印度尼西亚海与印度尼西亚贯穿流研究概述

概述过去30年间与印度尼西亚海和印度尼西亚贯穿流有关的海洋动力学方面的研究进展。印度尼西亚海处于海洋大陆的中心地带,衔接西太平洋和印度洋的暖池,是影响大气环流的关键海域;而通过印度尼西亚海多个连通海峡从太平洋进入印度洋的贯穿流,对维持全球大洋热盐分布和平衡起着关键的作用,影响着全球大洋环流的结构及长期的气候变化。基于大...     

Milankovitch-scale environmental variation in the Banda Sea over the past 820 ka: Fluctuation of the Indonesian Throughflow intensity

We describe the environmental variation in the Banda Sea over the past 820 ka by using the magnetic parameters and oxygen isotope data from the core MD012380. Overall, characteristics of the magnetic parameters show simultaneous variation with marine isotope stage (MIS), especially in the last 420 ka. There are fewer, coarser and more oxidative magnetic minerals in glacial periods, and turn to opposite conditions in interglacial periods. Spectral results clearly present the Milankovitch periods over the last 820 ka, especially the eccentricity period (400-ka and 100-ka). However, the magnetic data shows different pattern before and after 420 ka. Thus, we segmented the time-series data into two periods: MIS 20 to MIS 12 and MIS 11 to MIS 1. During MIS 20 to MIS 12, the spectra of magnetic data show clear periods related to the obliquity (41-ka) and precession (23-ka and 19-ka), while they present only the eccentricity period (100-ka) during MIS 11 to MIS 1. This feature, which splits the late Pleistocene at around 420 ka, could be attributed to the mid-Brunhes event (MBE). In the Banda Sea, main factor controlling the variation of the magnetic minerals is considered as the fluctuation of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) intensity due to sea-level change. Thus, the magnetic data show clear 400-ka and 100-ka periods (main MIS cycle). Besides, the eccentricity signals are relatively dominant in the last ～420 ka, implying that the ITF might become more important after the MBE in the Banda Sea.     

山西高家山铝土矿稀土元素地球化学特征及意义

山西沁源县高家山铝土矿床是山西省地质调查院于2013年发现的大型铝土矿床。本文通过对高家山铝土矿的研究,分析并研究铝土矿样品的稀土元素含量和地球化学特征,探讨稀土元素对于本区铝土矿成因和环境的指示意义。研究表明:该区铝土矿体的ΣREE总量较大,轻稀土元素相对富集,具有明显的Eu负异常;利用稀土元素图解大致反映出底板碳酸盐岩是本区铝土矿床的主要物质来源,铝土矿形成于被动大陆边缘地带海相或海陆过渡相环境。ΣREE与Al2O3含量相关性不大。本区矿床稀土元素含量达到或超过综合利用标准,具有巨大的潜在经济价值。     

4Ma来澳大利亚西海岸带的环境变化历史及其与印尼贯穿流的联系

印尼贯穿流在热带甚至全球气候系统的变化中起着重要的作用,而澳大利亚西海岸带（西澳海岸）是研究印尼贯穿流变化历史的理想地区。本次研究通过国际大洋发现计划（IODP）356航次沉积岩芯的基于长链烯酮和正构烷烃指标,重建了4百万年（Ma）来低分辨的西澳海岸南北区域的海表温度、长链烯酮生产藻种属和陆源高等植物输入的演变历史,从而分析区域气候的时空变化趋势,及其与印尼贯穿流强度变化的相关性。结果表明,2~4Ma西澳海岸表现出海表温度逐步下降的趋势以及几个较为明显的降温事件,与临近海域温度数据以及全球底栖有孔虫的δ¹⁸ O曲线有着较好的对应。1Ma以来西澳海岸整体升温,这可能与印尼贯穿流的开启和增强带来的区域升温相关。长链烯酮C₃₇/C₃₈比值表明,1~4Ma西澳海岸南、中、北部站位的长链烯酮生产藻基本没有交流,而0~1Ma交流较为剧烈。这种现象与印尼贯穿流强度的变化相符,表现为贯穿流强度越强交流越明显。4Ma以来,西澳海岸南、北站位的陆源高等植物输入历史表现出相反的变化特征,这种差异性可能由不同环境对不同区域性气候的复杂响应模式所致。通过中部和北部站位的数据,我们进一步探讨了季风影响下的澳大利亚大陆干湿情况和印尼贯穿流变化的关系。结果表明,2~2.5Ma印尼贯穿流的减弱或者关闭降低了整个澳大利亚大陆的湿度,但0~1Ma印尼贯穿流的增强并未导致澳大利亚大陆的湿润,这种现象可能表明了该区域不同时期的气候驱动机制的改变。

     

Mg/Ca-paleothermometry in the western Mediterranean Sea on planktonic foraminifer species Globigerina bulloides: Constraints and implications

We generated a high-resolution SST_Mg/Ca record for the surface-dwelling planktonic foraminifera Globigerina bulloides from the core MD99-2346 collected in the Gulf of Lion, and compared it to that obtained using modern analogue techniques applied to fossil foraminiferal assemblages (SST_MAT). The two temperature records display similar patterns during the last 28,000 years but the SST_Mg/Ca estimates are several degrees warmer (∼ +4 °C) than SST_MAT. The temperature shift between SST_Mg/Ca and SST_MAT remained relatively constant over time. This seems to exclude a bias on the Mg/Ca record associated with salinity or secondary Mg-rich calcite encrustation on the foraminiferal tests during early diagenesis. Therefore, anomalously high Mg/Ca suggests either: (1) the empirical equation for G. bulloides of Elderfield and Ganssen (2000) is incorrect; or (2) there is a specific Mediterranean genotypes of G. bulloides for which a specific Mg/Ca-temperature calibration is needed.     

Late Cretaceous calcareous nannofossil and planktonic foraminiferal bioevents of the shallow-marine carbonate platform in the Mitla Pass, west central Sinai, Egypt

The first detailed biostratigraphic analyses of the Coniacian-middle Campanian shallow-marine carbonate successions exposed in the Mitla Pass, west central Sinai, Egypt have revealed the stratigraphic distribution of diverse calcareous nannofossil and planktonic foraminiferal species. Thirty-six calcareous nannofossils and thirty-two planktonic foraminifera are identified, indicating a Coniacian to middle Campanian age and four Tethyan planktonic foraminiferal and five calcareous nannofossil zones. A comparison of these bioevents from different palaeolatitudes shows considerable variation in age.Three sequence boundaries coincident with the Turonian/Coniacian, Coniacian/Santonian and Santonian/Campanian stage boundaries are recognized. A fourth sequence boundary is marked by a major upper Campanian to early Ypresian (early Eocene) unconformity. These sequence boundaries are primarily related to regional tectonism associated with the Syrian Arc Fold System and secondarily to eustatic sea-level fluctuations.     

赤峰东南部建平群斜长角闪岩黑云母矿物化学特征及地质意义

利用电子探针、激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱测试技术,对赤峰东南部建平群斜长角闪岩中黑云母的常量元素、微量(稀土)元素进行了测试分析。研究表明:赤峰东南部建平群斜长角闪岩中的黑云母主量元素以富Fe、Mg为特征,为高铁镁云母;黑云母稀土元素含量低,轻重稀土分馏较强,δEu、δCe均值为正,为选择Ce、Nd的配分型矿物;黑云母中Rb、Ba、Pb和Cs等大离子亲石元素富集,特别是Cs、Ba明显富集,而Sr略有亏损;高场强元素Zr、Hf、Sc等亏损,较富集的元素为U、Th、Nb、Ta元素;亏损的亲铁元素为Cr、Ni,而显著富集的元素为V、Ti;亲硫元素Cu亏损而Zn明显富集;分散元素Ga有明显的富集。     

骑田岭花岗岩体的地球化学特征及其对成矿的制约

骑田岭花岗岩体位于湖南省南部 ,在其东北部接触带有骑田岭大型夕卡岩型锡矿 ,南部接触带有新探明的芙蓉超大型锡多金属矿床。本文采用ICP_AES和ICP_MS分析了骑田岭花岗岩全岩的主量、微量和稀土元素含量。其主量元素特征表明 ,骑田岭花岗岩具有富硅富碱富铝、贫镁铁的特点 ,经历了较大程度的结晶分异。稀土元素总量较高 ,轻稀土元素富集 ,重稀土元素亏损。岩石富集大离子亲石元素 ,特别是富集Rb、Th ,推测源岩可能来源于陆壳物质。与相邻的千里山花岗岩比较 ,虽然没有显著的四分组效应 ,但它们的地球化学性质具有很大的相似性。另对岩体的成因、形成时代和成矿作用进行了讨论 ,认为骑田岭花岗岩超大型锡多金属矿床的形成是侏罗纪岩石圈在伸展环境下引起地幔物质上涌使地壳物质发生重熔 ,同时在热液作用参与下金属元素重新富集的结果     

山东蒙阴科马提岩地球化学特征及其意义

山东蒙阴科马提岩具有典型的鬣刺结构，高镁低钛，铝不亏损，具有正的Rb、Ba、Sr、U异常，轻稀土元素亏损，重稀土元素平坦，稀土元素总量很低，高场强元素与稀土元素发生分异，Nb/Nb^＊〉1，与加拿大蒙罗镇科马提岩地球化学特征和同位素特征相似。研究表明，蒙阴科马提岩可能起源于长期亏损的地幔源区，岩浆不可能来源于以橄榄石、辉石和石榴石（或者majorite）为主要矿物相的地幔源区。最新Sm-Nd同位素研究显示，蒙阴科马提岩样品的εNd值为-0．4～＋3．6，新鲜样品一般为＋3．3，也证实了科马提岩来自长期亏损的地幔源区，并且地幔柱在上升过程中受到地壳混染程度很小，推测研究区科马提岩的喷出可能是新太古代大陆增生事件的重要组成部分。     

滇西碧罗雪山花岗岩体地球化学特征及其地质意义

碧罗雪山花岗岩体位于三江成矿带中段的左贡岩浆弧带内,由花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩、钾长花岗岩和少量暗色包体组成。花岗岩类SiO_2含量67.10%~74.67%,富钾(K_2O/Na_2O=1.32~2.67)和低CaO(0.83%~2.6%),铝过饱和指数A/CNK=1.07~1.26,标准矿物中出现刚玉(1.06~3.38)。以上特征表明,该岩体为强过铝质高钾钙碱性S型花岗岩。稀土元素配分曲线呈右倾型,具弱至中等负Eu异常(δEu=0.38~0.97),相对亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素,富集Cs、Rb、Th、U、K等大离子亲石元素。研究表明花岗岩为富含长石的砂屑岩部分熔融形成,形成于挤压环境向伸展环境转换的后碰撞阶段,为临沧花岗岩基的北延部分。     

广西某铜铅锌重晶石矿地球化学特征及其地质意义

以岩石、同位素地球化学等测试结果为基础,对广西象州县境内某铜铅锌重晶石矿的矿床地质特征、成因及其成矿时代进行了研究。结果表明:矿区的矿化受构造破碎带控制;重晶石硫来源于泥盆系中封存的、与沉积物同时沉积的海水或膏盐;铜铅锌钡矿源层以泥盆系为主,部分来自深源的岩浆;含矿溶液为雨水经地下深循环形成的含矿热卤水;成矿温度约为170℃,属中-低温热液型矿床;矿床形成时代为印支-燕山早期。研究结果为该铜铅锌重晶石矿的下一步地质勘查工作奠定了基础。     

New biostratigraphic data from the Cretaceous Bolinxiala Formation in Zanda, southwestern Tibet of China, and their paleogeographic and paleoceanographic implications

Planktonic foraminiferal fossil assemblages identified from the Bolinxiala Formation in Bolin, Zanda, southwestern Tibet of China, determine its age from latest Albian to Maastrichtian. The fossil contents of the Bolinxiala Formation allow its correlation with successions across a platform-to-basin transect of the Late Cretaceous Tethyan Himalaya passive margin. The ocean anoxic event at the Cenomanian–Turonian transition (OAE2) is located at the Whiteinella archaeocretacaea biozone in Zanda, but lithologically it is characterized by grey and bioturbated limestone, implying that during the OAE2 the shallow-water environments of the Tethyan Himalayan carbonate platform remained oxic. Paleogeographic reconstruction indicates that the Upper Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds (CORBs) in southern Tibet are restricted to the slope and basinal environments but they are entirely missing in the shelf environments. This phenomenon suggests the formation of CORBs by oxidation of Fe(II)-enriched anoxic deep ocean seawater at the chemocline that separated the oxic surface ocean from anoxic deep ocean. For depositional environments above the chemocline, no CORBs would be expected. Because of the chemocline instability across different sedimentary basins, CORBs may be significantly diachronous, consistent with the occurrence of CORBs documented from global sedimentary basins.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东胜煤田侏罗系煤中元素地球化学特征及其古环境意义

本文以鄂尔多斯盆地东胜煤田塔然高勒矿区锡尼布拉格勘查区6 5号钻孔延安组煤为研究对象,在工业分析和元素分析的基础上,采用X 射线荧光光谱仪（XRF）和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP MS）测定了煤中常量元素及微量元素含量,对煤中元素的富集程度进行了分析,并利用煤相参数和地球化学参数对延安组不同煤层的沉积古环境进行了重建。结果表明：不同煤层样品以低水分含量、（特）低灰分产率、特低硫含量和中高挥发分产率为特征,煤中硫以有机硫为主;不同煤层煤中常量元素均以SiO2和Al2O3为主,其次为CaO、Fe2O3和Na2O;煤中微量元素富集程度不同,3#煤中富集Cr、Zr、Nb、Ta和Th,轻度富集V、Cu、Zn、Ga、Y、Ba、Yb、Hf、W、Pb和U,4#煤中富集Sb,轻度富集Ba、Be、Co,5#煤中轻度富集Be和Co,6#煤中轻度富集Cr和V;稀土元素结果表明,3#煤和6#煤以重稀土富集型为特征,4#煤和5#煤以中/重稀土富集型为特征,不同煤层均存在Eu正异常现象;不同煤层煤岩显微组分均以惰质组为主,其中4#煤中惰质组含量最低;各煤层沉积水体均为氧化环境占主导,其中3#、5#及6#煤形成于酸性、富氧—次富氧、水动力较弱的干燥森林沼泽相,而4#煤形成于酸性、富氧—次富氧、水动力较弱的干燥森林沼泽相与碱性、缺氧—极贫氧环境、水体环境波动较大的潮湿森林沼泽相,这两种环境交替出现。     

东昆仑哈日扎含矿花岗闪长斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年及地质意义

哈日扎铜钼多金属矿床位于东昆仑成矿带东段,是大型斑岩型铜钼多金属矿床.笔者利用锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb法,获得花岗闪长斑岩的成岩年龄为(234.5±4.8) Ma(MSWD=0.24);花岗闪长斑岩为其成矿母岩.对哈日扎花岗闪长斑岩的岩石学和地球化学研究表明,花岗闪长岩富SiO2(70.94％～76.08％)、K2O(4.91％ ～6.07％),贫CaO(0.16％ ～2.01％)、Na2O(0.24％ ～0.78％),属钾玄岩系列及高钾钙碱性系列.稀土元素总量变化较大(124.69×10-6～178.68×10-6),稀土元素配分曲线为平缓的右倾型,轻稀土元素相对富集,重稀土元素相对亏损.δEu变化范围0.26～0.30,具有弱负Eu异常.岩石微量元素相对富集大离子亲石元素(LILE),贫高场强元素(HFSE),即相对富集Rb、U、La和Nd,而亏损Ba、Sr、Nb和Y.花岗闪长斑岩形成于同碰撞构造环境.     

Early Pleistocene climate changes in the central Mediterranean region as inferred from integrated pollen and planktonic foraminiferal stable isotope analyses

Vegetation inherited from a Pliocene subtropical climate evolved through obliquity oscillations and global cooling leading to modern conditions. An integrated, highly time-resolved record of pollen and stable isotopes (δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C of Globigerina bulloides) was obtained to understand vegetation responses to Early Pleistocene climate changes. Continental and marine responses are compared in the Central Mediterranean region with a particular consideration of environmental changes during anoxic events.Pollen data illustrate vegetation dynamics as follows: [1] development of mesothermic elements (warm and humid conditions); [2] expansion of mid- and high-altitude elements (cooler but still humid conditions); and [3] strengthening of steppe and herb elements (cooler and dry conditions). These successions correlate with precession. δ¹⁸O variations recorded by Globigerina bulloides define two cycles (MIS 43-40) related to obliquity. At northern low- to mid-latitudes, the pollen signal records temperature and wetness changes related to precession even during global climate changes induced by obliquity. This may result in unexpected increasing wetness during glacial periods, which has to be considered specific to the Central and Eastern Mediterranean region. Lastly, an analysis of anoxic events reveals that enhanced runoff is indicated by increasing frequency of the riparian trees Liquidambar and Zelkova.     

Studies on settling, traction and entrainment of larger benthic foraminiferal tests: implications for accumulation in shallow marine sediments

Settling and traction velocities were measured on optimally preserved tests of larger foraminifera using a settling tube and flume tank. Within larger foraminifera with porcelaneous tests, the peneroplids, Peneroplis antillarum, P. planatus, P. pertusus and Dendritina cf. D. zhengae, are distinguished by low test densities (ca 1·2) that do not change with growth. Buoyancy is high because of low Reynolds numbers and increases in large individuals because of the allometric change of test shape. The fusiform Alveolinella quoyi, with test densities ca 1·6, is characterized by high Reynolds numbers, inducing the weakest buoyancy within porcelaneous larger foraminifera. The highest buoyancy was recorded for the three soritids, Parasorites orbitolitoides, Sorites orbiculus and Amphisorus hemprichii, because of their low test densities (ca 1·25) and the extremely flat, biconcave, plate‐like shape. Flat tests, however, reduce traction and entrainment from smooth surfaces. Within hyaline larger foraminiferat, the amphisteginids show thick‐lenticular (Amphistegina lobifera, A. radiata) to thin‐lenticular tests (A. bicirculata, A. papillosa), influencing buoyancy. Here, high test densities (ca 1·8) decrease with growth in A. lobifera, A. lessonii and A. bicirculata, and remain constant in A. radiata and A. papillosa. Minimum velocities required for entrainment are lower for thick‐lenticular tests and higher for thin‐lenticular tests. Test densities remain constant with growth in the calcarinid Baculogypsina sphaerulata (ρ ∼ 1·78) and decrease slightly in Calcarina gaudichaudii and Neorotalia calcar (starting at ρ ∼ 1·85), all living under extreme hydrodynamic conditions. Density decreases the most in Baculogypsinoides spinosus (starting at ρ ∼ 1·8), resulting in higher buoyancy through low Reynolds numbers. Traction is promoted in spherical tests of Baculogypsina and Baculogypsinoides. Within nummulitids, the thick‐lenticular Palaeonummulites venosus (test density decreasing with size; starting at 1·78) is less buoyant, expressed in high Reynolds numbers, but easily entrained. Thick‐lenticular juveniles and extremely flat adults distinguish Operculinella cumingii, Heterostegina depressa and the giant Cycloclypeus carpenteri. Test densities increase during growth, starting from ca 1·6 and attaining a maximum of 1·8. Buoyancy is low in small tests and high in large tests, while entrainment velocities are reduced as the tests flatten. High buoyancy is also a characteristic of the entirely flat tests in Operculina ammonoides (from deeper regions) and Planostegina operculinoides, which is expressed in the lowest Reynolds numbers within larger foraminifera.     

库车坳陷第三系泥岩地球化学特征及其对构造背景和物源属性的指示

利用碎屑岩地球化学特征判断沉积盆地的构造背景和物源属性是盆地分析的重要手段，也是对利用粗碎屑沉积岩的组分统计判断盆地源区背景的有益补充和验证。对库车坳陷第三系36件泥岩样品的地球化学特征分析表明，主量元素中CaO的含量很高，对其他主量元素以及微量和稀土元素有稀释作用，一些可靠的物源分析指标主要指示了非碳酸盐沉积物的源区性质；REE分布模式与上地壳相似，轻稀土元素富集，Eu负异常，微量元素比值显示源岩以长英质岩石为主。通过K2O／Na20-SiO2以及La-Th-Sc和Th-Sc-Zr／10判别图分析，认为源区的构造背景具有类似于岛弧的特征。这一结果与前人所做的砂岩组分的研究结果存在差异，说明板内造山带与其前陆盆地之间在沉积与构造耦合上具有特殊性。     

青海西部尕斯库勒盐湖沉积物中铀和钍地球化学特征探讨

文章以柴达木盆地西部尕斯库勒盐湖沉积物为研究对象,通过对钻孔沉积物和地表沉积物中铀和钍含量的研究,探讨了盐湖沉积物中铀和钍的地球化学特征。分析表明,钻孔沉积物中铀和钍之间存在明显的正相关关系。在横向上,随地表取样点逐渐远离湖表卤水,沉积物中铀和钍的含量先增高后又急剧降低,且受补给水铀含量影响大;在纵向上,同一个晶间卤水层或者碎屑物沉积层内铀含量垂直分异明显,铀含量随深度增加而递增。就沉积物中铀和钍的赋存形式而言,2/3的铀被黏土质点吸附,1/3的铀夹杂在盐类矿物中;而90%以上的钍被黏土质点吸附,10%以下的钍夹杂在盐类矿物中。干盐滩中毛细蒸发和淋滤等化学沉积分异作用造成盐湖沉积中心的沉积物铀含量相对较高。     

黔中地区震旦系洋水组地球化学特征及其对古海洋环境的指示*

为重建黔中地区震旦纪陡山沱期古海洋环境,选取小河磷矿(XH)、息烽磷矿(XF)含磷岩系剖面,通过系统采样及岩矿鉴定、扫描电镜、微量元素和稀土元素分析,揭示古海洋环境对磷块岩沉积的影响作用。结果表明,磷矿成矿受黔中古陆长期剥蚀夷平形成的无障壁海岸海滩环境控制。陡山沱期洋水组磷块岩Sr/Ba值一般大于1,均值分别为1.90(XH)和0.95(XF),而澄江组沉积物Sr/Ba值均小于1,均值分别为0.11(XH)和0.18(XF),说明沉积环境由澄江期的湖泊相转变为陡山沱期的海相。小河剖面V/Cr和Ni/Co均值分别为1.77和2.17,息烽剖面V/Cr和Ni/Co均值分别为1.26和2.83,均位于弱氧化—氧化区间。息烽磷矿磷块岩δCe为0.75~0.95,均值0.85,小河磷矿磷块岩δCe为0.74~1.09,均值0.88,Ce负异常由底部至顶部逐渐增大,显示沉积环境由次氧化—氧化的转变。这种氧化转变不仅造成了浅水富磷海岸大洋生产力的提升,进一步促使与生物作用相关的磷块岩沉积,同时造成的生命演化也改变了大洋含氧结构,因此成磷环境的氧化转变是对新元古代氧化事件与生命演化的响应。     

四川省西昌盆地上三叠统白果湾组地球化学特征及其意义

对四川省西昌盆地上三叠统白果湾组碎屑岩的主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素进行综合研究,得出其主量元素具有富SiO₂、CaO、P₂O₅,贫Al₂O₃、TFe₂O₃、MgO、Na₂O、K₂O的特征; 微量元素具有富Zr、Cs、Th、U等特征; 稀土元素总量相对较高,轻重稀土元素分馏明显,轻稀土较重稀土相对富集,具有中等负铕异常。白果湾组物源区为长英质岩区,属于被动大陆边缘区; 白果湾期的气候经历了湿润→干旱→湿润→干旱的变化过程; 成分成熟度总体偏低,呈现高→低→高→低的变化规律,与CIA变化趋势呈负相关。本次研究为该区晚三叠世环境演化研究提供了基础资料。