基于再分析数据的南海三维温盐结构特征分析

掌握南海三维温盐场特征对于研究南海海洋动力环境及其对海洋气候变化的影响具有重要意义。基于海洋再分析数据GLORYS12V1和AVHRR OISST数据,开展了南海温盐空间分布及季节变化分析,以及海表温度对台风过程的响应特征分析。分析结果表明：南海海表温度一般为25～32℃,最高温度出现在8月的黄岩岛附近海域,海表盐度一般为32～35 psu,最高盐度出现在7月的东海附近海域;温盐垂向结构表现为表层高温低盐,随着深度增加温盐季节性变化越小。南海地区温跃层深度存在明显季节变化特征,秋冬季节温跃层深度大于春夏两季。根据“威马逊”台风期间海表温度变化特征分析海表温度对台风过程的响应,台风期间南海水体垂向混合作用增强,海表温度降温明显。     

海洋对热带气旋响应的一种改进模式

建立一个改进的二层非线性原始方程海洋模式，研究海洋对热带气旋的响应。采用湍流动能收支参数化风应力产生的垂直混合（夹卷），其中考虑了盐度对层结强度的影响。通过海洋对７００２号台风响应的数值模拟，结果表明，在引起海表温度下降的各热通量分量中，夹卷约占了８３％，余下的海表面热通量占了１７％。在台风路径转向的右侧，海洋出现强烈的降温表现出明显的右偏性。降温的幅度、范围和形状均与观测结果较为一致。     

利用Argo资料研究2001-2004年期间西北太平洋海洋上层对热带气旋的响应

利用Argo剖面浮标观测资料,对2001-2004年11月期间西北太平洋热带气旋经过后海洋上层的响应作了分析研究.结果显示,热带气旋经过后,55.6%的观测剖面其混合层深度会加深,范围在0-60m,并且在气旋过后5d内更为明显;由于混合加剧,大约有77.8%的观测剖面其混合层温度会下降,最多达5℃;61.1%的混合层盐度会下降,平均降盐约0.12;表层流速增大的占54%,平均增大30cm·s,表层流速的变化与风速的大小呈正相关,相关系数仅为0.06;混合层内温度变化与热带气旋风速呈负相关,相关系数为-0.15;混合层温度下降有明显的右偏现象,在气旋路径右侧50-150km处,温度下降尤为明显,而混合层盐度在气旋路径两侧的变化基本呈对称状分布;混合层深度在气旋路径右侧加深更为明显,在右侧100 150km范围内达到最大;混合层深度的变化与气旋经过前混合层的初始深度呈明显的负相关,相关系数达-0.42.     

东沙群岛西南冷涡的海水理化特性

东沙群岛西南海区的溶解氧、活性磷酸盐和活性硅酸盐100m层四季的平面等值线出现封闭或半封闭的分布,表明了该海域气旋型涡旋的终年存在,溶解氧饱和度的断面分布也证实了东沙群岛西南海域终年存在下层海水抬升,并表明冷涡轴随深度增加而向东南方向倾斜。温度、盐度、溶解氧.活性磷酸盐在表层都有一均匀层,次表层有一跃层,而深层值则季节变化不大。     

台风“杜鹃”对西太平洋上层温度的影响研究

本文利用海气耦合模式COAWST模拟了2015年的1521号超强台风"杜鹃",并结合再分析资料综合分析了台风过境期间西太平洋上层温度的变化规律。研究结果表明台风过境会使海区内上层温度降低,最大降温可达5-6℃,降温范围直径可达上百千米,台风路径右侧温度降低幅度大于左侧,具有明显的右偏性,路径两侧降温最大差异可达4-5℃。台风过境的引起了海水的垂直混合,"冷抽吸"作用将下层温度低的海水混合到海洋上层,影响深度可达200m。海洋上层温度对台风的响应速度与深度密切相关,深度越小,响应速度越快。台风经过后造成的降温区,约在7-15d内恢复到台风经过前的温度。     

南海北部坡折带溶解氧分布特征及理化环境因子影响

依据2010年1月南海北部坡折带冬季航次资料,发现150~1 000 m层溶解氧表现出东北高、西南低的分布特征,在垂向上溶解氧整体上呈由表至底逐渐降低趋势。在强烈的水交换作用下溶解氧浓度大于8 mg/dm3等值线占据50 m以浅海域。中尺度暖涡在很大程度上改变了中下层海水中溶解氧空间分布,150~1 000 m层暖涡中心附近海域的溶解氧含量显著高于周边未受或受暖涡影响较小的海域,此外,溶解氧与营养盐、温度、盐度、pH之间在不同层次上存在明显的相关性,表明该海域冬季溶解氧的分布受物理过程和生化过程的影响。     

海洋对热带气旋响应的一种改进模式

建立一个改进的二层非线性原始方程海洋模式，研究海洋对热带气旋的响应。采用湍流动能收支参数化风应力产生的垂直混合（夹卷），其中考虑了盐度对层结强度的影响。通过海洋对７００２号台风响应的数值模拟，结果表明，在引起海表温度下降的各热通量分量中，夹卷约占了８３％，余下的海表面热通量占了１７％。在台风路径转向的右侧，海洋出现强烈的降温，表现出明显的右偏性。降温的幅度、范围和形状均与观测结果较为一致。     

南海上层盐度对台风“莎莉嘉”的响应研究

"莎莉嘉(1621号)"是2016年的超强台风,本文利用高分辨率下的海气耦合模式COAWST再现了这个台风过程,并结合台风过境时间段内5d一次的ARGO数据综合分析了台风过境所引起的南海上层盐度的变化规律。研究结果表明,台风对海洋的影响作用具有一定的延迟性和持续性,约在台风中心过境1d后盐度变化达到最大值。台风过境总体上会使海区内上层盐度升高,最高可达0.4左右,台风路径右侧盐度升高幅度大于左侧,具有明显的右偏性,盐度变化中心相对台风路径偏移距离约50km。影响海洋上层盐度变化的因素有:台风强度、盐度分布结构和降水。台风强度越大,蒸发、抽吸和混合作用越强,盐度变化越大。台风会引起海洋盐度分布结构水平和垂向的显著改变,使高盐区或低盐区发生显著转变。而降水则会使上层盐度降低,所以台风过境海区内的盐度变化是多种因素共同作用的结果。     

黄海对台风“利奇马”响应的观测研究

2019年8月台风"利奇马"经过黄海海域,对海洋环境产生重要影响,本文利用QF103和QF111浮标观测资料分析了黄海海洋对台风的响应。结果表明:受台风影响,海面温度明显下降,海面水温降幅可达5℃;海面生态要素响应明显,海洋表层盐度、叶绿素a质量浓度(简称叶绿素a浓度)、溶解氧质量浓度(简称溶解氧浓度)均有明显升高,盐度升高约0.6,叶绿素a浓度的最大值可达1.4 mg/m³,溶解氧浓度最大值超过7.9mg/L。台风过境时的强风应力使表层流速明显增强,台风对海洋表层流的能量输入使得近惯性频带能量大幅增加,台风激发的近惯性流速最大振幅为0.15m/s,在垂直方向上具有第一斜压模态的特征;在黄海海域近惯性振荡衰减的时间尺度约为2.2 d。     

台风对上层海洋初级生产力和营养盐输运的影响

利用垂直一维物理-生物耦合模型模拟了台风"派比安"和超强台风"珍珠"对南海北部水温、营养盐和叶绿素垂直分布的影响,并估算了2次台风对初级生产力和营养盐垂直输送的贡献。结果表明,"派比安"引发50m以浅海水温度降低,表层降温2.0℃,50~130m海水温度升高,混合层加深30m,海表叶绿素浓度增加0.18mg·m~(-3),营养盐垂向输运对初级生产力的贡献为2.3×103 mg C·m~(-2),约占全年的3%。"珍珠"引发55m以浅海水温度降低,表层降温超过5.0℃,55~150m海水温度升高,混合层加深85m,海表叶绿素浓度增加0.9mg·m~(-3),带来的营养盐垂向输运量约为全年的30%,对初级生产力的贡献为12.8×103 mg C·m~(-2),约占全年的18%。可见,台风过程,特别是强台风过程对上层海洋的初级生产和生物地球化学过程具有显著影响。台风的强度和移动速度等自身特征是决定海洋环境要素对台风响应程度的核心要素,同时台风过境前的水体层化状态和营养盐水平也是不可忽视的因素。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.