Velocity and Structural Modeling of Mesozoic Chiltan Limestone and Goru Formation for Hydrocarbon Evaluation in the Bitrisim Area, Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan

The present study focuses on building a workflow for structural interpretation and velocity modeling and implementing to Jurassic-Cretaceous succession (Chiltan Limestone and Massive sand of the Lower Goru Formation). 2D-Migrated seismic sections of the area are used as data set and in order to confirm the presence of hydrocarbons in the study area, P and S-wave seismic velocities are estimated from single-component seismic data. Some specific issues in the use of seismic data for modeling and hydrocarbon evaluation need to deal with including distinguishing the reservoir and cap rocks, and the effects of faults, folds and presence of hydrocarbons on these rocks. This study has carried out the structural interpretation and modeling of the seismic data for the identification of traps. The results demonstrate existence of appropriate structural traps in the form of horst and grabens in the area. 2D and 3D velocity modeling of the horizons indicates the presence of high velocity zones in the eastern half of the study while relatively low velocity zones are encountered in the western half of the area. Two wells were drilled in the study area (i.e. Fateh-01 and Ichhri-01) and both are dry. Immature hydrocarbons migration is considered as a failure reason for Fateh-01 and Ichhri-01 well.     

Acervulinid macroid and rhodolith facies in the Eocene Nummulitic Limestone of the Dauphinois Domain (Maritime Alps,Liguria, Italy)

The Eocene Nummulitic Limestone of the Dauphinois domain in the Argentina Valley (Maritime Alps, Liguria, Italy) is characterized by the local presence of carbonate ramp facies rich in acervulinid macroids, rhodoliths and larger foraminifera. The development of these particular facies is mainly controlled by palaeomorphology of the substratum, tectonics, type and amount of terrigenous supply and global sea level changes.

The Upper Cretaceous to Eocene succession outcropping in the Argentina Valley shows differences in facies and age if compared to the typical succession of the Maritime Alps:

• the Cretaceous substratum is younger (early Maastrichtian) and is followed by an unconformity that is interpreted as a submarine discontinuity surface;
• the first Eocene carbonate deposits are older (late Lutetian);
• the Nummulitic Limestone is characterized by the development of carbonate facies deposited in a deep infralittoral-circalittoral setting of a carbonate ramp, sheltered from terrigenous input; in these facies encrusting foraminifera (Solenomeris) replace calcareous red algae in nodules similar to rhodoliths (acervulinid macroids);
• the Nummulitic Limestone is thicker than usual, reaching 110–160 m of thickness.

The Eocene tectonostratigraphic evolution can be summarized as follow: (1) synsedimentary tectonic activity that causes the development of a carbonate ramp with an adjacent structural trough where ramp-derived bioclastic material is deposited (late Lutetian); (2) interruption of the tectonic activity and uniform deposition of deep circalittoral sediments, characterized by deepening upward trend (late Lutetian?); (3) regression indicated by an abrupt shallowing of the depositional setting (Bartonian); and (4) deepening of the depositional setting, ending with the drowning of the carbonate ramp (late Bartonian).The evolution of the Eocene Argentina Valley succession is strongly influenced by tectonics related to the Alpine foreland basin development, but locally, and during definite time intervals, the global sea level changes could be recorded by the sediments during periods of stasis in tectonic activity. The regressive events recognized in the studied succession could be related to the sea level fall reported in the global sea level curve during the Bartonian.     

Estimation of the Shale Oil/Gas Potential of a Paleocene–Eocene Succession: A Case Study from the Meyal Area, Potwar Basin, Pakistan

The successful exploration and production of shale-gas resources in the United States and Canada sets a new possible solution towards the energy crisis presently affecting most countries of Asia. This study focuses on the use of well log and 2D seismic data for the characterization of the shale oil/gas potential of a Paleocene–Eocene succession — the Meyal area in the Potwar Basin of Pakistan. Two shaly plays are identified in Paleocene–Eocene strata in well logs using ΔLogR and modified ΔLogR cross-plot techniques. The results indicate that Paleocene shale(the Patala Formation) and the lower shaly part of Eocene limestone(Sakesar Formation) can be potentially mature source rocks. However, the thermal maturity modelling proves that only the Paleocene shale is mature. Our results also suggest that the maturity responses on ΔLogR models for the lower shaly part of the Eocene limestone are due to trapped hydrocarbons in the intra-formational fractures. Petroelastic/petrophysical analysis of the Patala Formation reveals two potential shale oil/gas zones on the basis of Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, Brittleness index and Total Organic Content at an exploitation depth of 3980–3988 m. This work can provide valuable insight for estimating shale oil/gas potential in highly deformed basins not only in Asia but in other parts of the world.     

Modeling of the Shale Volume in the Hendijan Oil Field Using Seismic Attributes and Artificial Neural Networks

Petrophysical properties have played an important and definitive role in the study of oil and gas reservoirs, necessitating that diverse kinds of information are used to infer these properties. In this study, the seismic data related to the Hendijan oil field were utilised, along with the available logs of 7 wells of this field, in order to use the extracted relationships between seismic attributes and the values of the shale volume in the wells to estimate the shale volume in wells intervals. After the overall survey of data, a seismic line was selected and seismic inversion methods (model-based, band limited and sparse spike inversion) were applied to it. Amongst all of these techniques, the model-based method presented the better results. By using seismic attributes and artificial neural networks, the shale volume was then estimated using three types of neural networks, namely the probabilistic neural network (PNN), multi-layer feed-forward network (MLFN) and radial basic function network (RBFN).     

东北三江盆地始新世花岗闪长岩的发现及其地质意义:锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素证据

本文报道了三江盆地富锦地区临山花岗质岩体的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄、全岩地球化学和Sr-Nd同位素与锆石Hf同位素资料,以确定其形成时代、岩石成因、源区性质及其构造属性。花岗闪长岩中的锆石均呈半自形-自形晶,震荡环带发育,Th/U比值=0.31~1.92,指示其岩浆成因。对岩浆锆石的定年结果显示,临山花岗闪长岩形成于~54Ma,这是目前东北地区报道的最年轻的花岗质岩浆作用。该期花岗闪长岩的SiO_2含量主要在68.71%~72.42%之间,Na_2O=3.29%~4.41%,K_2O=2.79%~3.47%,Na_2O/K_2O=0.95~1.58,A/CNK=0.99~1.12;该区花岗闪长岩富集轻稀土元素(LREEs)和大离子亲石元素(LILEs),亏损重稀土元素(HREEs)和高场强元素(HFSEs),且轻重稀土元素分馏较强[(La/Yb)N=21.8~34.1]。样品无明显Eu异常(δEu=0.84~1.19)。它们的(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.7068~0.7071,εNd(t)介于-2.4~-2.3之间;锆石εHf(t)值介于+1.7~+5.7之间,二阶段Hf模式年龄(tDM2)介于765~1020Ma之间。上述特征表明,该期花岗闪长岩属于弱过铝质高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩,其原始岩浆起源于中元古代末-新元古代期间增生的陆壳物质的部分熔融。对三江盆地与佳木斯地块东缘已发表锆石Hf同位素资料进行总结和时空对比发现,佳木斯地块东缘和三江盆地具有相似的地壳增生历史,暗示三江盆地之下的基底物质可能仍归属于佳木斯地块范畴。另外,新生代临山岩体的识别,限制了富锦隆起的时限为始新世之后,并非前人认为的中生代。     

二维地震勘探在睢县西部煤普查中的应用

利用二维地震勘探对河南睢县西部区进行了煤普查,首先要根据勘探区地震地质条件,设计了合理的二维地震勘探野外数据采集方法,通过资料处理和解释,得到了丰富而合理的地质成果,查明了区内新生界地层厚度,查明了区内的基本构造轮廓,了解了二1煤层的分布范围,初步控制二1煤层的隐伏露头位置,为河南采煤业后续发展提供详实的资料。     

渤海湾盆地东营凹陷始新世三角洲供给型重力流地震沉积学研究*

陆相盆地三角洲前端滑塌型重力流砂岩因富含油气而广受关注,其厚度薄、面积较小、期次多,储集层预测难度大,长期以来制约了油气的精细勘探开发。利用全覆盖三维地震资料和已有钻孔信息,对东营凹陷东辛地区始新世三角洲—重力流沉积体系开展了以层序地层学和沉积学研究为基础的地震沉积学研究。研究表明,沙三中亚段对应二级基准面下降背景的三级层序,以6期大规模高位域三角洲(第5准层序组—第10准层序组)的发育为特征。以第8准层序组为例,以四级层序为研究单元落实了来自不同物源的3个三角洲—重力流沉积体系;再根据地层切片进一步分期落实了其内部薄砂岩储集层的空间分布。地层接触关系特殊,地层厚度和岩性的横向变化剧烈,导致三角洲—重力流发育区地震波速纵横向变化较大。基于目的层精细标定的相位调整成为地震沉积学研究的基础,四级层序(而不是体系域或层序)的约束成为保障地层切片等时性的关键。研究结果表明,四级层序约束下的地震沉积学研究,为三角洲前端滑塌型重力流薄砂岩储集层的横向预测提供了有效的技术支撑,也为恢复深水重力流发育区沉积过程、深化重力流沉积规律奠定了基础。     

The Redbeds Division and Correlation of the 1st Member, Kongdian Formation-4th Member, Shahejie Formation, Eocene, in the Linpan Area, Huimin Sag, Jiyang Depression

受气候控制的洪水事件沉积因其短暂性、广布性和周期性等特征,具有相对的等时效应,可以作为地层划分和对比的标志层.通过分析不同规模周期下的事件沉积和正常沉积特征,并结合基准面旋回理论,识别出济阳坳陷惠民凹陷临盘地区始新统孔店组一段-沙河街组四段下亚段红层短期、中期和长期三个级次的基准面旋回特征,短期旋回以洪水期和间洪水期内发育的不同类型沉积微相组合为特征,中期旋回以发育一套完整的洪水期一间洪水期沉积为标志,长期旋回则以多个中期旋回组成的地层叠加为特征;以此为依据将惠民凹陷临盘地区孔店组一段-沙河街组四段下亚段划分为5个长期旋回、16个中期旋回及若干个短期旋回层序,并对第一个长期旋回进行了精细层序地层对比,在此基础上建立了干旱气候控制下的红层层序的划分和对比模式.     

冷泉羽状流地震波场频谱特征与气含量关系研究

为深入研究羽状流地震响应特征以及羽状流气含量反演,利用实际羽状流地震偏移剖面中单道和多道地震数据,首先进行地震波时域波形特征分析以及地震波场频谱特征分析,羽状流时域波形呈现出散射波动特征,其频谱较宽,表现出开叉较多的散射波频谱特征.然后通过已有气含量与振幅属性关系模型反演气含量,提取羽状流地震频谱参量.最后进行羽状流地...     

贵州紫云泥盆系重晶石矿床中与古甲烷渗漏事件有关的球状灰岩成因厘定

关于古代冷泉碳酸盐岩的报道主要集中于新元古代"盖帽"碳酸盐岩和晚古生代以来(特别是石炭纪以来)的沉积地层中,与沉积矿床伴生的冷泉碳酸盐岩的研究鲜有报道。本文通过对贵州紫云泥盆系大型重晶石矿床中新发现的球状、椭球状灰岩进行详细地野外观察,并结合矿物学、元素地球化学和C—O同位素研究,探讨并揭示了灰岩的成因和形成环境,以及与古甲烷渗漏事件之间的关系。结果表明:灰岩呈球状、椭球状、管状顺层产于重晶石之中及其下部地层。灰岩中发育大量类似现代海底冷泉沉积碳酸盐岩的凝块和草莓状黄铁矿;草莓状黄铁矿内部结构呈葵花状,组成葵花状的单颗黄铁矿大小基本一致,轮廓清晰。灰岩较低的δ~(13)C?(V-PDB)值(-10.3‰)表明其碳源主要为热解成因甲烷气或混合气。灰岩Ce/Ce*值除反映古沉积环境为还原状态外,也指示间歇性氧化状态的存在,这可能与甲烷气体的渗漏速率有关。     

大庆油田杏南开发区东部过渡带原油特征及油源对比

杏南开发区东部过渡带的原油具有密度低、粘度低、含胶量低、含蜡量高、凝固点高的物性特征,属于典型的轻质油。其饱和烃含量、总烃含量和饱／芳比高,反映了藻类母质油源的输入特征。其正烷烃碳数分布范围为nC15—nC39,呈单峰态分布,主峰碳数为nC23,nC23。全油及族组分碳同位素值较轻。甾烷化合物含量丰富,并含有一定数量的C30—4甲基甾烷,C27,C28与C29甾烷的分布型式呈“L”字型。原油中的五环三萜类化合物含量丰富,主要有藿烷系列、升藿烷系列和r-蜡烷系列等。油源对比研究表明,研究区原油只具有与其东侧三肇凹陷中青一段泥岩大致相同的碳同位素值和甾、萜烷分布特征,表明原油主要来源于该凹陷中的青一段泥岩。     

塔河油田古近系陆相油气地球化学特征及其远距离成藏模式

通过对塔河油田古近系油气藏油气物理性质、饱和烃色谱、分子标志化合物及碳同位素等地球化学特征研究,发现塔河 古近系油气藏油气均表现出陆相油气地球化学特征,与塔河油田海相油气特征形成鲜明对比。结合前人对塔北地区烃源岩研 究成果分析,认为塔河古近系油气来源于库车坳陷三叠系-侏罗系烃源岩。库车坳陷充足的油气源是塔河油田古近系油气成 藏的物质基础。喜马拉雅期塔河中新生界区域北倾构成了油气由北向南运移的构造背景,库车坳陷烃源岩在新近纪康村组沉 积晚期-库车组沉积早期达到高成熟期,其所生油气沿南翼斜坡的输导系统向南运移至古近系圈闭成藏。塔北地区古近系与 白垩系之间的不整合是北部陆相油气远距离侧向运移的重要通道,油气向南侧向运移直线距离超过100 km。塔北地区古近系泥 岩是良好的区域盖层,多种成藏要素相互配合造就了塔河古近系远距离油气聚集模式,该模式较为合理的解释了塔河地区古近 系油气藏分布特征,丰富了对塔河碎屑岩油气成藏规律认识,有助于塔河地区新生界碎屑岩油气勘探领域的进一步拓展。     

塔里木盆地轮南油田2、3井区三叠系沉积微相研究

三叠系作为塔里木盆地的主要含油气层系已逐渐被近几年来的油气勘探实践所证实.本文采取综合研究的技术思路和方法,通过取心分析、测井划相,结合开发动态资料,精细刻划各单油砂体在平面及空间上的微相展布.研究表明轮南油田三叠系砂岩,以含砾中粗粒砂岩为主,粒度较粗,重力流沉积特征较突出,以河湖相为主的碎屑岩沉积,其烃源岩主要发育于深湖-半深湖、浅湖和三角洲亚相,从大的韵律到小的层理都显示粒序递变的构造特征,为重力流悬浮搬运沉积的主要标志,存在辫状分支河道微相砂体,分支河道侧缘微相砂体和分支间湾微相砂体三种类型.中上三叠统粗碎屑岩,以及泥岩、粉砂岩,是以半深湖、浅湖至滨岸相环境为主的沉积,自下而上沉积环境分别发育有扇三角洲平原亚相、扇三角洲前缘亚相和前扇三角洲亚相.     

稀疏井区辫状河三角洲地层精细对比: 以惠州凹陷HZ-A油田文昌组为例

HZ-A油田产油层段主要为辫状河三角洲相的砂岩储层,现今埋深超过3500 m。目的层段地震资料主频低、钻井少、 井距稀疏及砂层厚度变化大的特点,给小层对比工作带来较大困难。针对以上难点,本文提出了一套实用的相控旋回等时 对比技术。具体步骤如下：首先分析其物源和汇水体系,明确辫状河三角洲沉积特征;其次,建立精确的井-震关系以及 地震相分析,提供地层对比趋势;在此基础上参考地球物理反演模型,选择合适的小层对比模式;最后,应用高分辨率层 序地层学理论,同时结合流体性质对比、沉积微相相序等,对测井旋回级次由大到小,完成目的层段的地层细分与砂体对 比。该方法可以有效降低小层划分和对比的多解性,较好的应用于HZ-A油田文昌组辫状河三角洲油层砂体对比。     

河南济源凹陷邓2井油藏成因分析

济源凹陷是河南省油气勘探前沿区，由于构造活动和油气成藏条件比较复杂，仅在邓2井发现了下第三系油藏。作者通过对该井砂岩储层的气液包裹体均一温度、包裹体内外生物标志物组成等分析，提出该油藏成藏温度为75℃左右，成藏深度为2200m左右（现今深度为690m左右）。该油藏的原油遭受了比较严重的生物降解作用，而成藏前原油只有轻微的生物降解作用。结合圈闭发育史分析，认为这是一个中生代原生油藏被破坏后，在下第三系形成的次生油藏。     

The Glueckstadt Graben, a sedimentary record between the North and Baltic Sea in north Central Europe

The Glueckstadt Graben is one of the deepest post-Permian structures within the Central European Basin system and is located right at its “heart” at the transition from the North Sea to the Baltic Sea and from the Lower Saxony Basin to the Rynkoebing–Fyn High.The Mesozoic to recent evolution is investigated by use of selected seismic lines, seismic flattening and a 3D structural model. A major tectonic event in the latest Middle–Late Triassic (Keuper) was accompanied by strong salt tectonics within the Glueckstadt Graben. At that time, a rapid subsidence took place within the central part, which provides the “core” of the Glueckstadt Graben. The post-Triassic tectonic evolution of the area does not follow the typical scheme of thermal subsidence. In contrast, it seems that there is a slow progressive activation of salt movements triggered by the initial Triassic event. Starting with the Jurassic, the subsidence centre partitioned into two parts located adjacent to the Triassic “core.” In comparison with other areas of the Central European Basin system, the Glueckstadt Graben was not strongly affected by additional Jurassic and Cretaceous events. During the late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, the area around the Glueckstadt Graben was affected by relative uplift with regional erosion of the elevated relief. However, subsidence was reactivated and accelerated during the Cenozoic when a strong subsidence centre developed in the North Sea. During Paleogene and Quaternary–Neogene, the two centres of sedimentation moved gradually towards the flanks of the basin.The data indeed point toward a control of post-Permian evolution by gradual withdrawal of salt triggered by the initial exhaustion along the Triassic subsidence centre. In this sense, the Glueckstadt Graben was formed at least partially as “basin scale rim syncline” during post-Permian times. The present day Hamburger, East and Westholstein Troughs are the actual final state of this long-term process which still may continue and may play a role in terms of young processes and, e.g., for coastal protection.     

基于地震与非地震联合约束下复杂冲断带构造建模:以西昆仑山前柯东构造带为例

柯东构造带是揭示西昆仑山前冲断带变形过程的关键区之一,也是当前油气勘探重要的目标区。由于该区构造变形 强、地层速度变化快以及地表条件复杂等因素,导致当前勘探面临着地震勘探资料品质差,构造建模多解性强等问题。文 章利用R型因子降维分析方法,通过对柯东构造带甫沙地区的重、磁、电反演成果进行降维分析,结果表明甫沙地区深部 发育断块构造,不存在地震剖面上显示的背斜构造;同时联合地震资料的综合解释,认为现今的甫沙地区发育的断块构造 是早期的完整背斜受早更新世山前右旋走滑断裂改造的结果。在柯东构造带的综合建模实践表明,通过地震与非地震方法 的联合约束可以为认识复杂冲断带的构造变形提供有效的手段。     

Investigation of the deep structure of the Sivas Basin (innereast Anatolia, Turkey) with geophysical methods

Sivas Basin is the easternmost and third largest basin of the Central Anatolian Basins. In this study, gravity, aeromagnetic and seismic data are used to investigate the deep structure of the Sivas Basin, together with the well seismic velocity data, geological observations from the surface and the borehole data of the Celalli-1 well. Basement depth is modeled three-dimensionally (3D) using the gravity anomalies, and 2D gravity and magnetic models were constructed along with a N–S trending profile. Densities of the rock samples were obtained from the distinct parts of the basin surface and in-situ susceptibilities were also measured and evaluated in comparison with the other geophysical and geological data. Additionally, seismic sections, in spite of their low resolution, were used to define the velocity variation in the basin in order to compare depth values and geological cross-section obtained from the modeling studies. Deepest parts of the basin (12–13 km), determined from the 3D model, are located below the settlement of Hafik and to the south of Zara towns. Geometry, extension and wideness of the basin, together with the thickness and lithologies of the sedimentary units are reasonably appropriate for further hydrocarbon exploration in the Sivas Basin that is still an unexplored area with the limited number of seismic lines and only one borehole.     

库车坳陷克拉2气田超压成因研究

物理实验模拟是研究油气运移和聚集的重要手段和方法。而天然气物理模拟实验则是一个研究相对不足而又非常重要的领域,它的操作和完善可以大大促进中国西部天然气勘探,直接影响着西气东输的国策。本文正是涉及这个领域,选取库车坳陷克拉2气田作为研究对象,模拟了其成藏模式,对其超压的特性进行了研究,认为构造挤压和充气增压是引起克拉2气田超压的主要原因,而充气增压的具体机制则是多级补给,也就是下部的冲起构造作为供源为上部的克拉2构造供气,促使其丰度和压力都升高。     

辫状河三角洲储层砂体建筑结构分析

本文应用建筑结构分析法研究塔河油田一区三叠系下油组砂体内部建筑结构。根据取心井岩心观察识别出12种岩相类型;通过连井剖面对比和测井曲线识别,采用层次分析的思路定义了7级界面;在岩相识别和界面划分的基础上划分出7种结构要素:河道滞留沉积(CHL)、河道充填(CH)、纵向砂坝(LB)、横向砂坝(TB)、落淤层(FS)、越岸细粒沉积(OF)和洪泛平原细粒(FF);建立了砂体建筑结构平面组合模式:平面以河道充填(CH)和砂坝(CB)为主。