新元古代扬子—华夏陆块拼合带：来自华南重磁异常的启示

扬子和华夏两大陆块是构成华南大陆的最基本单元, 但它们的拼合带位置（尤其是西延位置）是人们长期争论的焦点。本文以国家专项“深部探测技术与实验研究”探测得到的深反射地震剖面以及华南大陆的地质资料为约束, 对重、 磁异常作地壳构造融合解译, 追踪扬子—华夏陆块拼合带。由于华南大陆广泛发育具有剩磁多期、 多类的火山—侵入岩, 本文将磁异常换算为受剩磁影响小的解析信号作构造解译, 减小剩磁造成的地质解释偏差。研究认为, 扬子与华夏两陆块的拼合带东界为鹰潭—萍乡—衡阳—贺州—北海一线, 而西界为宜昌—张家界—铜仁—都匀—百色一线, 鹰潭以东和以北的拼合带位置因为受大规模岩浆岩的干扰而不清。     

黄海深部结构与中朝-扬子块体结合带在海区位置的地球物理研究

以黄海及其邻区为研究对象 ( 32～ 4 2°N ,1 2 0～ 1 30°E) ,以研究区的空间重力异常、布格重力异常和地震层析成像数据为基础 ,在研究区中分辨出方向各异的主要断裂带并给出它们的分布。对在朝鲜半岛存在的一条近SN向分布的断裂带进行了重点讨论。根据重力数据、莫霍深度分布特点和层析成像的结果 ,认为该断裂带的两侧应属于不同的构造地质单元 ;提出该断裂带与五莲—青岛断裂带和济州岛南缘断裂带一起组成了中朝与扬子块体在黄海海区的边界结合带的认识 ;并推测在三叠纪的晚期 ,沿郯庐断裂带和该断裂带曾分别发生过左旋和右旋走滑。受SN向挤压应力的作用 ,(下 )扬子块体被平移嵌入到中朝块体之中。因此 ,两个块体在海区的结合带为一个巨大的“Z”字型的入构造     

加里东期扬子板块与华夏板块西南段分界线的岩相古地理制约

定量化的岩相古地理分析可以为判别不同大地构造单元的分界线提供制约依据。采用“单元素分析多因素综合作图法”，结合古流向、沉积特征等实际资料，从定量的角度研究了桂北桂东地区加里东期的岩相古地理，并认为研究区加里东期自南华纪开始新一轮裂解之后，荔浦断裂北西的桂北-桂东北地区逐渐从深海盆地演变为扬子大陆边缘斜坡，其坡面倾向南东，古流向由北西向南东，陆源碎屑来源于西北，属于扬子（或康滇）古地理体系；而荔浦断裂南东的桂东地区为华夏大陆斜坡，并在奥陶纪最终演变为陆棚-滨岸环境，其坡面倾向北西，古流向由南东向北西，陆源碎屑则来自东南，属于华夏古地理体系。岩相古地理证据表明荔浦断裂为加里东期扬子板块与华夏板块西南段的分界断裂。     

赣南新林屋-均村地区低磁性隐伏岩体的识别:来自重磁场的证据

通过在赣南新林屋-均村地区开展1∶5万高精度磁法测量工作,结合1∶20万重力测量数据,以岩石物性为基础,分析该区重磁异常并圈定隐伏花岗岩体.新林屋-均村地区低磁性、低密度的花岗岩侵入至具有磁性的前寒武纪变质岩中,形成磁低重低的异常特征;推断新林屋-均村地区存在1个呈NW向展布的隐伏花岗岩体,该隐伏花岗岩体浅部受SN-NE向弧状断裂控制,深部受NW向断裂控制,浅部分布范围较深部更广.这些信息为该区进一步找矿提供了基础地球物理资料,也为同类地区寻找隐伏花岗岩体提供参考.     

扬子—华夏构造结合带的演化阶段及对斑岩铜矿形成的控制机制

扬子与华夏古板块均存在太古宙—中元古代古老基底,在构造演化历程中响应全球超大陆聚合-裂解过程,并最终碰撞拼贴形成钦-杭结合带,且经历构造运动之后,其总体演化格架为"两开三合一转折"。结合带内存在元古宙洋壳,以蛇绿岩套与镁铁质-超镁铁质岩石为特征,并以此推断结合带形成于新元古代。钦-杭结合带是斑岩成矿带,斑岩铜矿时空分布具有三段划分特征,且处于170~150 Ma和100 Ma左右两个成矿期。与成矿有关的斑岩主要为钙碱性岩浆系列的中酸性岩,岩石类型主要为花岗闪长斑岩、花岗斑岩和二长花岗斑岩等。钦-杭结合带燕山期的斑岩具岛弧岩浆作用特点,指示了华南地区中生代构造转折事件发生以前的地质演化及太平洋板块俯冲作用,即古俯冲带物质在中生代活化成矿。中侏罗世岩石圈减薄及太平洋板块俯冲的扰动导致上涌软流圈地幔带来大量的热量,这些热量加热上覆元古宙岛弧底部玄武质岩石导致它们发生重熔形成了含矿岩浆,本质上该类矿床带有岛弧俯冲环境的基因。而100 Ma左右斑岩铜矿的形成,则与太平洋俯冲换向所扰动有关。     

三江中段两古陆铅同位素地球化学边界的厘定

根据三江中段及周边邻区火成岩铅同位素数据,确认了三江中段扬子陆块与冈瓦纳古陆的边界。两古陆的铅同位素地球化学边界为^206Pb/^204Pb=18．583、^208Pb／^204Pb=38．575和V1=60、V2=52,低于界线值的属扬子陆块,高于界线值的属冈瓦纳古陆。三江中段两古陆的铅同位素地球化学边界在地理上对应于德钦鲁春-红坡牛场一线,以东属扬子陆块,以西为冈瓦纳古陆;在构造上对应于德钦-字呷断裂带;在构造-岩浆带上对应于金沙江构造岩浆带与澜沧江构造岩浆带的分界线;在成矿上则对应于德钦羊拉-鲁春-红坡牛场铜多金属成矿带。     

The Jiangnan orogenic belt between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks for Neoproterozoic context

In recent years, more high quality zircon U-Pb ages have been obtained from Neoproterozoic strata in the South China continental block. A refined chronostratigraphic framework is being set up on these data. A basis of the high quality chronostratigraphic system is fundamental for global Precambrian study and strata correlation. Our recent geological studies focus on systematic SHRIMP zircon dating. We will refine the chronostratigraphic framework of the Neoproterozoic and the start time of the cover beds of the Shuangqiaoshan Group basing on the new SHRIMP zircon ages from the volcanic ash beds in the Hengyong and Anlelin formations. Accordingly, we will also discuss Neoproterozoic tectonostratigraphy in South China     

扬子地块与华夏地块的西段界线： 来自桂北和桂东新元古界—寒武系沉积岩的证据

华夏块体与扬子块体拼合带在广西境内的界线一直没有统一的认识.本文对桂北和桂东两个地区的新元古代—寒武纪浅变质沉积岩开展系统的地球化学、碎屑锆石年代学和Hf同位素学研究,以期为此提供岩石学证据.研究显示桂东大瑶山藤县地区存在南华系—震旦系沉积岩,沉积时代晚于741～622 Ma.这些南华系—震旦系沉积岩的碎屑锆石年龄谱以明显的～1.0Ga年龄峰和～2.5Ga弱峰为特征,相似于桂东广泛分布的寒武系沉积岩以及西华夏南岭-云开地体基底变质岩的锆石年龄谱.桂北龙胜地区新元古代沉积岩具有不同的碎屑锆石年龄谱,以一个～0.80 Ga主峰和两个(～2.0 Ga、～2.5 Ga)弱峰为特征,具有扬子南缘新元古代沉积岩的典型年龄谱.桂北新元古代沉积岩具有低的K2 O/Na2 O、Al2 O3/(Na2 O+CaO)和CIA指数,指示源区风化程度和成分成熟度较低,而桂东地区南华系—震旦系和寒武系沉积岩与之相反,说明源区的风化程度以及成分成熟度较高.主量元素和微量元素特征都表明桂北地区新元古代沉积岩的源区中有更多的镁铁质组分,相似于江南造山带其他地区新元古代沉积岩;而桂东地区南华系—震旦系和寒武系沉积岩的源区有较多长英质组分,相似于华夏南岭—云开地区新元古代沉积岩.结合桂东震旦系沉积岩具有与南岭-云开地体基底岩石相似的碎屑锆石Hf同位素组成,可以确定桂东大瑶山地区属于西华夏地块,而桂北龙胜地区属于扬子地块南缘江南造山带.因此,扬子地块与华夏地块西段的界线最有可能从桂北龙胜地区与桂东大瑶山地区之间通过.     

Characteristics of gravity and magnetic fields and deep structural responses in the southern part of the Kyushu-Palau Ridge

The southern part of the Kyushu-Palau Ridge (KPR) is located at the conjunction of the West Philippine Basin, the Parece Vela Basin, the Palau Basin, and the Caroline Basin. This area has extremely complex structures and is critical for the research on the tectonic evolution of marginal seas in the Western Pacific Ocean. However, only few studies have been completed on the southern part, and the geophysical fields and deep structures in this part are not well understood. Given this, this study finely depicts the characteristics of the gravity and magnetic anomalies and extracts information on deep structures in the southern part of the KPR based on the gravity and magnetic data obtained from the 11th expedition of the deep-sea geological survey of the Western Pacific Ocean conducted by the Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, China Geological Survey using the R/V Haiyangdizhi 6. Furthermore, with the data collected on the water depth, sediment thickness, and multichannel seismic transects as constraints, a 3D density model and Moho depths of the study area were obtained using 3D density inversion. The results are as follows. (1) The gravity and magnetic anomalies in the study area show distinct zoning and segmentation. In detail, the gravity and magnetic anomalies to the south of 11°N of the KPR transition from high-amplitude continuous linear positive anomalies into low-amplitude intermittent linear positive anomalies. In contrast, the gravity and magnetic anomalies to the north of 11°N of the KPR are discontinuous and show alternating positive and negative anomalies. These anomalies can be divided into four sections, of which the separation points correspond well to the locations of deep faults, thus, revealing different field-source attributes and tectonic genesis of the KPR. (2) The Moho depth in the basins in the study area is 6–12 km. The Moho depth in the southern part of KPR show segmentation. Specifically, the depth is 10–12 km to the north of 11°N, 12–14 km from 9.5°N to 11°N, 14–16 km from 8.5°N to 9.5°N, and 16–25 km in the Palau Islands. (3) The KPR is a remnant intra-oceanic arc with the oceanic-crust basement.which shows noticeably discontinuous from north to south in geological structure and is intersected by NEE-trending lithospheric-scale deep faults. With large and deep faults F3 and F1 (the Mindanao fault) as boundaries overall, the southern part of the KPR can be divided into three zones. In detail, the portion to the south of 8.5°N (F3) is a tectonically active zone, the KPR portion between 8.5°N and 11°N is a tectonically active transition zone, and the portion to the north of 11°N is a tectonically inactive zone. (4) The oceanic crust in the KPR is slightly thicker than that in the basins on both sides of the ridge, and it is inferred that the KPR formed from the thickening of the oceanic crust induced by the upwelling of deep magma in the process of rifting of remnant arcs during the Middle Oligocene. In addition, it is inferred that the thick oceanic crust under the Palau Islands is related to the constant upwelling of deep magma induced by the continuous northwestward subduction of the Caroline Plate toward the Palau Trench since the Late Oligocene. This study provides a scientific basis for systematically understanding the crustal attributes, deep structures, and evolution of the KPR.©2021 China Geology Editorial Office.     

内蒙古昌图锡力地区重磁场特征与深部找矿指示

内蒙古昌图锡力地区位于大兴安岭成矿带南段西坡,成矿条件优越。前期研究发现,区内的银铅锌多金属矿产与中生代火山机构和中酸性岩浆的侵入有关,由于覆盖较厚,勘查程度不高,只依靠地表地质工作难以确定火山机构分布和侵入岩体的空间位置,不利于区内实现深部找矿突破。通过对磁测数据进行构造分析,揭示其可能为火山机构的放射状构造特征,推测构造18条,通过开展1：20000重力测量,并对重力场进行剩余异常提取、功率谱分析等处理,发现1处可能为隐伏侵入岩体引起的局部低重力异常,经计算其场源近似深度约1002.5 m。研究结果指示了区内可能的隐伏火山机构分布和侵入岩体空间位置,为该地区下一步开展深部找矿和钻探验证工作提供了重要参考。     

豫西熊耳山地区重磁场特征与深部成矿预测

熊耳山地区是河南省重要的金银铅锌钼多金属矿产地,现已查明各类矿床（点）121个。通过研究发现,该区多金属矿产的形成与中生代中酸性岩浆的侵入活动关系密切,现有矿床分布比较集中的区域,深部都有隐伏岩体赋存。通过对熊耳山地区重磁场特征的分析,建立了熊耳山地区隐伏岩体侵入模型。熊耳山西段主要是寨凹隐伏岩体,赋存面积约310 km2,分3个阶梯深度：0~0.8 km、0.8~2 km、2~4 km;熊耳山中段铁炉坪-花山隐伏岩体位于寨凹隐伏岩体和花山岩体之间,赋存面积约184 km2,深度3~5 km;熊耳山东段旧县-花山隐伏岩体,赋存面积约338 km2,北部深度0~1.5km,向南逐步加深至1.5~3 km。根据区域矿产分布分带特征,结合隐伏岩体侵入模型,预测了深部成矿模型。研究表明,在熊耳山西段有寻找大型斑岩型钼钨铜矿和大型金矿的潜力;中段隐伏岩体深度较大,以寻找中低温矿产为主;东段地质勘查程度相对较高,深部仍有寻找斑岩型钼金铜矿的潜力。     

Cumulative strain and boundary effects in the gravity flow of a viscous slab

A simple mathematical model based on a well-known flow equation permits determination of progressive strains at all points within a viscous slab flowing in an inclined rectangular channel. Differences in strain patterns between central and lateral domains of the slab may aid in determining boundary effects within natural structures formed by gravity-sliding.     

The relationship between Euramerican and Cathaysian tropical floras in the Late Palaeozoic: Palaeobiogeographical and palaeogeographical implications

Wetland plant communities persisted though much of the Pennsylvanian in Euramerica and are the dominant coal forming vegetation in this region. Distribution of these floras show a dramatic decline at the end of the Carboniferous with many of the plant genera and species becoming extinct by the onset of the Permian. This has been correlated with climate change and in particular aridification associated with northwards plate motion and Euramerica moving into the doldrums, but is also associated with the Variscan orogeny and forefront destroying large areas of formerly lowland basinal settings. Other factors may include Pennsylvanian glaciations as evidenced by cyclothem and rhythmical deposition in lowlying wetland settings, and change in eustatic base level. Evidence from Euramerica demonstrates extinction of this kind of wetland biota by the earliest Permian and the development of drier floras including conifer dominated assemblages. However, new data from other parts of the world, most notably North China, confirm this model and highlight the presence of similar coal swamps ranging from the Late Pennsylvanian through the Permian. In this paper we summarise and synthesize recent taxonomic and systematic investigations undertaken on the plant fossils from the Pennsylvanian Benxi Formation – the oldest recognised wetland plant community in China – and the Early Permian Taiyuan Formation – the best preserved wetland plant community from China. Results indicate a remarkable similarity of the Pennsylvanian–Early Permian floras of North China with the older assemblages in the Pennsylvanian of Euramerica, and the presence of typical ‘Euramerican’ coal swamp plant families, genera and in some cases species in China. Conclusions include the presence of the Ameriosinian phytogeographical realm uniting Euramerica and northern Cathaysia at this time, coal swamps in the Permian of North China evolving from a ‘Euramerican’ origin, and the dramatic floral turnover at the end of the Carboniferous representing a regional event rather than a global extinction episode. Patterns of plant distribution through this interval have profound implications on established palaeogeographical models and support continental connection between Euramerica and Cathaysia before the end of the Carboniferous, contradicting ideas of Cathaysian island biogeography and biotic distinction. Continental connection appears to be related to glacial eustatic low-stand and previously shallow marine environments becoming vegetated. Also important is the fact that in both Euramerica and North China the pattern of floristic demise within wetland plant communities are similar to each other, implying the same causal mechanisms, with plants occupying waterlogged positions being the most severely devastated. However, ecosystem demise occurred at the end of the Carboniferous in Euramerica and in the middle Permian in North China, but in both cases the primary cause was climate change.     

Relation of Isotope Geochemical Steep Zones with Geophysical Fields and Tectonics in the Junction Area of the Cathaysian, Yangtze and Indochina Plates

Through lead isotope geochemical mapping in the Yunnan-Guizhou area geochemical steep zones (GSZ) have been established, which clearly reveal the junction relationship of the Cathaysian, Yangtze and Indo-China plates. GSZ are closey related to gravity Mono gradient zones and lithospheric thickness. The GSZ between the Yangtze and Cathaysian plates is consistent with the Shizong-Mile tectonic belt, where island arc basalts are well developed. The Yangtze-Indo-China GSZ is parallel to the Jingdong-Mojiang volcanic belt in rift-island arc environments. The evidence of geology, geophysics and geochemistry all indicates that Cathaysia was subducted towards the Yangtze plate and that the Yangtze plate was underthrust beneath the Indo-China, which took place from the Early Carboniferous to the Early Triassic.     

Relationship between the brightness in the coronal green line and magnetic fields on various scales

The relationship between the brightness in the FeXIV 530.3 nm coronal green line and magnetic fields on various scales in the corona is studied quantitatively. The cross-correlations of the corresponding synoptic maps for 1977–2001 have been calculated. Maps of the brightness of the coronal green line are constructed using daily monitoring data. Maps of the magnetic field are constructed separately for fields on large and small spatial scales, based on computations in a potential approximation using photospheric observations for distances of 1.1R _⊙ carried out at the Wilcox Solar Observatory. The correlations between the brightness in the coronal green line and the magnetic-field strengths on various scales as a function of latitude have a cyclic character. The correlation coefficients in the spot-formation zone are positive. Here, the green-line brightness corresponds mainly to the strength of small-scale fields, corresponding to the sizes of large active regions and activity complexes. The correlation coefficients are sign-variable above 40° latitude, and reach their greatest positive and negative values at the cyclemaximum and minimum. Larger-scale fields influence the green-line brightness at higher latitudes and near the phase of the cycle minimum. The results obtained can be used to investigate mechanisms for heating the corona. The relationship between the results obtained and the subsurface and deep solar dynamos are also discussed.     

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘重磁场特征及其与砂岩型铀矿关系

鄂尔多斯盆地南部是我国重要的砂岩型铀矿产地之一。为了研究该区重磁场特征与砂岩型铀矿展布规律的关系,预测砂岩型铀矿有利区,本文在对鄂尔多斯盆地南缘重、磁资料处理与解释的基础上,推断了研究区的断裂构造,探讨了断裂构造、重磁场平面特征与已知铀矿点的关系,预测了铀矿成矿有利区。研究结果表明:研究区发育的断裂走向有NE向、近EW向、近SN向和NW向4组;已知铀矿(床)点多分布于断裂与次级断裂交汇处,重力梯级带、局部重力高边缘和磁力中低缓异常区。研究区有平凉、宜君-黄陵、彬县-旬邑3个铀矿有利成矿区。     

华南、巽他和掸邦地块之间边界断裂的上新世—第四纪大规模构造反转

印度- 亚洲碰撞后，大陆板块沿着大型的左行走滑断裂挤出。规模最大的哀牢山- 红河剪切带(ASRR)将印支地块(巽他地块)与华南地块分隔开来。长约1000 km的红河活动断裂(RRF)沿哀牢山的北侧延伸，目前呈现出右行走滑兼正断的活动性质。本文在讨论了红河断裂系及其周缘的第三纪和现今变形特征(滑移性质反转、渐新世/第四纪位错、全新世滑动速率、GPS测量、地震机制等)基础之上，重点论述了其在上新世—第四纪从云南东南部到越南西北部、北部湾西部、再到更南的沙巴地区的断裂分布和运动学特征。新的数据证实，跨过三联点和越南西北部的奠边府断层之后，华南地块与巽他地块之间的现今大部分右行走滑主要沿着Da River断裂向Day Nui Con Voi(或称大象山)东南方向延伸。Da River断裂与RRF大致平行，是2020年M w 5. 0莫州地震的发震断层。进一步研究表明，Da River断裂很可能沿着渐新世—中新世莺歌海/宋红盆地西缘和越南东南海岸(归仁剪切带)向南延伸得更远，至少延伸到“Ile des Cendres”火山群，并可能继续延伸到沙巴- 文莱逆冲带的西端，靠近婆罗洲北部的近海活动边缘。最后，我们讨论了在菲律宾群岛、台湾岛和巽他群岛之间南海大部分地区大规模构造反转的运动学效应。     

Electric and magnetic fields in the astrophysics of wormholes

We consider the properties of electric and magnetic fields in vacuum in the neighborhood of static, spherically symmetric wormholes. Although certain aspects of this problem have been considered before, some important features remained undiscovered. We study in detail the properties of electric and magnetic fields in the case of quasi-adiabatic motion of field sources near an Ellis-Bronnikov wormhole and the passage of such sources through the wormhole. An exact solution is found in closed form for a wormhole immersed in a magnetic field that is homogeneous at infinity, as well as an exact solution for a dipolar field without sources. The properties of electromagnetic fields are important for possible observational manifestations of wormholes in astrophysics.     

重磁软件架构设计及实现方案研究

近年来重磁方法软件的发展正追随地质解释的需求不断与时俱进,逐步向三维可视化定量综合解释发展,目前国内重磁方法软件的研发亟待进一步提高.笔者针对国内重磁方法软件研发在数据管理、三维可视化、定量表达和软件开发技术等方面存在的问题,采用面向对象的思想设计了基于分层体系的组件+插件的系统架构,并对重磁方法软件的数据组织管理、三维可视化、定量表达、综合解释等功能的技术难点进行研究,设计系统各功能体系的实现方案,开发了重磁数据处理及反演软件.软件能够实现插件功能动态加载,并将重磁数据处理及反演结果与多学科信息结合,实现了地球物理多元数据三维集成分析及综合解释.同时,系统有多种标准化的组件接口、规范的插件模块,具备跨语言混合编程能力,兼具稳定性、灵活性、可重用性和可扩展性,在架构设计和实现方面为重磁方法软件的开发研究提供了思路及方案.