南黄海胶体有机碳和溶解有机碳的分布

利用切向超滤技术对胶体有机碳（ＣＯＣ）进行了有效分离,利用紫外／过硫酸钾法分别测定南黄海溶解有机碳（ＤＯＣ）和ＣＯＣ的浓度。测定结果：南黄海表层水ＤＯＣ的平均含量为３４０．０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ;ＣＯＣ的浓度变化为３０．２～１２５．０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,在ＤＯＣ中所占的比例平均为３０．９％,最高可达５６．６％,结果表明,ＣＯＣ在有机碳的生物地球化学循环中起着重要作用;真溶解态有机碳（ＵＯＣ）和ＣＯＣ之间的非相关性揭示了ＣＯＣ来源的复杂性。     

海水中胶体有机碳的测定──高温燃烧法和紫外/过硫酸钾法的比较

利用切向超滤(cross-flow ultrafiltration)技术对海水中胶体有机碳(COC)和真溶解有机碳(UOC)进行了分离,并分别用高温燃烧法和紫外/过硫酸钾法对胶体有机碳和真溶解有机碳进行了测定。测定结果表明,切向超滤能定量分离海水中的胶体有机碳,高温燃烧法和紫外/过硫酸钾法对胶体有机碳和真溶解有机碳的测定结果没有明显的系统误差,表明这两种方法的氧化效率基本相同,胶体粒子的存在,对紫外/过硫酸钾法的氧化效率没有显着影响。     

长江口水体胶体有机碳的季节变化

为了探讨长江口水体胶体有机碳含量的季节变化, 按季度采集长江口南支表层水样, 利用切向流超滤技术(TFF)分离水样中小胶体物质(1—5kD)、中胶体物质(5—500kD)和大胶体物质(500kD— 0.45μm), 测试分离后样品的有机碳浓度。结果表明: 长江口水体中总胶体有机碳浓度有明显的季节变化, 表现为冬季>夏季>秋季>春季, 其原因可能是冬季长江流域陆源输入增加, 水生生物生物量和生物活性减弱双方面的共同作用使得含量最高, 而春季流域陆源有机碳含量输入较少, 且流域内春汛雨量多水量大对水体中有机碳浓度具有稀释作用, 从而导致该季节胶体有机碳含量较少。总胶体有机碳在不同分子量的分配上季节差异不大, 中胶体有机碳浓度及其在总胶体有机碳中所占的比例均高于小胶体有机碳和大胶体有机碳。由于长江口胶体有机碳的含量较高, 并有明显的季节变化, 对有机碳的入海通量和生物地球化学循环发挥重要的作用。     

错流超滤技术在海水胶体态铀、钍、镭同位素和有机碳研究中的应用

建立了由预过滤装置、蠕动泵、中空纤维超滤膜(AmiconH10P10-20,标称截留分子量10KDa)和连接管组成的错流超滤系统,利用荧光标记的40KDa葡聚糖和已知放射性活度的234Th示踪剂评估了超滤膜的截留和吸附性质,探讨了234Th在超滤过程中的渗透行为,考查了该系统用于实际海水样品时铀、钍、镭同位素和有机碳的质量平衡状况.结果表明,10Kda中空纤维超滤膜对40Kda葡聚糖具有良好的截留效率(85%),而吸附损失率为18%.铀、钍、镭同位素和有机碳在超滤过程中均达到极佳的质量平衡,回收率R=95%～98%,优于大多数文献报道的值.234Th在超滤过程中的渗透行为可以很好地用渗透模型加以描述.研究组分胶体态含量占“溶解”态含量的份额大小顺序如下:钍同位素、有机碳、镭同位素约等于铀同位素,这与钍为强颗粒活性元素、铀和镭为水溶性元素的地球化学性质相吻合.     

酸洗法测定海洋沉积物有机碳和无机碳含量的致命缺陷

Organic and inorganic carbon contents of marine sediments are important to reconstruct marine productivity,global carbon cycle, and climate change. A proper method to separate and determine organic and inorganic carbons is thus of great necessity. Although the best method is still disputable, the acid leaching method is widely used in many laboratories because of its ease-of-use and high accuracy. The results of the elemental analysis of sediment trap samples reveal that organic and inorganic carbon contents cannot be obtained using the acid leaching method, causing an infinitely amplified error when the carbon content of the decarbonated sample is 12%±1% according to a mathematical derivation. Acid fumigation and gasometric methods are used for comparison, which indicates that other methods can avoid this problem in organic carbon analysis. For the first time, this study uncovers the pitfalls of the acid leaching method, which limits the implication in practical laboratory measurement, and recommends alternative solutions of organic/inorganic carbon determination in marine sediments.     

春季东海北部近岸水体中的溶解无机碳和有机碳的分布特征及其影响因素

根据2010年4月在东海北部近岸的调查,分析了研究海域溶解无机碳（DIC）和溶解有机碳（DOC）的含量及其分布状况,并分别对DIC、DOC与温度、盐度、表观耗氧量等要素的关系进行了初步探讨。结果表明,春季研究海域表、底层DIC平均含量分别为24．54mg／L和25．03mg／L,平面分布趋势均为近岸高于远岸,象山口附近...     

胶体的来源和胶体有机碳浓度对其自身菌群生长的影响

利用错流超滤技术分离厦门湾东南部海域、九龙江河口及九龙江水体中的胶体,并利用实验室模拟培养实验研究了胶体的来源和胶体有机碳（COC）浓度对其自身茵群生长的影响．结果表明,不同来源的3种胶体对自身菌群均有不同程度的促进作用,而且其依序为海洋胶体〉河口胶体〉河流胶体．海洋胶体和河口胶体中自身菌群的相对增长率的平均值Y1、Y2与CCOC之间呈正相关关系;而河流胶体中自身茵群的平均相对增长率Y3与CCOC却呈负相关关系．     

光谱法测定海水中溶解态无机氮的研究进展

溶解态无机氮(dissolved inorganic nitrogen,DIN)主要由亚硝酸盐-氮(NO^-₂-N)、硝酸盐-氮(NO^-₃-N)和铵氮(NH⁺₄-N)组成,它们在海洋的生物地球化学循环过程中起重要作用。但人类活动向海洋输入了大量无机氮,导致一系列环境问题。为了更好地开展海洋氮循环研究和环境污染管理,需对海水中的DIN进行测定。在众多分析方法中,光谱法因其通用性好、适用范围广、所需设备简单,成为测定海水DIN的首选。本文总结了近10年来基于光谱法测定海水DIN的研究进展,包括紫外分光光度法测定NO^-₃-N、萘乙二胺分光光度法测定NO^-₂-N和NO^-₃-N、次溴酸盐氧化-分光光度法测定NH⁺₄-N、靛酚蓝分光光度法测定NH⁺₄-N...     

九龙江口水体中不同相态磷的环境化学行为研究

利用切向超滤技术分离和提取九龙江口水体中溶解相(粒径<0.45μm)、胶体相(分子量>1 kDa,粒径<0.45μm)和真溶解相(分子量<1 kDa)的活性磷酸盐(SRP)和溶解态总磷(DTP),初步探讨了不同相中各形态磷的环境化学行为.研究表明,切向超滤过程的SRP和DTP系统空白分别为ND～0.001 mg/dm3...     

厦门海域秋、冬季溶解有机氮时空分布及总溶解态氮的组成

根据2015年10月(秋季)和2016年1月(冬季)对厦门海域开展的2次水质调查,研究了该海域中溶解有机氮(DON)的时空分布特征及总溶解态氮(TDN)的组成,并探讨了DON与环境要素的相关性及其来源.结果表明:厦门海域DON浓度平均值冬季大于秋季,表层高于底层,整体呈内湾、河口区较高,湾口区低的分布格局.秋季DON浓度的空间分布为同安湾西海域九龙江口邻近海域东南海域大嶝海域,冬季为西海域同安湾九龙江口邻近海域东南海域大嶝海域.该海域秋、冬季DON浓度占比(CDON/CTDN)分别为56%和53%,DON浓度占比整体呈湾口区大、河口区及内湾小的分布特征.相关性分析表明,该海域秋、冬季表、底层DON浓度与盐度均呈极显著负相关,与磷酸盐、硅酸盐含量为极显著正相关,与叶绿素a、溶解氧、p H值存在一定相关性.厦门海域DON的来源主要有九龙江河流、城市生活污水、工农业废水等陆源输入和浮游植物活动等海源生成.     

Optical properties of estuarine dissolved organic matter isolated using cross-flow ultrafiltration

Dissolved organic matter(DOM) from freshwater, mid-salinity, and seawater endmember samples in the Jiulong River Estuary, China were fractionated using cross-flow ultrafiltration with a 10-kDa membrane. The colloidal organic matter(COM; 10 kDa–0.22 μm) retentate, low molecular weight(LMW) DOM(10 kDa) permeate, and bulk samples were analyzed using absorption spectroscopy and three-dimensional fluorescence excitation-emission-matrix spectroscopy. The UV-visible spectra of COM were very similar to those obtained for permeate and bulk samples, decreasing monotonically with increasing wavelength. Most of the chromophoric DOM(CDOM, expressed as the absorption coefficient a355) occurred in the LMW fraction, while the percentage of CDOM in the colloidal fraction was substantially higher in the freshwater endmember(13.4% of the total) than in the seawater endmember(6.8%). The bulk CDOM showed a conservative mixing behavior in the estuary, while there was removal of the COM fraction and a concurrent addition of the permeate fraction in the mid-salinity sample, implying that part of the colloidal CDOM was transformed into LMW CDOM. Two humic-like components(C1: 250, 325/402 nm; and C2: 265, 360/458 nm) and one protein-like component(C3: 275/334 nm) were identified using parallel factor analysis. The contributions of the C1, C2, and C3 components of the COM fraction to the bulk sample were 2.5%–8.7%, 4.8%–12.6%, and 7.4%–14.7%, respectively, revealing that fluorescent DOM occurred mainly in the LMW fraction in the Jiulong River Estuary. The C1 and C2 components in the retentate and permeate samples showed conservative mixing behavior, but the intensity ratio of C2/C1 was higher in the retentate than in the permeate fractions for all salinity samples, showing that the humic component was more enriched in the COM than the fulvic component. The intensity ratio of C3/(C1+C2) was much higher in the retentate than in the permeate fraction for mid-salinity and seawater samples, revealing that the protein-like component was relatively more enriched in COM than the humic-like component. The contribution of the protein-like component(C3) to the total fluorescence in the retentate increased from 14% in the freshwater endmember to 72% for the seawater endmember samples, clearly indicating the variation of dominance by the humic-like component compared to the protein-like component during the estuarine mixing process of COM.     

Abundance, size distribution, and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of marine organic matter isolated by tangential-flow ultrafiltration

Tangential-flow ultrafiltration was used to isolate particulate and high-molecular-weight dissolved material from seawater collected at various depths and geographic regions of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Ultrafiltration proved to be a relatively fast and efficient method for the isolation of hundreds of milligrams of material. Optical and electron microscopy of the isolated materials revealed that relatively fragile materials were recovered intact. Depth-weighted results of the size distribution of organic matter in seawater indicated that ˜ 75% of marine organic carbon was low-molecular-weight (LMW) dissolved organic carbon (< 1 nm), ˜ 24% was high-molecular-weight (HMW) dissolved organic carbon (1–100 nm), and ˜ 1% was particulate organic carbon (> 100 nm). The distribution of carbon in surface water was shifted to greater relative abundances of larger size fractions, suggesting a diagenetic sequence from macromolecular material to small refractory molecules. The average C:N ratios of particulate organic matter (POM) and HMW dissolved organic matter (DOM) were 7.7 and 16.7, respectively. Differences in C:N ratios between POM and HMW DOM were large and invariant with depth and geographic region, indicating that the aggregation of HMW DOM to form POM must be of minor significance to overall carbon dynamics. The stable carbon isotope composition (δ¹³C) of POM averaged −22.7%. in surface water and −25.2%. in subsurface water. Several possible explanations for the observed isotopic shift with depth were explored, but we were unable to discern the cause. The δ¹³C of HMW DOM samples was relatively constant and averaged −21.7%., indicating a predominantly marine origin for this material. The δ¹⁵N values of POM were highly variable (5.8–15.4%.), and the availability of nitrate in surface waters appeared to be the major factor influencing δ¹⁵N values in the equatorial Pacific. In the upwelling region nitrate concentrations were relatively high and δ¹⁵N values of POM were low, whereas to the north and south of the upwelling nitrate concentrations were low and δ¹⁵N values were high. The δ¹⁵N values of HMW DOM reflected the same trends observed in the POM fraction and provided the first such evidence for biological cycling of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). Using the observed δ¹⁵N values and an estimate of meridional advection velocity, we estimated a turnover time of 0.3 to 0.5% day⁻¹ for HMW DON. These results suggest a major role for DON in the upper ocean nitrogen cycle.     

TOC-IRMS联用在线高温氧化测定溶解有机碳稳定同位素组成的方法研究

本研究利用总有机碳分析仪联用稳定同位素质谱仪(TOC-IRMS)技术,探讨了高温氧化法测试水体中溶解有机碳(Dissolved Organic Carbon, DOC)含量及稳定碳同位素组成。根据溶解有机碳的组成特征,从氧化难易程度、分子结构等方面选取5种可溶于水的化合物：咖啡因、葡萄糖、邻苯二甲酸、乙酸钾和腐殖酸钠,配置成DOC溶液。通过改变溶液碳含量、氧化温度、通氧量大小,载气流速等参数,研究不同实验条件对DOC碳转化率及δ¹³C值的影响。TOC-IRMS在氧化温度850℃,通氧时长20 s(流速10 cm³/min),载气流速80 cm³/min的条件下,测得5种化合物不同浓度DOC溶液的平均碳转化率为95.69%～103.57%;δ¹³C值与标定参考值基本一致,差值范围为-0.82‰～0.55‰。在上述实验条件下,测得不同类型水样的DOC含量相对标准偏差小于3.7%,δ¹³C值的标准偏差小于0.2‰,结果表明TOC-IRMS联用在线高温氧化法测定不同类型水样的DOC含量...     

Relationship between the optical properties of chromophoric dissolved organic matter and total concentration of dissolved organic carbon in the southern Baltic Sea region

Absorption and fluorescence of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) measurements were performed during three oceanographic surveys in 1994 in the southern Baltic Sea (Polish area of the Baltic Proper). DOC was measured both by high-temperature catalytic oxidation (HTCO) and low-temperature oxidation (LTO) conventional persulphate methods. CDOM fluorescence was shown to be highly correlated with absorption, with the same regression parameters, despite the seasonal change in different hydrographic conditions and the fluorescence quantum yield variations (1.23 ± 0.07 in April and 0.97 ± 0.12 in September). The results show a good correlation between the optical parameters and DOC although ˜ 70% of the DOC does not display significant absorption in the UV-visible range (350–750 nm). The non-absorbing DOC measured with HTCO method appears unaffected by seasonal changes. Consequently, total DOC can be predicted by optical methods using remote sensing techniques. The non-absorbing DOC measured by LTO method varies from 62% (April) to 76% (September), which implies that there is requirement for estimates on a seasonal basis.     

泉州湾溶解无机氮的含量分布组成及其与环境因子的关系

分析了泉州湾溶解无机氮(DIN)春季的含量分布、组成、潮周期及其与环境因子的关系.根据高值区判断洛阳江口以县区农田养殖输入硝酸氮(NO_3~--N)为主,而晋江口以市区生活污水输入氨氮(NH_4~+-N)为主,DIN含量的平面分布受NO_3~--N与NH_4~+-N共同控制.DIN的平均组成为NO_3~--N最高,NH_4~+-N其次,NO_2~--N远低于二者,NH_4~+-N平均占比达35%左右,DIN的组成未达到热力学平衡.根据DIN含量与溶解氧(DO)及化学需氧量(COD)的相关性分析,推测三氮转换不仅受到氧化还原过程的影响,还受更为复杂的来源、人类活动及生物过程等的影响;根据DIN含量与盐度的关系,NO_3~--N及NO2--N均呈现保守行为,NH_4~+-N淡水端有一定的增加现象,DIN含量与盐度的关系受NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N共同控制;DIN含量还受到悬浮物含量、温度、盐度及p H值等环境因子的控制,结合DIN含量与叶绿素a的相关性及分布情况,可推测春季DIN主要来源不是浮游植物分解.不同站位DIN含量的潮期变化相似,基本上都表现为涨潮冲淡作用下含量降低而落潮后回升.除此之外,泉州湾DIN含量的年际增长及超标均比较严重,需要采取相应的治理措施.     

Review and suggestions for estimating particulate organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon inventories in the ocean using remote sensing data

Dissolved organic carbon（DOC） and particulate organic carbon（POC） are basic variables for the ocean carbon cycle.Knowledge of the distribution and inventory of these variables is important for a better estimation and understanding of the global carbon cycle.Owing to its considerable advantages in spatial and temporal coverage,remote sensing data provide estimates of DOC and POC inventories,which are able to give a synthetic view for the distribution and transportation of carbon pools.To estimate organic carbon inventories using remote sensing involves integration of the surface concentration and vertical profile models,and the development of these models is critical to the accuracy of estimates.Hence,the distribution and control factors of DOC and POC in the ocean first are briefly summarized,and then studies of DOC and POC inventories and flux estimations are reviewed,most of which are based on field data and few of which consider the vertical distributions of POC or DOC.There is some research on the estimation of POC inventory by remote sensing,mainly in the open ocean,in which three kinds of vertical profile models have been proposed：the uniform,exponential decay,and Gauss models.However,research on remote-sensing estimation of the DOC inventory remains lacking.A synthetic review of approaches used to estimate the organic carbon inventories is offered and the future development of methods is discussed for such estimates using remote sensing data in coastal waters.