,使用透射电子显微镜(TEM),对样品中微粒物质的粒径、形貌、成分、结构进行了观测,发现微粒具有下列特点:(1)广泛观测到的微粒成分是铜及铜合金,金只在金矿上方土壤孔隙气体中能被观测到;(2)单个金属微粒粒径主体为几十nm,也有个别小到几个nm,大到上百个nm,微粒大多呈团聚体;(3)微粒晶形完整,内部原子呈有序晶体排列;(4)迁移柱实验表明纳米微粒具有快速迁移能力。在地气、土壤和矿石中同时观测到纳米级金属微粒,粒径大小、微粒形态、元素组合都非常相同或相近,表明两者具有来源一致性并具有序晶体结构,表明形成于内生作用。这是首次同时观测到矿石、土壤、气体介质中具有继承性关系的纳米金属微粒。矿石中纳米级金属微粒通过与微气泡表面相结合,以地气流为载体,或纳米微粒本身具有类气体性质,可以克服重力影响,穿透厚覆盖层迁移至地表,到达地表后一部分纳米颗粒仍然滞留在气体里,另一部分被土壤地球化学障(粘土、胶体、氧化物等)所捕获。这为深穿透地球化学从描述性或推测性模型走向实证性科学迈出了重要一步,为利用土壤作为采样介质、精确分离含矿信息用于寻找外来盖层下的隐伏矿提供了纳米地球化学技术。     

青海祁漫塔格金属矿集区矿产资源开发优化布局分析

青海祁漫塔格金属矿集区具有丰富的矿产资源和广阔的成矿前景,是东昆仑成矿带最重要的铁多金属成矿远景区。为推动矿集区矿产资源的开发利用和可持续发展,从矿产资源条件、技术经济条件及环境影响3个方面,通过评价指标的筛选、指标权重与评价标准的确定以及评价指标的计算等构建了资源开发布局评价指标体系,并对祁漫塔格金属矿集区进行了矿产资源开发布局评价。评价分析结果为: 祁漫塔格矿集区11个开发区划单元综合评价平均值为7.0分,矿集区整体开发优势一般; 有2个开发区划单元综合评价值在8.0分以上,属于重点优先部署开发区域,分别为夏日哈木多金属矿区和虎头崖—迎庆沟多金属矿区; 有7个开发区划单元属于可以部署开发区域,可作为备选区域; 另有2个开发区划单元综合评价值低于6.0分,暂不宜考虑开发。     

纳米金属微粒发现——深穿透地球化学的微观证据

在400m深度隐伏铜镍矿上方气体和固体介质中同时发现纳米级铜等金属微粒。透射电镜下显像直观、质感,图像清晰。单个金属微粒呈球形或椭球形,多个微粒大多构成团聚体。单个金属微粒粒径主体在几十纳米,最小到10nm,大到上百个nm。微粒具有有序晶体结构。原位测量微粒成分为:①单一成分纳米自然铜微粒;②金属复合成分纳米微粒Cu-Fe,Cu-Ag,Cu-Cr,Cu-Ni,Cu-Fe-Mn;③含有Si、Al、Ca、O、P复杂成分的纳米Cu微粒。在地气和土壤中微粒大小、形貌特点和成分基本相似,同时微粒具有有序晶体结构。以上事实说明二者之间具有成因联系,即都来自于矿体。在实验室建立的模拟迁移柱,证实纳米金属微粒具有极强的穿透能力和快速迁移能力。这不仅为深穿透地球化学提供了直接的微观证据,而且为利用土壤作为采样介质的微粒分离深穿透地球化学技术寻找隐伏矿具有重要的应用价值。     

Fuzzy modelling of acid mine drainage environments using geochemical,ecological and mineralogical indicators

Fuzzy logic was applied to model acid mine drainage (AMD) and to obtain a classification index of the environmental impact in a contaminated riverine system. The data set used to develop this fuzzy model (a fuzzy classifier) concerns an abandoned mine in Northern Portugal—Valdarcas mining site. Here, distinctive drainage environments (spatial patterns) can be observed based on the AMD formed in the sulphide-rich waste-dumps. Such environments were established, as the effluent flows through the mining area, using several kinds of indicators. These are physical–chemical, ecological and mineralogical parameters, being expressed in a quantitative or qualitative basis. The fuzzy classifier proposed in this paper is a min–max fuzzy inference system, representing the spatial behaviour of those indicators, using the AMD environments as patterns. As they represent different levels (classes) of contamination, the fuzzy classifier can be used as a tool, allowing a more reasonable approach, compared with classical models, to characterize the environmental impact caused by AMD. In a general way it can be applied to other sites where sulphide-rich waste-dumps are promoting the pollution of superficial water through the generation of AMD. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Mercury contamination of active channel sediment and floodplain deposits from historic gold mining at Gold Hill,North Carolina,USA

A reconnaissance investigation of mercury contamination associated with historic gold mining in North Carolina, USA, revealed high concentrations of mercury in channel and floodplain sediments downstream from the Gold Hill mining district. The most intense period of mining activities in this region occurred in the 1840s and 1850s when mercury amalgamation was used to recover fine gold particles from milled ore. This paper evaluates mercury concentrations measured in active channel sediments and two cores recovered from historic floodplain deposits of the lower portion of Dutch Buffalo Creek. Mercury concentrations in these cores range from 0.01 to 2.2 mg/kg, with maximum concentrations more than 35 times background levels. A later peak in copper concentrations is associated with the operation of a large copper mine between 1899 and 1906. Following the most intense periods of mining, both mercury and copper concentrations decrease upcore to constant levels of about twice pre-mining background concentrations. Results suggest that vertical trends in mercury and other trace metals provide a useful tool for interpreting rates of historic floodplain sedimentation in the Piedmont of North Carolina.