论石英双晶的复杂性

石英双晶的复杂性远远超出了人们的想象。首先介绍了石英的11种双晶律,然后介绍测试鉴定石英双晶律的各种方法及存在的局限性,综述了近年来石英双晶与温压条件关系、晶格结构匹配理论方面的研究成果,最后结合我们近期用EBSD对岩石中石英双晶的观察、测试结果,指出存在的问题及今后的研究方向。     

温度对斜长石变形双晶类型的控制

石咀地区前寒武纪片麻岩内的斜长石大量发育变形双晶。在所统计的９个样品内，有６个榈的钠长石双晶几率高于肖钠双晶，其余３个榈的肖钠双晶几率高于钠长石双晶。这些样品的变形温度测定结果表明，变形时的温度对变形双晶的类型起着决定性的作用，高温时优先产生肖钠双晶，低温时优先产生钠长石双晶。据现有资料，这一温度界线大约在６００℃左右。     

天然水晶片中双晶纹的成因及其鉴定意义

从结晶学入手，分析了双晶纹的成因，探讨了合成水晶中双晶纹形成的可能性，提出了双晶纹可以作为天然水晶片的鉴定依据之一。     

弓长岭磁铁矿双晶的进一步研究

1979年夏,我们在弓长岭铁矿发现了大量磁铁矿双晶及少见的磁铁矿板状晶体,产于被古断裂切割的富矿围岩绿泥岩、石榴绿泥岩、铁闪绿泥岩中。双晶属尖晶石律的粒状双晶、三晶、板状对称和不对称双晶,单晶的形态也有各种各样,粒状、板状不一。最大的晶体可达3.5×3.2×2厘米。在这些单晶和双晶上,往往迭加有聚片双晶和蚀象,组成了罕见的磁铁矿晶体群。     

岩石中斜长石双晶的背散射电子衍射测试与分析

斜长石双晶很常见,双晶律达10多种,但斜长石的各种双晶律在光学显微镜下不容易鉴别.基于背散射电子衍射(EBSD)技术,对产于大别山地区的3种岩石(花岗岩、闪长岩、变粒岩)中斜长石双晶进行了精确测定.3种岩石中均以卡-钠复合双晶(包括钠长石律、卡斯巴律、卡-钠复合律)为主,这种卡-钠复合双晶在光学显微镜下只表现为两个聚片...     

旋转台法鉴别斜长石双晶律

用旋转台法鉴别斜长石双晶律,在A.C.马富宁“斜长石主要双晶鉴别图的基础上。把11种⊥a切面增为17种,并绘制了立体图.对比斜长石双晶律和系统研究斜长石特征,应分别采用A.李德曼法和D.B.斯利蒙斯法,并举例详述了后者的应用.     

一种极罕见的((?)05)长石双晶在我国的首次发现——兼论(hol)型长石双晶的确实性

本文对采自河南卢氏八宝山花岗闪长斑岩中的一个透长石自形巨斑晶进行了研究,确定它是一种极为罕见的、以((?)05)为双晶面的贯穿型简单双晶。看来,它与F.贡纳特(Gonnard)提出的正长石(15.0.4)双晶应是等价的。但是笔者认为此种双晶以双晶面((?)05)来表征更为合理。本双晶是继F.贡纳特之后近70年来第二次发现的此种双晶。 长石是双晶最丰富和复杂的一族矿物,已知的双晶律多达20多种。其中(h0l)型的双晶     

方解石脉双晶纹方法在工程勘察中的应用

在工程区基岩被第四纪土、江水等覆盖的情况下，如何充分利用好获得的钻孔岩芯来分析断层的发育和活动性情况就显得非常重要。为此，地基勘察中引入一种显微构造分析方法，即方解石脉双晶纹分析方法。方解石脉双晶纹能解决断层的活动期次、每一期次的强度、断层应力场、断层性质、断层活动时的环境条件和最后一次活动的时代等问题。由于方解石脉双晶纹发育的广泛性，使之具有推广价值。     

基于EBSD技术利用方解石双晶恢复古应力方向的研究

方解石机械e-双晶是低温、低围压和低有限应变下主要的晶体塑性变形机制。假设方解石双晶面为剪切面,双晶形成方向平行于最大有效剪应力方向,最大主应力(σ1)和最小主应力(σ3)与主晶c-轴和e-双晶法线四者共平面,与c-轴夹角分别为71°和19°,与e-双晶面夹角为45°,确定方解石主晶和双晶的晶体学方位即可确定主应力方向。电子背散射衍射(electron backscatter diffraction,简称EBSD)技术可以精确测定方解石主晶和双晶的晶体学参数。从样品野外采集、室内薄片切制、EBSD数据获取、数据处理等方面详细介绍了利用方解石双晶恢复古应力方向的方法。     

应用改进双晶法研究斜长石成分及其结构态的新进展和应用实例—应用岩相...

主要介绍了应用改进的费氏台双晶法测定岩浆岩同一薄片不同结构中的斜长石成分及其结构态，或者同一颗粒不同部分的斜长石成分及其结构态，从而获得有关岩石结构特征、形成过程和定位机制类型的信息。     

Electron microscopy study of domain structure due to phase transitions in natural perovskite

Transmission electron microscopy on natural calcium metatitanate perovskite (dysanalyte) reveals the following twin laws in the orthorhombic (space group Pbnm) phase: reflection twins on the {110} and {112} planes, and 90° rotation twins about the [001] axis (referred to as [001]_90° twin). Single crystals that were heattreated and quenched from above 1585 K exhibit a dramatic change in domain structure compared with the starting material and specimens quenched from T < 1470=" k.=" mutually=" perpendicular=" {110}=" and=">_90° twins are observed throughout the crystal, forming a cross-hatched domain texture. 1/2[001] antiphase domains, which are very rarely observed in the starting material, also become dominant in the crystal. This change in domain structure is interpreted as due to a structural phase transition in perovskite at a temperature below 1585 K. From the point symmetry elements that describe the twin laws and the translational elements that relate the antiphase domains, the most likely phase near 1585 K is tetragonal with space group P4/mbm. These results are consistent with high-temperature powder X-ray diffraction study. On the other hand, density of the {112} twins is increased significantly in the crystal quenched from 1673 K. Twin domains are either bound by mutually perpendicular {110} and (001) walls, or by {112} walls with {110} twin domains within the polygonal {112} domains. Both twin density variation and domain morphology suggest that the crystal may be cubic at this temperature. Microstructure of a single crystal deformed at 1273 K and 3.5 GPa (within the orthorhombic stability field) is morphologically quite distinct from that of the heat-treated specimens. Dislocations dominate the microstructure and often interact with twin domain boundaries.A National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center     

天然金刚石孪晶的X射线衍射与形貌研究

本文利用X射线衍射和形貌术方法研究了辽南天然金刚石孪晶体。发现晶体中存在有孪晶界、位错、生长带和亚结构等多种缺陷。文中对部分位错进行了详细讨论,并确定其特征量;同时还分析各种缺陷的空间分布特点及其与孪晶界面的关系。     

Structure and chemistry of (111) twin boundaries in MgAl<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> spinel crystals from Mogok

The atomic scale structure and chemistry of (111) twins in MgAl₂O₄ spinel crystals from the Pinpyit locality near Mogok (Myanmar, formerly Burma) were analysed using complementary methods of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). To obtain a three-dimensional information on the atomic structure, the twin boundaries were investigated in crystallographic projections and Using conventional electron diffraction and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) analysis we have shown that (111) twins in spinel can be crystallographically described by 180° rotation of the oxygen sublattice normal to the twin composition plane. This operation generates a local hcp stacking in otherwise ccp lattice and maintains a regular sequence of kagome and mixed layers. In addition to rotation, no other translations are present in (111) twins in these spinel crystals. Chemical analysis of the twin boundary was performed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) using a variable beam diameter (VBD) technique, which is perfectly suited for analysing chemical composition of twin boundaries on a sub-nm scale. The VBD/EDS measurements indicated that (111) twin boundary in spinel is Mg-deficient. Quantitative analyses of HRTEM (phase contrast) and HAADF-STEM (Z-contrast) images of (111) twin boundary have confirmed that Mg²⁺ ions are replaced with Be²⁺ ions in boundary tetrahedral sites. The Be-rich twin boundary structure is closely related to BeAl₂O₄ (chrysoberyl) and BeMg₃Al₈O₁₆ (taaffeite) group of intermediate polysomatic minerals. Based on these results, we conclude that the formation of (111) twins in spinel is a preparatory stage of polytype/polysome formation (taaffeite) and is a result of thermodynamically favourable formation of hcp stacking due to Be incorporation on the {111} planes of the spinel structure in the nucleation stage of crystal growth. The twin structure grows as long as the surrounding geochemical conditions allow its formation. The incorporation of Be induces a 2D-anisotropy and exaggerated growth of the crystal along the (111) twin boundary.     

岩浆岩中石英晶体的对称性连生

矿物晶体连生是岩浆岩中晶体生长及岩石结构形成过程中的一个重要现象，可以提供岩浆演化过程信息.用电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD)分析了天堂寨花岗岩和梅川花岗闪长岩中石英晶体的结晶学取向关系.这2种岩石中石英的道芬双晶和交生(两晶体以某个相同的面重合连生)出现概率非常高.除了道芬双晶和交生外，还发现了一种特殊的石英晶体对称性连生现象.在这种特殊的对称性连生体中，考虑石英的劳埃群3 2/m(而不是石英的点群32)，两晶体形成的道芬双晶的双晶面(0001)或(1010)与第3个晶体的对称面(1120)重合.这样的重合使得这3个晶体的连生体保留了道芬双晶的某些对称性.这种双晶面与第3个晶体的对称面重合的现象在我们以前报道的NH₄Cl晶体聚集体和透辉石枝晶聚集体中也出现过.这种现象说明晶体的连生受控于对称性，即:晶体连生会选择对称性高的形式.由于劳埃群是与晶体空间格子的对称性相关而并不是与晶体结构的对称性相关的，所以，空间格子的对称性可能是控制晶体对称性连生的主要因素.      

Chemical etching of deformation sub-structures in quartz

Chemical etching of dislocations has been studied in natural and synthetic quartz single crystals, in deformed synthetic quartz and in naturally and experimentally deformed quartzites. The ability of different etchants to produce polished or preferentially etched surfaces on quartz is described. Dislocation etching was achieved on all crystal planes examined by using a saturated solution of ammonium bifluoride as the etchant. Appropriate etching times were determined for etching quartzites for grain size, subgrain boundaries, deformation lamellae, dislocations and twins. Growth and polished surfaces of synthetic single crystal quartz were similarly etched and dislocation etch pits, characteristic of various orientations were found. The use of ammonium bifluoride proved to be expecially advantageous for the basal plane, producing a polished surface with etch pits, suitable for dislocation etch pit counting. “Double” etch pits have been found on Dauphiné twin boundaries on the basal plane and the first order prism, using this etchant. Slip lines and deformation bands were suitably etched on deformed synthetic crystal surfaces for identification of the slip planes. Other acidic etchants have been explored and their application to the study of deformation structures in quartz crystals is discussed.     

堇青石低热膨胀机理研究

本文根据垄青石晶体结构特点和有关热力学资料,建立了堇青石热膨胀系数的理论计算模式:半定量计算方法,α=α_MgO × 1/3 × 2/3;定量计算方法,α=ΔS/ΔT/2/(a × b).分别计算了堇青石、印度石的线热膨胀系数,半定量计算结果:α=3.31 × 10^-6℃^-1(堇青石、印度石);定量计算结果,a=1.54 × 10-6℃^-1(堇青石),α=0.85 × 10-6℃^-1(印度石),与实验测定结果(堇青石:α=2.3 × 10-6℃^-1,印度石:α=1.0 × 10^-6℃^-1)吻合。     

福建平潭培长石的微结构研究

福建省平潭岛角闪辉长岩中有60％－70％的矿物为培长石（简称平潭培长石）,电子探针分析显示其牌号变化在84－88范围内。电子衍射研究表明培长石晶体结构为原始格子,其c和d类衍射漫散,并有拉长现象,且c和d两类衍射相对于a和ｂ类衍射的强度在各个选区有变化。电子显微学研究发现该矿物晶体广泛发育着一种非常细小的调制结构,调制结构延长方向近于平行（010）。钠长石律双晶也是非常常见的现象。此外,此外,在该晶体中广泛存在着由位错发育而成的小角晶界,这些晶界是岩浆期后热渍的通道,并在其问生出层状硅酸盐矿物。作者认为,近于平行(010)的调制是一种成分调制,也就是由富钙和略贫钙的畴区相闻掏成的调制。作为Huaenlocher连晶中的富钙相的培长石（An85-88）实际上已经分解。     

大别山双河地区超高压变质岩矿物超微构造的HRTEM研究

报道了大别山双河地区超高压榴辉岩和硬玉石英岩矿物超微构造及缺陷结构的高分辨透射电镜研究结果。在天然变形绿辉石晶内的自由位错、位错倾斜壁、位错环、位错网、亚晶界、堆垛层错等亚构造中 ,发现了纳米级水分子团 ,这种球形状水分子团包体的存在是导致绿辉石晶体水解弱化和塑性变形的重要因素。在榴辉岩矿物中广泛发育的层错、(10 0 )变形双晶、晶畴结构、界面与晶面的交叉滑移、晶格畸变等变形构造及缺陷结构 ,指示超高压岩石经历了快速折返。在硬玉单晶大约 5 0 0nm的微晶畴内 ,发现了C2 /c和P2 1/n两种结构 ,C2 /c结构的晶体学参数对应于硬玉 ,而P2 1/n结构的晶体学参数对应于绿辉石 ,纳米级P2 1/n出溶结构的存在 ,表明在退变质过程中 ,硬玉在纳米尺度上部分转变为绿辉石 ,并且未能达到平衡。也说明在主体岩石的抬升过程中 ,硬玉晶体伴随有复杂的非平衡退变质作用。对于大别山超高压变质岩的p T轨迹描述及其构造解释具有重要意义。     

Polysynthetic feldspar twin-width distributions: Models for inversion twinning

The lamella-width distribution of the transformation polysynthetic twins produced in volcanic anorthoclases during cooling reflects certain aspects of twin nucleation and growth kinetics. An analysis of simple hypothetical statistical models for the kinetics of the transformation process outlines the range and type of twin-width distributions possible. The general characteristics of these distributions, particularly at small twin widths, are sensitive to whether twin boundaries or twin centers nucleate. The rates of twin nucleation and growth during transformation also influence the general form, particularly the skewness, of the final twin-width distribution. The generally exponential nature of the upper tails to the distributions studied is apparently quite insensitive to kinetic details.     

X射线晶体学技术的发展及其在地球深部物质研究中的应用

随着光源更为全面的应用、探测器及计算技术方面的发展X射线晶体学技术得到了利用电子藕合探测器技术（CCD）对矿物晶体包括对地幔矿物及具有调制结构的矿物晶体结构的测定．开发出电子藕合探测器技术中的甘道菲（Gandolfi）方法。该方法不仅能对单晶样品进行德拜环的测定，而且可大量应用于难以取得单晶颗粒的样品的XRD研究．从而使得处于单晶（具有严格单一的晶体学取向）及粉晶（具有完全随机的晶体学取向）之间过渡类型的晶体的XRD研究成为可能。该方法与粉末衍射图谱的全谱拟合（Rietveld method）法相结合可解决粉晶结构解析和精修问题。