辽宁岫岩县桑皮峪透闪石玉成矿年龄研究

运用偏光显微镜、电子探针对辽宁岫岩县桑皮峪透闪石玉的岩石学特征进行了研究,并运用二次离子质谱仪测定从桑皮峪透闪石玉中分离的锆石和榍石的年龄。结果表明：桑皮峪透闪石玉主要由透闪石组成,次要矿物包括磷灰石、方解石、绿泥石、石墨、褐铁矿、锆石、榍石等。偏光显微镜下桑皮峪透闪石玉的主要结构是毛毡状纤维交织结构、显微细晶质结构和纤维变晶结构;主要构造为块状构造。主要化学成分为SiO₂、MgO和CaO,Mg²⁺/（Mg²⁺+Fe²⁺）值为0.964~0.971。桑皮峪透闪石玉的锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为1 851±7 Ma,榍石的²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb年龄为1 848±17 Ma,表明桑皮峪透闪石玉矿形成于古元古代白云岩的区域变质时期。     

和田玉、玛纳斯碧玉和岫岩老玉的拉曼光谱研究

拉曼光谱测定的28件闪石岩类玉石样品中,除玛纳斯碧玉是阳起石外,其他均为透闪石.其拉曼光谱图基本一致,但因受其含FeO量多少的控制,拉曼光谱图也存在一些差别.     

甘肃省武山县鸳鸯玉的地球化学和宝石学特征

对甘肃武山县鸳鸯镇鸳鸯玉的地球化学特征和宝石学特征进行的鉴定、分析和研究表明,鸳鸯玉是富镁铁的辉橄岩经岩浆期后多期热液的叠加蚀变(主要为蛇纹石化)形成的蛇纹岩;鸳鸯玉的主要矿物成分为蛇纹石,且多为叶蛇纹石,含有少量的透闪石、滑石、白云石,还有一定量的金属矿物,如磁铁矿、褐铁矿和水镍矿等。该玉石呈较深的灰绿色和墨绿色,质地细腻,可用于制作"夜光杯"和玉碗等工艺品。鸳鸯玉矿区交通方便,矿石开采成本低,是具有良好开发前景的玉石资源。     

Discovery of diamond in the Tromsø Nappe,Scandinavian Caledonides (N. Norway)

We report the first finding of diamond in crustal rocks from the Tromsø Nappe of the North Norwegian Caledonides. Diamond occurs in situ as inclusions in garnet from gneiss at Tønsvika near Tromsø. The rock is composed essentially of garnet, biotite, white mica, quartz and plagioclase, minor constituents include kyanite, zoisite, rutile, tourmaline, amphibole, zircon, apatite and carbonates (magnesite, dolomite, calcite). The microdiamond, identified by micro‐Raman spectroscopy, is cuboidal to octahedral in shape and ranges from 5 to 50 μm in diameter. The diamond occurs as single grains and as composite diamond + carbonate inclusions. Diamond vibration bands show a downshift from 1 332 to 1 325 cm^?1, the majority of Raman peaks are centred between 1 332 and 1 330 cm^?1 and all peaks exhibit a full width at half maximum between 3 and 5 cm^?1. Several spectra show Raman bands typical for disordered and ordered graphite (sp²‐bonded carbon) indicating partial transformation of diamond to graphite. The calculated peak P–T conditions for the diamond‐bearing sample are 3.5 ± 0.5 GPa and 770 ± 50 °C. Metamorphic diamond found in situ in crustal rocks of the Tromsø Nappe thus provides unequivocal evidence for ultrahigh pressure metamorphism in this allochthonous unit of the Scandinavian Caledonides. Deep continental subduction, most probably in the Late Ordovician and shortly before or during the initial collision between Baltica and Laurentia, was required to stabilize the diamond at UHP conditions.     

和田玉、玛纳斯碧玉和岫岩老玉的产地特征

本文用电子探针研究了和田玉、玛纳斯碧玉和岫岩老玉的矿物成分,结果表明和田玉的主要矿物成分是透闪石,玛纳斯碧玉是阳起石,而岫岩老玉则由透闪石和阳起石组成,并论述了它们的产地特征.     

Ultra-high-pressure (UHP) marble and eclogite in the Su-Lu UHP terrane, eastern China

A large mass of dolomitic marble including many eclogite blocks occurs in orthogneisses of the Rongcheng area of the Su-Lu province, eastern China. The marble consists mainly of dolomite, calcite (formerly aragonite), graphite, forsterite, diopside, talc, tremolite and phlogopite. Aggregates of talc and calcite occur at the boundary between dolomite and diopside. Tremolite is a reaction product between talc and calcite. Eclogite blocks are rimmed by dark green amphibolite. The primary mineral assemblage in the core of eclogite is Na-bearing garnet (up to 0.2  wt% Na₂O), omphacitic pyroxene, clintonite and rutile. Secondary minerals are pargasitic/edenitic amphibole, plagioclase, sodic diopside, chlorite, zoisite and titanite. The peak metamorphic conditions, based on stability of the dolomite+forsterite+aragonite (now calcite)+graphite assemblage, under conditions where tremolite is unstable, are estimated at T  =610–660 °C and P =2.5–3.5  GPa (for X _{CO=0.001). A reaction between dolomite and diopside to form talc under tremolite-unstable conditions indicates a temperature decrease under ultra-high-pressure conditions (} P >2.4  GPa, X _{CO<0.0013). The formation of secondary tremolite is consistent with a nearly adiabatic pressure decrease post-dating the ultra-high-pressure metamorphism. The temperature decrease under ultra-high-pressure conditions preceding decompression may reflect the underplating of a cold slab, and the rapid decompression probably corresponds to the upwelling stage promoted by the delamination of a downwelling lithospheric root. The} P – T  conditions of the amphibolitization stage are estimated at <0.9  GPa and <460 °C, and are similar to conditions recorded by the surrounding orthogneisses.     

Graphite and Graphite-like Materials from Black Shale and Magmatic Ores: Raman Spectroscopy Data

Graphite and graphite-like materials widely are present at black shale and magmatic ores. The nature of these carbon materials (CM) is multifarious. In what cause connects a mineralization with carbon. The great numbers of parameters, namely, the temperature, the pressure, the shear stress, the catalytic species, the host-rock lithology, the time and etc., have an influence on the graphitization process. Accumulations of gold and platinum group elements in black graphite shale and extraction of these metals from rocks depend in considerable degree from structural properties of CM. Raman spectroscopy has wide applied for various carbon modifications, including nano-structuring materials. The first and second-order Raman spectrum have been correlated with changes in the structure of graphite. There is a linear relationship between temperature and Raman R2 and R1 parameters (derived from the area and intensity of the defect band (D) relative to the ordered graphite band (G), respectively). The purpose of the present study is to characterize the rocks and CM from carbon-rich rocks of gold-ore deposits of the black-shale formation and magmatic ores using micro-Raman spectroscopy technique (Horiba Jobin Ivon LabRam spectrometer). Exciting was performed with 325 nm line of He-Cd laser. The graphite and graphite-like samples from many ore deposits of Russia and Kazahstan are investigations. R1 and R2 ratio indicate variable degree of organisation CM in the samples. The results show different spectral variations of CM with metamorphic grade: the well-ordered graphite from magmatic rocks, more - ordered and the disordered less graphitized CM from black-shale ores. For the first time in the world practice the Raman spectroscopy technique has been applied to determine the temperature of graphitizing for CM at gold-ore deposits of the black-shale formation. The temperatures obtained on carboniferous substance for the gold deposits range from 405°С to 280°С. Temperature of CM formation from Pt-low sulphide ores of the Talnakh deposit ranges from 4700C to 6500C. It has been shown that the carbon-rich phases from black-shale and magmatic rocks have various degrees of graphitization and different carbon forms.     

江苏溧阳透闪石玉的研究

利用电子探针、X射线衍射、红外光谱、扫描电镜等测试方法,对江苏省溧阳过去发现的白玉和新发现的青白玉、青玉和碧玉进行了研究,结果表明溧阳透闪石玉的主要矿物组成为透闪石,Na含量正常,而不是以前文献所报导的钠透闪石;其主要结构与和田玉基本一致,证明了溧阳透闪石玉也是一种典型的透闪石玉.本文还论述了其成因,指出了进一步找矿及考古意义.     

碳质物拉曼光谱变质温度计及其在造山带热结构重建与演化中的应用

变质沉积岩普遍含有碳质物,其源自沉积母岩中有机质。在变质过程中这些有机质逐渐转变为碳质物或石墨,且碳质物结晶程度可以作为变质等级的可靠指示标志。拉曼光谱是表征碳质物结晶度的有效工具,Beyssac et al.(2002a)基于碳质物拉曼光谱参数(R1=D1/G,D1和G为碳质物拉曼光谱峰强;R2=D1/(G+D1+D2),G、D1和D2为碳质物拉曼光谱峰面积)与寄主岩变质温度之间的线性关系构建了碳质物拉曼光谱温度计:T(℃)=-445(R2)+641,其简单且实用,并被应用到阿尔卑斯和喜马拉雅造山带热结构与折返机制研究中;随后,Rahl et al.(2005)对该变质温度计进行修订,修订后温度估算表达式为:T(℃)=737.3+320.9R1-1067R2-80.638R12,并将变质温度估算范围扩展为100~700℃。本文对碳质物拉曼光谱变质温度计的基本原理、方法、应用条件及其在造山带热结构重建与演化方面的研究进展进行了综述,并对碳质物拉曼光谱温度计与传统温度计估算的变质温度进行了系统的对比分析,结果表明碳质物拉曼光谱温度计代表峰期变质温度,不会受后期退变质影响,当传统温度计结果代表峰期变质温度时,二者计算结果一致。碳质物拉曼光谱温度计已被用于造山带热结构重建、折返过程的热演化,以及高应变带、流体相关热异常等研究。尽管变质过程的压力、变质持续时间、碳质物前体类型等因素对于碳质物拉曼光谱温度计的影响尚待研究,但与传统矿物组合温压计相结合,该方法可以有效评价峰期变质条件和造山多期热演化。     

Formation of metastable graphite inclusions during diamond crystallization in model systems

Metastable graphite inclusions have been studied in diamond, forsterite, and orthopyroxene synthesized in silicate-carbonate-fluid and aqueous chloride systems at 6.3–7.5 GPa and 1400–1600°C. The graphite inclusions were studied using optic microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. It has been established that graphite in diamond and liquidus silicate minerals is represented by a highly ordered variety. Depending on parameters of runs, the graphite inclusions are hexagonal, irregular polygonal, or rounded in shape. The morphology of graphite inclusions involving metastable graphite in run products is compared with previously established crystallization sequence of carbon phases. It has been revealed that the protogenetic graphite inclusions in diamond are rounded, and this shape was caused by dissolution of the newly formed graphite. Polygonal graphite inclusions are syngenetic and represented by metastable graphite that crystallized contemporaneously with diamond.     

福建“华安玉”岩石地球化学特征及成因研究

“华安玉”是福建省特有的玉石矿种,产于早三叠世溪口组新祠角岩段中,主要矿物为铁次透辉石,次要矿物为钾长石、石英和方解石等。地球化学分析表明,w（SiO2）变化范围为57．55％～66．46％,平均为60．69％,w（CaO）变化范围为9．88％～15．95％,平均为12．54%,相对低Si,Al而富Ca,Mg等;大离子亲石元素Sr,Ba及高场强元素Ti,Nb强烈亏损而具有明显的负异常,而Th、U、Nd、Hf表现为弱正异常,Pb正异常明显;∑REE变化范围较小,一般196．19×10^-6～241．77×10^-6,平均222．57×10^-6,轻重稀土比值（∑LREE／∑HREE）为3．60～4．59,平均为4．32,δEu=0．63～1．00,平均为0．81。微量元素和稀土元素特征曲线显示与大陆上地壳组成一致。新祠角岩形成于被动大陆边缘的潮坪泻湖环境,原岩主要是钙质粉砂岩、泥岩等,物源主要来自于闽北山地丘陵区的陆源改造型花岗质岩石。燕山期强烈的构造岩浆活动对其进行了多期热接触变质或交代作用,钙质粉砂岩、泥岩等经变质为透辉石角岩,形成优质的“华安玉”矿体。     

新疆玛纳斯碧玉的成矿地质特征

玛纳斯碧玉为传统名称,属于透闪石玉,为绿色.清代已开采.有砂矿和原生矿.原生矿床产于超镁铁岩中,为蛇纹石化辉橄岩,矿体产在岩体与围岩(火山岩或火山碎屑岩)的接触带上,为交代成因矿床.     

"翠花玉"的宝石学特征及矿物组成

近期,珠宝市场上出现了一种商业名称为"翠花玉"的呈紫色、绿色和白色的玉石,容易被误认为是和田玉.为了查明其矿物组成及宝石学特征,笔者选取了3块样品,对其进行了常规宝石学测试和偏光显微镜下的观察,并用X射线粉晶衍射法和电子探针测试等分析方法,重点对"翠花玉"样品的矿物组成进行了研究.结果表明,"翠花玉"样品为多矿物集合体玉石,为交代成因产物,主要矿物组成为透辉石、透闪石、萤石、石英、斜长石、方解石,其中透闪石多呈网脉状分布.绿色部分折射率为1.61(点测),紫色部分折射率为1.43(点测),平均密度为3.03 g/cm³左右.样品颜色主要由紫色的萤石和绿色的透闪石致色.     

辽宁岫岩县桑皮峪透闪石玉的玉石学特征与成因研究

以辽宁省岫岩县桑皮峪新近发现的透闪石玉矿为研究对象,运用现代测试方法,如岩相学观察、矿物化学分析、同位素分析等,对桑皮峪透闪石玉的玉石学特征、矿物组合、化学成分等做了较为系统详细的研究.结果表明桑皮峪透闪石玉主要由隐晶质和细晶质透闪石集合体组成,透闪石含量在94%以上,杂质矿物主要有磷灰石、绿泥石、绿帘石、蛇纹石、方解石、褐铁矿等.根据对桑皮峪透闪石玉的各种分析测试资料和成矿地质背景进行综合分析,桑皮峪透闪石玉的矿床成因类型可以定为变质热液矿床.     

Formation of epigenetic graphite inclusions in diamond crystals: experimental data

To elucidate the conditions of formation of epigenetic graphite inclusions in natural diamond, we carried out experiments on high-temperature treatment of natural and synthetic diamond crystals containing microinclusions. The crystal annealing was performed in the CO–CO₂ atmosphere at 700–1100 °C and ambient pressure for 15 min to 4 h. The starting and annealed diamond crystals were examined by optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. It has been established that the microinclusions begin to change at 900 °C. A temperature increase to 1000 °C induces microcracks around the microinclusions and strong stress in the diamond matrix. The microinclusions turn black and opaque as a result of the formation of amorphous carbon at the diamond–inclusion interface. At 1100 °C, ordered graphite in the form of hexagonal and rounded plates is produced in the microcracks. A hypothesis is put forward that graphitization in natural diamond proceeds by the catalytic mechanism, whereas in synthetic diamond it is the result of pyrolysis of microinclusion hydrocarbons. The obtained data on the genesis of graphite microinclusions in diamond are used to evaluate the temperature of kimberlitic melt at the final stage of formation of diamond deposits.     

Microinclusions in dark gray diamond crystals of octahedral habit from Yakutian kimberlites

Micrometer-sized inclusions in dark gray diamond crystals of octahedral habit from Yakutian kimberlites were studied by analytical scanning electron microscopy and analytical transmission electron microscopy. In addition to peridotite-suite silicate inclusions (enstatie and olivine), which were previously studied in detail as macroinclusions in perfect diamond crystals, there are abundant inclusions of native metals (Fe-Cr and Fe-Cr-Ti intermetallic compounds and metallic Fe), sulfides (Fe-Ni sulfide, polydymite, and chalcopyrite), and carbonates (calcite). Rare grains of ilmenite, fluorite, apatite, zircon, phlogopite, and some other minerals were also found. The gray and black colors of diamonds were previously attributed to the presence of graphite. Although this phase was identified in the electron diffraction patterns of all the samples, its content was very low. Microinclusions of induced octahedral morphology composed of intimate enstatite-calcite intergrowths were also found. Possible deep processes responsible for the formation of diamonds with such a peculiar inclusion association are discussed in light of new data on experimental synthesis. Original Russian Text ? S.V. Titkov, A.I. Gorshkov, N.G. Zudin, I.D. Ryabchikov, L.O. Magazina, A.V. Sivtsov, 2006, published in Geokhimiya, 2006, No. 11, pp. 1209–1217.     

一种绿色“斑马石”玉料的矿物组成研究

最近在江苏东海的水晶市场上出现了一种名为“斑马石一的玉石,该玉石总体颜色为墨绿色,其中有白色条纹呈带状分布并呈丝绢光泽。为了查明其组成,利用偏光显微镜、X射线粉末衍射仪、红外光谱仪、拉曼光谱仪以及激光诱导离解光谱仪等测试方法对该样品进行了测试分析。结果表明,该“斑马石”实际就是一种蛇纹石的集合体材料。其绿色部分的主要矿物组成为利蛇纹石,其次为绿泥石,白色部分由纤蛇纹石构成,含少量绿泥石,黑色包裹体为磁铁矿。这种材料不同于一般的蛇纹石玉,在于该玉石中含有一些定向的纤蛇纹石的平行纤维条带,正是这种纤维状平行排列的结构,导致了“斑马石”中呈丝绢光泽的条带。“斑马石”的折射率,相对密度及荧光特征与一般的蛇纹石玉无差异。     

不同变质程度煤系石墨结构特征

煤系石墨形成于煤层的接触变质带,通常被当作煤开采利用而造成严重的资源浪费.为了了解煤系石墨在成矿过程中分子结构的变化,利用X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、拉曼光谱（Raman）等技术,对我国陕西凤县、湖南新化和湖南郴州鲁塘地区处于不同变质程度煤系石墨进行测试分析.结果表明:凤县样品石墨化度最低,仍处于超无烟煤阶段;新化石墨处于半石墨阶段,鲁塘样品石墨化程度最高,其结构比较完美,接近于三维有序理想石墨结构,但仍存在少量的无序化畴.XRD分析显示随着样品石墨化程度的升高,堆砌层数与堆砌延展度均增大;拉曼光谱中D峰减弱,G峰逐渐增强并尖锐,D峰与G峰的强度比和面积比均减小,显示碳原子sp2平面域增大.透射电子显微镜晶格像显示,由无烟煤向石墨结构转变过程中,煤的芳香片层首先形成类石墨结构的微柱体,然后这些微柱体之间相互联结,最后形成横向无限延展的石墨晶层.      

辽宁桓仁软玉的宝石学特征研究

利用常规检测及薄片观察、红外光谱、化学分析法,对产自辽宁桓仁的一种灰白色玉石的矿物成分、化学成分及宝石学性质进行了较为系统的研究。测得其折射率为1.60,相对密度为3.08,摩氏硬度为6.5±。偏光显微镜下显示玉石的主要组成矿物为透闪石及普通角闪石,杂质矿物为透辉石、磷灰石、碳酸盐矿物、蛇纹石等,呈不等粒变晶结构、叶片状变晶结构及交代结构。玉石的组构特征导致其透明度较差,颜色不均匀,具黑色斑点及绿色团块状包体。红外光谱特征与标准的透闪石特征非常相近,证明该玉石为透闪石玉(软玉),其化学分析结果与和田玉及岫岩软玉结果相近。普通角闪石的存在(已黑云母化)一定程度影响了玉石的品质。     

Ancient Microorganisms and Carotenoids Preserved in Fluid Inclusions in Halite from Chaka Salt Lake,Western China: Evidence from Micro-observation and in situ Raman Spectroscopy

Trapped ancient microorganisms in halite fluid inclusions are of special interest to the understanding of biology and ecology in salt lake systems.With the integration of petrologic,microthermometric,and Raman spectroscopic analyses,this study utilizes fluid inclusions from Chaka Salt Lake,eastern Qaidam Basin,NW China,to assess the possibility of microorganism-trapping by fluid inclusions.Here,we report that the solid phase of some primary fluid inclusions contains carotenoids,which is interpreted as evidence of Dunaliella algae,and that the coexisting liquid phase comprises SO_4~(2-).The homogenization temperatures of single-phase primary fluid inclusions indicate that the precipitation temperature of the Holocene halite in Chaka Salt Lake ranges from 13.5°C to 36.4°C.This suggests that fluid inclusions in halite are a good medium for trapping and preserving ancient microorganisms and organic matter in salt lakes,and that Raman spectroscopy has good potential to identify halophilic archaea.