高密度电阻率法在铝土矿床上的应用

沉积岩地层中,石炭系中统本溪组在奥陶系古风化面的凹陷地段（溶蚀盆 地、溶洼和溶斗）沉积厚度大,利于铝土矿的形成,为铝土矿的赋存场所。通过 高密度电阻率法在某矿区的成功勘探实例,说明高密度电阻率法在探测古岩溶盆 地、间接寻找铝土矿方面有好的应用效果。     

瞬变电磁与跨孔CT成像探测岩溶分布及形态特征的应用

文章以山东省济南西南裸露—覆盖型岩溶山区为研究对象,根据钻探资料,将区内岩溶发育形态分为小型溶洞与溶孔,并利用瞬变电磁法、电磁波CT成像两种物探方法,探讨岩溶分布、形态特征与地球物理场的关系。对比瞬变电磁剖面与钻探揭露的岩溶发育段,确定出120 Ω·m作为解译岩溶发育区的分界值,以此圈定岩溶分布区域,之后实施钻孔进行验证,符合性较好;在验证孔及附近钻孔进行电磁波CT成像探测,进一步验证并刻画两孔间的岩溶发育特征。两种物探方法中,电磁波CT的探测数据离散程度较高;两种岩溶发育形态中,小型溶洞的地球物理参数离散程度较大,同时小型溶洞发育区视电阻率平均值较小,视吸收系数平均值较大。      

Electrical Resistivity Imaging technique to delineate coal seam barrier thickness and demarcate water filled voids

Exploration and exploitation of coal seams is one of the major resources for the energy sector in any country but at the same time water filled voids/water logged areas in the old workings of these seams are very critical problems for the coal mining industry. In such situations, disasters like inundation, landslides, collapsing of the old seams may occur. In this regard, it is necessary to find out the water saturated/water filled voids and zones in the mining areas. Since no established technique is available to find such zones, an experimental study using Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) has been carried out in one of the coal mining areas near Dhanbad, to find out the feasibility of finding the barrier thickness and the water logged area in underground coal mines. The area under study forms part of Jharia coalfield in Dhanbad district, Jharkhand state. The coal bearing rocks of Barakar Formation of Lower Permian age (Gondwana period) occur in the area under a thin cover (10 m to15 m) of soil and or alluvium. Coal bearing Barakar Formations consist mainly of sandstone of varying grain size, intercalation of shale and sandstone, grey and carbonaceous-shale and coal seams. Since the water saturation reduces the resistivity of a formation to a large extent, water filled voids and old coal workings are expected to have significant resistivity contrast with the surrounding host rock. Hence, ERI technique was applied in such an environment as this technique uses high-density data acquisition both laterally and vertically by using multiple number of electrodes. Along with ERI, mise-à-la-masse (also called charged body) technique was also employed at one of the promising sites to find out the connectivity of water logged areas and also detection of these old workings from the surface measurements was analyzed. The interpreted 2D resistivity sections have clearly indicated the water bearing zone(s) along the profile which was well confirmed with the existing water level in the nearby borewells. On the other hand, this technique did not identify the size of the coal pillar and gallery (air filled voids), which might be due to the small size of the voids (i.e. about 2 m × 2 m) below a depth of 15m and more but have indicated altogether as a high resistive zone ranging from 600–1000 Ohm-m.     

综合物探法在柳州泗角村岩溶塌陷区调查中的应用

岩溶塌陷往往具有不确定性,隐蔽性及突发性。基于岩溶塌陷的上述特点,文章选取高密度电法、主动源面波法、微动法对泗角村岩溶塌陷区进行综合研究,结果表明:高密度电法能较好地的区分岩土层界面及划分岩溶发育带,但分辨率较低;主动源面波法能较好划分岩土层界面且分辨率较高,但探测深度浅;微动法能较精准地确定岩溶塌陷位置,但抗干扰能力较弱;高密度电法、主动源面波法及微动法结合才能有效查明塌陷区内岩土层结构、确定岩溶发育带位置,并预测划分出塌陷危险区、塌陷潜伏区和相对稳定区,为后续灾害治理工作确定具体范围,给治理施工设计提供科学依据;另外,通过对高密度电法、主动源面波法及微动法解译异常特征的分析,查明了塌陷区塌陷的形成和机井的长年抽水有关。     

Coastal-zone shallow-aquifer characterization study using geoelectrical and geochemical methods in Zirconium Complex,Atomic Energy,Pazhayakayal, Thoothukudi,India

Groundwater is a very important component of water resources in coastal aquifers in Thoothukudi. It has been established that the groundwaters in the coastal zone of the Zirconium Complex, Pazhayakayal, Thoothukudi district, Tamilnadu, India, are subjected to wave and tidal impact. The groundwater quality was studied by hydrogeological methods, 2D electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) techniques (six profiles), 11 Wenner vertical electrical sounding (VES), and well log analysis. Also, nine geochemical water samples were taken from the study area. The 2D ERI and VES surveys were carried out using WGMD-4 Ltd., Chennai, resistivity meter, multicore cable, and multielectrodes with Wenner array. The collected resistivity data were interpreted using the Res2DINV software. The research shows that the groundwaters are the result of the paleoriver flow along the Tamirabarani Channel in the western area and of the seawater intrusion in the eastern area. The fresh water is characterized by resistivity of about 10–100 Ohm?m in the study area. The resistivity of 10–50 Ohm?m indicates that the subsurface section is made up of sand, clay, and caliche. Resistivity values of more than 200 Ohm?m are specific to sand dunes. The very low resistivity (<5 Ohm?m) layer might be due to the seawater intrusion in the study area. Six water samples from the well drilled in the coastal area were analyzed, which made it possible to determine the concentrations of major and trace elements in the groundwaters. These data were used to establish the seawater intrusion and coastal environment characteristics in the study area.     

高密度电阻率法和瞬变电磁法在场地溶洞勘查中的综合应用

文章介绍了高密度电阻率法和瞬变电磁法(TEM)工作原理、特点及工作方法,并举例示范两种物探方法查找场地内溶洞及岩溶发育带的工作程序.高密度电阻率法对圈定岩溶分布、断层破碎带的追索、管线调查、物探找水、采空区、岩溶、滑坡等问题非常有效,而且成果直观、易于判读;瞬变电磁法对探测低电阻目标物敏感,主要用于探测含水层、溶洞、陷落柱、含水断层等地质构造情况.两者综合应用,可以更好地解决工程地质问题.     

基于ANP-模糊聚类分析法的岩溶塌陷研究

采用ANP与模糊聚类分析相结合的分析方法,考虑采矿活动、矿体特性、岩溶条件、上覆盖层、地质构造、水文条件等6大影响因素,在大量工程实测资料基础上,利用ANP计算出各影响因素权重;运用模糊聚类分析进行岩溶塌陷危险性分区,并成功应用在古丹铅锌矿矿区岩溶塌陷分区预测中,其研究结果表明:采矿活动是影响矿区岩溶塌陷的最主要因素,其他因素也是影响矿区岩溶塌陷的主要因素;将研究区域分成了高危险区与低危险区两类;研究所得结果与经验值和实测值基本符合,可为古丹铅锌矿矿区岩溶塌陷的防治提供参考依据,为矿区岩溶塌陷的评价和预测提供一种新的方法与思路。     

湖南宁乡煤炭坝镇富家村岩溶地面塌陷成因分析及防治建议

本文依据岩溶地面塌陷理论对宁乡煤炭坝镇富家村岩溶地面塌陷的成因、发展趋势进行了研究。根据勘查发现,研究区岩溶地面塌陷具有分布密度高、塌陷规模大、塌坑回填后稳定性差,具有继续变形甚至再次塌陷的特点。通过对区内地质环境条件分析发现,区内覆盖层厚度较薄,岩溶极为发育,煤炭坝矿区排水形成巨大的降落漏斗,孔隙水与岩溶水存在巨大的水头差,导致区内岩溶地面塌陷的发生。同时,区内开采灰岩矿,形成大面积采空区,对岩溶地面塌陷的发生起到了强大的促进作用:一是提供了巨大的物质储存空间;二是大大减小了物质运移途径。塌坑回填堆积在溶洞的土体受地下水的冲蚀潜蚀发生运移,上方土体失去支撑而不断流入采空区,造成塌坑回填后稳定性差。      

The karst collapses induced by environmental changes of the groundwater and their distribution rules in North China

China, whose distribution area of karst region reaches about 3.63 million km², is one of the countries that have the widest karst collapse development. In modern-karst collapses, the karst collapse induced by water environment is an important type in karst collapses of North China. This paper completed a systematic study on the relations between groundwater environmental transformation and karst collapses and their distribution rules in northern China and found out that the karst collapses in northern China are closely related to the change of groundwater environment, which increased along with the declining groundwater levels and increasing hydraulic gradient. Meanwhile, it was also found that in all cases of collapse caused by underground-environmental change of northern China, pumping collapses in urban areas appeared to be the commonest and strongest among modern-karst collapses with 20 regions and 796 mining pits in total, which account for 30.7 and 58% of artificial collapses, respectively, followed by collapses that were induced by mining draining and inrushing water with 33 regions and 282 mining pits, accounting for 20.4%. In addition to the conditions listed above, there were also a few water caving collapse and leakage collapse.     

Groundwater resources evaluation in calcareous limestone using geoelectrical and VLF-EM surveys (El Salloum Basin,Egypt)

Understanding and developing groundwater resources in arid regions such as El Salloum basin, along the northwestern coast of Egypt, remains a challenging issue. One-dimensional (1D) electrical sounding (ES), two-dimensional (2D) electrical resistivity imaging (ERI), and very low frequency electromagnetic (VLF-EM) measurements were used to investigate the hydrogeological framework of El Salloum basin with the aim of determining the potential for extraction of potable water. 1D resistivity sounding models were used to delineate geoelectric sections and water-bearing layers. 2D ERI highlighted decreases in resistivity with depth, attributed to clay-rich limestone combined with seawater intrusion towards the coast. A depth of investigation (DOI) index was used to constrain the information content of the images at depths up to 100 m. The VLF-EM survey identified likely faults/fractured zones across the study area. A combined analysis of the datasets of the 1D ES, 2D ERI, and VLF-EM methods identified potential zones of groundwater, the extent of seawater intrusion, and major hydrogeological structures (fracture zones) in El Salloum basin. The equivalent geologic layers suggest that the main aquifer in the basin is the fractured chalky limestone middle Miocene) south of the coastal plain of the study area. Sites likely to provide significant volumes of potable water were identified based on relatively high resistivity and thickness of laterally extensive layers. The most promising locations for drilling productive wells are in the south and southeastern parts of the region, where the potential for potable groundwater increases substantially.

     

岩溶区尾矿库渗漏机理与综合防治技术——以环江北山铅锌矿尾矿库为例

岩溶区尾矿库渗漏是矿山引发环境污染的主要途径之一,其形成机理复杂、治理难度大,已成为矿业开发中的重大隐患。岩溶区尾矿库渗漏是复杂的、多因素共同作用的结果。渗漏虽然受多种因素的影响,但其发生主要是由上部附加应力作用、下部岩溶发育程度和地下水侵蚀（掏蚀）作用3个影响因素决定。文章在总结和分析前人研究的基础上,结合北山铅锌矿尾矿库最新调查成果,通过调查分析尾矿库的地质构造、岩溶发育特征、工程地质条件、水文地质条件等因素,对影响尾矿库渗漏的3个主要因素逐一分解,研究了深层与浅层渗漏的形成机理与破坏机制,结果表明尾砂堆积、高水头压力等产生的附加应力导致了库底岩土体支撑应力的破坏,频繁、大幅度的水位波动以及地下水侵蚀（掏蚀）作用产生的负压效应引发岩溶管道的连通,是导致尾矿库渗漏的主要原因。通过螺栓堵塞技术、配制有机充填材料封堵渗漏通道、地下水引流、坡面防护等措施对渗漏区进行了治理,取得了较好的防渗效果。      

西南岩溶地区找水技术方法探讨

我国西南岩溶地区的地下水主要赋存于溶洞、管道和裂隙中,由于岩溶发育的不均匀性及其浅部的泥质充填,给岩溶水的勘查和开发带来了极大的困难,造成了当地人畜饮用水严重缺乏。在广西隆安县抗旱找水工作实践中,根据地形地貌、地层岩性、落水洞及泉点的分布等情况分析推断储水构造的位置,确定找水靶区;进而依据储水构造的电性特征结合水文地质...     

我国北方岩溶泉域生态修复策略研究

我国北方岩溶分布面积广,岩溶泉水资源丰富,是岩溶区工农业及居民生活的优质供水水源。但在全球气候变化和采煤等强烈人类活动的叠加作用下,我国北方岩溶泉水流量衰减,水质恶化,岩溶泉域生态环境功能下降。通过合理、适度的人工干预,强化岩溶大泉的自然恢复机能,并最终实现泉域生态环境修复,是当前我国生态文明建设的先行区和重点领域。论文在分析研究晋祠泉断流原因的基础上,针对性地提出并科学地评估了汾河二库强化渗漏补给、泉域岩溶水关井压采、煤矿区保水限采、近源生态补水和远源河道渗漏补给等一系列措施及预期效果,以期推进晋祠泉域岩溶地下水生态环境得到根本性改善。该研究工作有望对我国北方岩溶大泉的生态修复形成示范效应,为遏制我国岩溶区生态恶化现象提供科学依据。      

广佛肇地区岩溶塌陷易发性分析

广州、佛山和肇庆市(广佛肇地区)作为经济发达地区,岩溶塌陷时有发生,给当地人民群众和经济发展带来较大威胁。依托区域地质调查成果,根据岩溶地质条件情况,选择岩溶塌陷分布特征、岩溶发育条件、覆盖层特征、地质构造、水文地质条件和土地利用类型6个因素,系统研究各个因素对岩溶塌陷形成的作用和各个因素之间的权重关系。在此基础上,运用地理信息系统技术和多元统计方法(层次分析法),建立岩溶塌陷发育的多因素判别模型,进而对广佛肇地区划分出高、中等和低易发区域,并根据岩溶塌陷易发区划,编制广佛肇地区重大基础设施岩溶塌陷易发区划应用图集,统计出重大基础设施所在易发区范围。      

Influence of coal mining on regional karst groundwater system: a case study in West Mountain area of Taiyuan City,northern China

Karstic limestone formations in the West Mountain area are important water resources for Taiyuan City in Shanxi Province, northern China, which is also known for its large-scale coal mining production. In this study area, groundwater is not only exploited for water supply purposes but also drained because of coal mining. The process of coal mining changes both the quantity of the karst springs and the quality of karst groundwater system because of overexploitation and overdrainage. In this paper, the influence of coal mining on the groundwater is analyzed from a qualitative and quantitative perspective. The hydrochemical analysis results reflect the relationship of the recharge, runoff, and drainage; the features of the medium; and water-rock interactions. Based on a qualitative understanding of the geological deposition and characteristics of the groundwater flow system, three-dimensional groundwater flow models are established and applied to several scenarios to explore the quantitative influence and allow better protection of the groundwater environment and better utilization of water resources.     

高密度电法在某垃圾焚烧环保发电站岩溶c场地勘察中的应用

岩溶是某垃圾焚烧环保发电站场场址勘察的主要不良地质作用,为了查明岩溶和破碎带的分布情况,本文利用高密度电阻率法来探测能引起低阻异常的岩溶等地质体。在调查该区地层和溶洞的类型、分布及电性特征的基础上,利用RES2Dmod建立包含不同规模和埋深的低阻溶洞或破碎带模型,通过对比模型的温纳、偶极和微分三种装置类型的正反演结果,在本地区选用分辨率和稳定性高的温纳装置进行高密度勘测。利用高密度电阻率法查明了两个落水洞的埋深和分布情况,推测了4个疑似溶洞和破碎带,部分与后期验证钻孔吻合。利用合适的装置类型进行高密度探测可以查明充水充泥低阻溶洞的规模及分布,是一种经济有效的场址勘察方法。     

高密度电法在地铁岩溶勘察中的应用

南京地铁3号线将穿越岗谷地和岩溶区,是建设施工过程中的几大难题之一。经过初步勘查,发现其中某段有多处溶洞。该段地处闹市区,交通流量大,建筑物密集,地下管线多,地质条件较为复杂。为了查明研究区岩溶发育情况,结合地质构造条件,经综合比选,采用高密度电法进行岩溶勘察,测量方法选择温纳剖面法。测量过程中将部分电极勘察点布设于沥青或混凝土路面上,接地条件相对较差,采用常规数据处理方法(数据反演),与实际钻探结果误差较大,不宜使用。因此在测量中采用改进电极与地面耦合条件以及加大供电电压的方法,提高电流穿透力,同时对所测数据直接绘制成等值线图。根据等值线图中低电阻率分布特征推断岩溶发育情况,其结果与钻探结果较为吻合,取得了较好效果。经与现场工程地质调查和钻孔资料对比分析,查明沿线岩溶空间分布。研究结果表明物探方法具有多解性,在开始物探工作之前,应对研究区地质和构造条件进行野外调查,对岩溶发育特征进行地质分析,以便更好的指导物探布线和数据解译工作; 当接地条件较差时,可以采取堆土、洒水等方法解决电极耦合问题; 对于数据反演解译存在误差时,可直接利用视电阻率等值线图进行解译,推测溶洞分布。     

黔中丘峰盆地区岩溶找水及开发技术——以贵阳市乌当区地下水机井工程为例

为解决当地农村群众饮水安全问题,探讨黔中丘峰盆地区岩溶找水及开发技术,开展了贵阳市乌当区地下水机井工程。在对区内地形地貌、地质构造、水文地质等情况调查的基础上,初步圈定出沿构造等可能布设机井的地下水富集地带,并通过高密度电阻率法在靶区布设物探剖面,根据电性差异查明主径流带的走向及埋深状况,进一步确定机井位置。最终通过钻探施工和抽水试验,查明区内含水层岩溶发育程度及其富水性,并成功施工6口探采结合井,为当地居民饮水提供了安全水源。黔中丘峰盆地为裸露岩溶区,主要含水岩组为寒武系娄山关群白云岩、灰质白云岩,地下水赋存条件较差;区内岩溶中等发育,以溶蚀裂隙为主,局部裂隙、溶洞发育地带和断层等储水构造富水性强,为地下水的富集地段,也是机井布设的首选位置。      

等值反磁通瞬变电磁法在岩溶塌陷区探测应用

由岩溶引发的地面塌陷具有灾害性大,隐蔽性高等特点,为了对其进行有效预报及治理,以某岩溶塌陷强烈发育地区为研究对象,提出采用等值反磁通瞬变电磁法（Opposing Coils Transient Electromagnetics Method,OCTEM）与工程地质钻探相结合的方法,对地层界面进行地球物理方法探测,由覆盖层埋深、电阻率大小、等值线变化等因素确定地层产状,并通过物探反演图及钻孔信息进行验证。结果表明,在岩溶塌陷强烈发育地段,等值反磁通瞬变电磁法可以有效查明地下溶蚀发育情况,在周围环境因素干扰强等常规物探方法无法开展的情况下,可以达到较好的应用效果。等值反磁通瞬变电磁法在岩溶、地面塌陷等地质灾害发育地区提供了有效的预测,为相似情况下的研究分析工作提供理论及实践基础。      

高寒山地岩溶发育特征——以云南石卡山为例

为了解海拔4 000 m以上高原夷平面灰岩裸露的山体岩溶作用发育情况及表现形式,文章以云南香格里拉石卡山为例,结合高海拔宇宙射线选址,对此问题进行了现场调查和初步研究。结果发现,在海拔4 000 m以上面积约2.4 km 2 高原面场地范围内,石炭系灰岩中发育了118个以上落水洞、陡崖可见6个近水平溶洞。高密度电法探测结果显示,岩溶以低电阻率为特点:地表落水洞在50~60 m深度上连成一体,100~180 m深度低阻区范围更大。研究区地下水系统处于大气降水垂直入渗补给区,上游（西部）灰岩和下游（东部）泥岩阻隔影响到水的径流路径和排泄形式,地表明显积水洼地12处,泉水点10个。地下水埋藏较浅,排泄快。这些岩溶发育特征为该场地规划利用提供了地质依据。