中国对虾摄食行为的化学感觉生理学研究──Ⅲ.中国对虾幼体及早期仔虾的摄食行为及化学感觉

报道了中国对虾幼体及早期仔虾（１）对轮虫（活体，死体）和卤虫无节幼体（活体，死体）的摄食过程及摄食率；（２）对悬浮砂粒的摄食情况；（３）摄食水流的产生机制，方向及模式；（４）对食物的化学敏感性，结果表明，中国对虾幼体及早期仔虾化学感觉机能不明显，摄食附肢的协调运动产生摄食水流，摄食水流一方面将食物带到口器附近，另一方面能促进对虾对食物的机械感觉。摄食水流的方向还可以逆转。幼体及早期仔虾对食物的选择     

中国对虾摄食行为的化学感觉生理学研究──Ⅲ.中国对虾幼体及早期仔虾的摄食行为及化学感觉

报道了中国对虾幼体及早期仔虾（ １）对轮虫（活体、死体）和卤虫无节幼体 （活体、死体）的摄食过程及摄食率；（２）对悬浮砂粒的摄食情况；（３）摄食水流的产 生机制、方向及模式；（４）对食物的化学敏感性。结果表明，中国对虾幼体及早期仔 虾化学感觉机能不明显。摄食附肢的协调运动产生摄食水流。摄食水流一方面将 食物带到口器附近，另一方面能促进对虾对食物的机械感受。摄食水流的方向还可 以逆转。幼体及早期仔虾对食物的选择主要依据其大小、形状和运动性，而与食物 的化学组成（味道）关系不大。此阶段的对虾采取了悬浮摄食模式，且主动和被动两 种模式并存。本研究还表明，将幼体和早期仔虾的食性简单地区分为草食或肉食性 值得商榷。     

中国对虾、墨吉对虾和长毛对虾仔虾的发育比较研究

中国海域已报道的约90种对虾中,半数具有经济价值。其中中国对虾、墨吉对虾和长毛对虾无论在捕捞还是在养殖业上都具有十分重要的地位。由于3种虾的形态非常相近,特别是在早期生活史阶段,它们的幼体和仔虾很难区分,因而给对虾种群补充、预报和其它有关研究造成困难。尤其在热带海域,对虾生殖季节重叠,幼体和仔虾的鉴别更加重要,各期仔虾的数量统计需以严格的形态鉴别作为依据。作者对三种对虾的幼体的形态,区别已有专文报道(Liu and Liu,1994)。本文深入细致地研究了中国对虾、墨吉对虾和长毛对虾仔虾的发育形态学,并进行了比较,使3种对虾的仔虾得以区别,并为今后的对虾生态学研究及资源管理奠定基础,提供依据。     

饵料添加包膜维生素C和维生素C磷酸酯镁对中国对虾幼体的影响

于１９９６年４－５月,在山东即墨市田横镇对虾育苗场,以包膜维生素Ｃ和维生素Ｃ磷酸酯镁两种类型的维生素Ｃ添加饵料饲喂中国对虾蚤状幼体和糠虾幼体,以便研究在饵料中添加不同类型的维生素Ｃ对中国对虾早期幼体生长与存活的影响以及适宜的添加量。结果表明,添加包膜维生素Ｃ饲喂蚤状幼体的效果优于维生素Ｃ磷酸酯镁,其最适添加量为２ｍｇ／ｇ饵料;添加维生素Ｃ磷酸酯镁饲喂糠虾幼体的效果优于包膜维生素Ｃ,添加量为１－５ｍ     

中国对虾幼体致病菌哈维氏弧菌的分离及其生物学特性研究

于1996年4—5月,在青岛丰城地区一些对虾育苗场发生大规模爆发性传染病,主要感染中国对虾幼体,尤其是蚤状幼体。死亡率高达80％以上。从自然发病及人工感染患病濒死中国对虾幼体中分离出38株细菌,研究其形态特征,生理、生化特性及对中国对虾幼体的致病性。结果表明,38株分离物均为革兰氏阴性杆菌,菌体为杆状或短杆状,极生单鞭毛运动,不发光,氧化酶呈阳性,发酵葡萄糖产酸,TCBS平板上生长,菌落呈黄色或绿色,对弧菌抑制剂0／129（150g／ml）敏感,此均为弧菌属的典型特征,属于弧菌。其中26株细菌被归为同一类群,参照伯杰氏细菌学鉴定手册（1994年,第9版）鉴定表明,该菌同哈维氏弧菌（Vibrioharveyi）最为接近;另外,Biolog系统鉴定表明也为哈维氏弧菌,因此定名为哈维氏弧菌。利用浸泡感染法以2．5×103—2.5×107cfu／ml浓度的细菌感染不同发育时期（无节幼体期、蚤状期、糠虾期和仔虾期）的中国对虾幼体。结果表明,该病原菌主要感染中国对虾幼体的无节幼体晚期、蚤状期和糠虾早期并导致其大量死亡,而在仔虾期感染死亡率较低,并且2．5×104cfu／ml以上浓度的病原菌即可导致蚤状幼体严重感染死亡,由此可见,所分离的致病菌对中国对虾蚤状期幼体具有较强的致病力。人工感染试验结果     

日本对虾幼体对卤虫无节幼体摄食量的研究

在对虾人工育苗生产中,卤虫是重要的生物饵料。卤虫无节幼体营养丰富,能促进对虾幼体的变态发育,提高对虾幼体成活率。但是,对虾早期幼体摄食卤虫能力较弱,若卤虫投喂过量,不仅造成浪费,而且过量的卤虫在育苗池中快速生长,饵料生物成了养殖对象,不利于水质的管理和控制。日本对虾（Ｐｅｎａｕｓｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ）早期仔虾幼体有相互攻击、残食的习性,若卤虫投喂不足,相互残食的现象将更为严重。因此,了解日本对虾幼体摄食卤虫无节幼体的习性,从而适当掌握卤虫的投喂量,在生产上有着现实的意义。１材料与方法１．１材料实验…     

中国对虾幼体中肠的超微结构

１９９５年４月,在山东日照市涛雒对虾育苗场采集中国对虾各期幼体,采用超薄切片和电观察的方法,对其中肠结构进行观察研究,结果表明,中国对虾幼体的中肠肠壁由３部分组成,即肠上皮、基膜和肌层。中肠上皮细胞具发达的微绒毛,胞质中富含线粒体、内质网、高尔基复合体及酶原颗粒等,它由两类细胞组成。第一类细胞在发育早期占多数,随着幼体的发育逐渐减少,至仔虾期后,肠上波完全由第二类细胞组成,基膜分为内、外两层,且在     

中国对虾幼体期视觉器官的发育

于１９９４年３－５月，以中国对虾无节幼体６个亚期，蚤状幼体３个亚期，糖虾幼体３个亚期及仔虾各时期的幼体为材料，用日产Ｏｌｙｍｐｕｓ万能研究显微镜观察研究各期幼体单眼及复眼的发育。结果表明：在中国对虾无节幼体Ｎ１－Ｎ６６个亚期，单眼的两侧均有复眼的原基组织。     

中国对虾(Penaeus chinensis)的早期发育与环境溶解态有机质

探讨中国对虾 (Penaeus chinensis)的受精卵、开口前的幼体与环境中溶解态有机质(Dissolved Organic Matter,简称 DOM)之间的关系 ,测定中国对虾的卵和各期无节幼虫的干重和灰重。结果表明从虾卵到无节幼虫的干重和灰重是增加的 ,自卵到第六期无节幼虫 (N6)干重平均每只增加 7.95μg,灰重平均每只增加 2 .95μg,证实中国对虾在早期幼体发育中能够从水环境中吸收和利用溶解态有机质。     

中国龙虾叶状幼体营养初步试验

通过多次对比重复试验,对用对虾液汁培育金藻Ｄｉｃｒａｔｅｉａｓｐ、扁藻Ｐｌａｌｙｍｏｍａｓｓｐ,用金藻、扁藻培育丰年虫Ａｒｌｅｍｉａ ｓａｌｉｎａ幼体和毛蚶Ｓｃａｐｈａｒｃａ ｓｕｂｃｒｅｎａｔａ,以及用金藻扁藻、丰年虫投喂中国龙虾Ｐａｎｕ欤椋颍酰? ｓｔｉｍｐｓｏｎｉ早期叶状幼体进行了探讨。结果表明,叶状幼体进入第Ⅲ 期后交替掺喂毛蚶卵巢刀额新对虾Ｍｅｔａｐｅｎａｅｕｓｅｎｓｉｓ肉,取得较好的培育     

牡蛎循环系统的研究

于１９８９－１９９０年在海南岛、广东蛇口以及青岛近海采集１２种牡蛎,进行循环系统的比较解剖学研究。首次提高了牡蛎的循环系统有两种类型,即附心脏型和无附心脏型。两者之间的主要区别是：（１）附心脏型无肌套血管,其外套血液主要来自环外套动脉和附心脏;无附心脏型,由于无附心脏和环外套动脉,其外套血液主要来自肌套血管。（２）附心脏型是通过出鳃静脉和外套静脉分别将鳃前部和后部的血液送回心耳;无附心脏型的外套静     

锯缘青蟹幼体性分化的解剖学及组织学实验研究

锯缘青蟹（Ｓｃｙｌｌａ ｓｅｒｒａｔａ［Ｆｏｒｓｋａｌ］）背甲宽×长为２．３×１．５ｃｍ的幼蟹，其上部性征已开始发生分化，雌性个体腹部宽度增大，副性征也有胆显的差异，在雄性个体腹足呈单肢型而雌体呈双肢型。但是，在幼蟹生殖腺仍见不到组织学上的差异。腹部肢是分辨幼蟹性别是为直观，适宜的指标。本文还讨论了青蟹两性生殖系统形态结构及其功能上的差异问题。     

Monsoon-driven succession of the larval fish assemblage in the East China Sea shelf waters off northern Taiwan

The seasonal variation in the larval fish community related to the hydrography in the East China Sea (ECS) off northern Taiwan was studied from February to November 2004. Hydrographic conditions in the southern ECS are strongly influenced by the different water masses due to the seasonal monsoon system. A total of 173 taxa of larval fish belonging to 68 families and 105 genera were identified during the study period. The highest abundance of larval fish was recorded in winter, a moderate abundance was seen in late spring and summer, and the lowest abundance in autumn. Significantly higher abundances were usually found in the mixing zone than in ECS and the Kuroshio Current, and the number of species of larval fish was greater during the warm period than during the cold period. The larval fish fauna in the southern ECS is a mixture of endemic and exotic species; the latter come from the coastal waters of mainland China when the northeasterly monsoon prevails, from the South China Sea during the southwesterly monsoon, and from the Kuroshio waters year-round. The succession of water masses induced by the monsoon systems and the high nutrient levels caused by frontal turbulence and topographic upwelling may determine the distributions of larval fish in terms of abundance and composition.     

三角帆蚌内脏团与外套膜钙盐分布的组织化学研究

对三角帆蚌内脏团、外套膜的组织化学研究表明：珍珠囊的存在刺激组织输送钙盐。钙盐的聚集经内脏团在营养吸收和循环系统运输路径;经外套膜存在内侧上皮细胞主动运输和循环系统运输路径。这两种路径的输送均由疏松结缔组织参与完成,并使钙盐在分布上存在一定的差异,这些差异对珍珠的质量有较大的影响。     

An examination of the feasibility of passive transport from coastal spawning grounds to estuarine nursery areas for English sole

English sole recruitment has been linked to environmental conditions occurring during their 6–10 week pelagic egg and larval stages, prior to their appearance in nursery estuaries during their first summer. The purpose of this study was to predict the spawning locations of juvenile English sole observed in estuaries to assess the feasibility of passive transport of egg and larval stages. Current meter data were used to back-calculate the transport trajectories of 19 cohorts of English sole observed as juveniles during estuarine trawl surveys. Only six of these cohorts were predicted to be spawned outside the Oregon–Washington shelf system, assuming passive transport of eggs and larvae. Predicted egg and larval trajectories indicate that most of the English sole found in Oregon and Washington estuaries were spawned off the coast of Washington, with some spawning off northern California and central Oregon. Although these results are not consistent with the presumed spawning locations for the Oregon and Washington shelf, they indicate that passive transport assumptions may be adequate to preserve the larvae in the coastal system until settlement.     

Are Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries (TURFs) sufficiently large?

Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries (TURFs) are gaining renewed attention as a potential tool for sustainable fisheries management in small-scale fisheries. This growing popularity comes despite the fact that there are still unresolved questions about the most effective TURF designs. One of the key questions is the role of TURF size in their efficacy both from ecological and social standpoints. This study explores the expected effects of existing TURF sizes on yields for TURF systems in Chile, México and Japan. The expected effect of larval dispersal and adult movement on yields was simulated for TURFs in each system. The results show that the analyzed TURF systems fall into three main categories: (a) TURFs that are of adequate size to eliminate the expected negative effects of both adult and larval movement, (b) TURFs that are large enough to eliminate the expected negative effects of adult movement, but not the effects of larval dispersal, and c) TURFs that are too small to eliminate the expected impacts on yield of both adult and larval movement. These analyses suggest that either existing models of TURF performance are incomplete or that there is significant scope for improved performance with altered TURF designs. Considering these alternatives, empirical evidence from the TURFs deemed too small suggests that complementary management tools can enhance TURF performance when natural or social constraints prevent the construction of TURFs of optimal size.     

Barnacle larval transport in the Mandovi–Zuari estuarine system, central west coast of India

A two-dimensional hydrodynamic and particle tracking model was used to estimate the dispersion and retention of barnacle larvae from their possible spawning sites in a tropical monsoon-influenced estuarine system (central west coast of India). Validation of the hydrodynamic simulations yielded a good match with field measurements. The pattern of larval dispersal in the region varied with the winds and currents. The seasonal changes in abundance could be attributed to physical forcing and weather conditions. The extent of barnacle larval dispersal from spawning sites varied from 10 to 78 km for different sites and seasons. During a 24-h cycle, the larval abundance showed one to two peaks in the estuarine area. The increased larval abundance is favored by the flood currents, pushing the larvae into the estuary. Physical forcing in the region helps in transport of the larvae from their spawning sites hugging to the coast and contributing to the population within the estuary. Field observations and numerical experiments suggest the occurrence of higher larval abundance in the estuary during post-monsoon. The dispersal pattern indicated that the barnacle population present in the estuary is well mixed, and with a seasonally changing pattern.     

The impact of metals on the reproductive mechanisms of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis

Environmental pollution due to anthropogenic activities may exert an adverse impact on the reproductive mechanisms of animals. In particular, environmental chemicals introduced into seawater are able to disrupt the normal development and function of the reproductive system of marine animals. In this study, we have used the whole‐cell voltage clamp technique to examine the effects of four metals – lead, cadmium, mercury, and zinc – on reproductive mechanisms of the marine ascidian Ciona intestinalis (tunicates). In particular, we measured the effect of metals on plasma membrane electrical properties, the steady‐state conductance, the fertilization current in the mature oocyte, and larval development. Results show that oocyte voltage‐gated sodium currents are significantly reduced by all four metals, steady‐state conductance is affected only by zinc, and post‐fertilization contraction is inhibited only by lead. The fertilization current is suppressed in the presence of zinc and mercury. Embryo development up to larval stage is inhibited by zinc and mercury exposure with a reversible effect; however, a long‐term effect on larval morphology was observed. After exposure to cadmium, fertilization occurs but gives rise to abnormal larval development. These findings highlight the point that exposure to metals represents a significant risk factor for the physiology of reproduction of marine species and suggest a possible role of the C. intestinalis as a bioindicator for marine pollution monitoring.     

海洋无脊椎动物幼体定居过程影响因子的研究进展

约80%的海洋无脊椎动物在生活史中具浮游幼体阶段,其中甲壳动物的幼体最为多样化。十足类甲売动物具典型的浮游幼体阶段,而后是由浮游到底栖这一生活习性转变的关键一一定居过程(settlement)。十足类幼体阶段持续的时间在不同的类群相差很大,影响其定居的因子也多种多样。 有关海洋无脊椎动物浮游幼体阶段存在机制的研究已进行了约半个世纪,这种普遍存在的浮游幼体被认为:(1)有利于种的分布与扩散;(2)由于浮游幼体采取多变的生活方式而避免了许多底栖捕食者;(3)增加种群间的基因交换,保持其遗传变异性和适应性；(4)浮游幼体以浮游生物为饵,减轻了卵子所需携带的卵黄量,从而增加了产卵量。浮游幼体也有其不利的一面,如幼体在漂移过程中的高死亡率等。然而浮游幼体阶段在海洋底栖无脊椎动物中的普遍存在,从进化角度讲,对种群发展利大于弊,是物种演化过程中一种选择性的折衷。 十足类幼体定居过程的研究多集中在龙虾和蟹类上。有关对虾类的研究很少见,仅有 Haghes (1966), Staples 等(1985), Coles 等(1987)和 Loneragan 等(1994)报道过对虾仔虾和稚虾的分布与栖息地海草分布的相关性。 由于甲壳动物栖息地的多样性,其幼体定居过程的研究对了解甲壳动物种群和群落动态具有十分重要的意义。影响定居过程的因子通常被分为三类,即生物因子、物理因子和化学因子。鉴于三者之间的密切相关性,本文将对其进行综合分析,并讨论有关幼体定居过程的两种假说:栖息地选择(habitat selection)学说和被动沉降(passive deposition)学说。     

冠瘤海鞘同种群聚的化学诱因初步研究

研究了不同浓度的冠瘤海鞘成体被囊萃取物和幼体萃取物及不同的幼体密度对冠瘤海鞘(Styela canopus)幼体附着和变态的影响.结果表明,冠瘤海鞘被囊萃取物和幼体萃取物在5%和10%的浓度下均促进冠瘤海鞘幼体的附着和变态,但被囊萃取物的诱导效果明显强于幼体萃取物;幼体密度高于25只/cm3时,促进冠瘤海鞘幼体的附着和变态;幼体密度低于10只/cm3时,幼体的附着和变态不受密度影响.这些结果提示海区中冠瘤海鞘的同种群聚可能与其被囊或幼体内含诱导幼体附着和变态的化学因子有关.