羌塘地块西南缘上侏罗统-下白垩统海相地层的发现

通过1∶5万区域地质调查,在青藏高原羌塘地块西南缘鸡夯地区原划上三叠统日干配错群中新识别出一套上侏罗统—下白垩统地层。本文根据该套地层的岩石组合以及古生物面貌特征,初步探讨了该套地层的沉积环境和沉积相特征,对其中发育的玄武岩夹层采用锆石U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS)同位素测年方法,获得其年龄为118.3±2.1Ma。在发育的生物碎屑灰岩夹层中采集了珊瑚、双壳类、腕足、腹足类化石,化石资料显示该套地层形成于晚侏罗世—早白垩世。这是首次在南羌塘地块发现该时期海相地层,这一发现证明南羌塘地块在晚侏罗世—早白垩世时期海水并未完全退出,而是局部发育海相三角洲。     

Microfacies and depositional environment of Late Cretaceous to Early Paleocene oil shales from Jordan

The purpose of this study is to better understand the depositional setting of Late Cretaceous to Early Paleocene oil shales from southeast and central-east Jordan. One core from both the Jafr and the Azraq-Hamza Basins was logged, and their lithology, texture, and ichnofabrics were recorded. A total of 79 thin sections were analyzed petrographically, and eight microfacies types recognized. Both cores show lithologic and petrographic similarities. The oil shales are Maastrichtian to Danian in age and can be described as organic matter and calcite-rich mudrocks. The most abundant granular components are foraminifera and various types of phosphatic bio- and lithoclasts. Macrofossils (bivalves, ostracods, echinoderms) were recorded in some intervals. The current results were compared with data from a previous publication on Maastrichtian oil shales from the Jafr Basin. A new model explaining the deposition of the oil shales of the Jafr and Azraq-Hamza Basins is proposed. The onset of the Maastrichtian oil shale deposition in both basins coincides with the early Maastrichtian transgression in this region. The organic matter-rich sediments were deposited in a mid to outer ramp setting below the storm wave base. Younger oil shales of Late Maastrichtian to Danian age were deposited in a shallower environment, below the fair weather wave base. The Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary is marked by a hiatus in both cores. The Danian oil shales show relatively lower “total organic carbon” content than the Maastrichtian ones. The former are believed to have been deposited in more oxygenated bottom waters of a mid-ramp zone.     

Magnetostratigraphy of the Maastrichtian continental record in the Upper Aude Valley (northern Pyrenees,France): Placing age constraints on the succession of dinosaur-bearing sites

The first detailed stratigraphic succession of the Upper Cretaceous continental record from the Upper Aude Valley (southern France) is presented together with a magnetostratigraphic study. The combined stratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy of the Marnes rouges inférieures Fm (Lower Red Marls), constrained by biochronological markers such as charophyte occurrence and revised dinosaur eggshells, results in a succession of fluvial red beds dated from chron C32n to the top of chron C31r. It implies an earliest Maastrichtian age close to the C32n.1n-C31r reversal for the majority of the dinosaur sites including Bellevue. In contrast, the upper Maastrichtian is likely represented by a short interval within the lacustrine-palustrine Calcaires et argiles de Vignevieille Fm (Vignevieille Limestones), or it might even not be recorded. The proposed age indicates that the marine to continental transition, as a result of the Late Cretaceous transgression, took place earlier in the north Pyrenean basin than in the southern area.     

塔里木盆地西北缘乌恰地区晚白垩世-渐新世微相分析及沉积演化

塔里木盆地西部是我国发育中新生代海相地层的少数地区之一。以沉积微相分析为手段,通过对塔里木盆地西北缘乌恰地区库孜贡苏剖面晚白垩世-古近纪岩性、生物组合、颗粒成分、基质类型及其沉积结构和构造特征等仔细研究,重点针对碳酸盐岩划分出（含）骨屑隐晶灰岩、隐晶灰岩、微（隐）晶白云岩、鸟眼隐晶灰岩、微晶鲕粒白云岩、生物碎屑灰岩、微晶球粒白云岩、生物灰岩、亮晶鲕粒灰岩等9个岩相类型。根据碳酸盐岩微相类型组合和剖面结构沉积特征,划分出潮上带、潮间带、潮下带、台地边缘浅滩和生物礁5个沉积相,并恢复了该区晚白垩世-古近纪的沉积环境演化过程,为查清白垩纪-古近纪特提斯洋演化以及重建该地区古环境和油气勘探研究提供重要的基础材料。     

Strontium isotope age-dating of fossil shark tooth enameloid from the Upper Cretaceous Strata of Alabama and Mississippi,USA

Cretaceous strata in Alabama and Mississippi (USA) represent one of the most complete records of shallow marine deposition worldwide for the Upper Cretaceous. The age assignment of these strata in the eastern Gulf Coastal Plain is difficult due to the comparative lack of radiometrically datable beds and sometimes conflicting results of biostratigraphy using different taxonomic groups. Numerical age dating using strontium isotope ratios (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) preserved in diagenetically resistant fossil shark tooth enameloid had been proposed by previous researchers as a solution to dating some geologic units. Here we apply this methodology to the whole Upper Cretaceous, using teeth of two fossil shark genera (Scapanorhynchus and Squalicorax) collected from variable facies. Shark teeth collected from a bentonite mine in Monroe County, Mississippi, were also analyzed and compared with the radiometric date of the bentonite layer. Results indicate a strong correlation between stratigraphic position of the fossil teeth and numerical age determination based on ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr content. Furthermore, this method is equally effective for both of the fossil shark genera analyzed in the study. Because of the nearly uniform distribution of strontium in ocean water, numerical age dating using strontium isotope ratios preserved in fossil shark tooth enameloid can be a useful method to employ in the correlation of marine geological strata on both regional and global scales.     

Sedimentological and stratigraphic evolution of northern Lebanon since the Late Cretaceous: implications for the Levant margin and basin

This paper presents an updated review of the Upper Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentological and stratigraphic evolution of the Levant margin with a focus on the northern Lebanon. Facies and microfacies analysis of outcrop sections and onshore well cores (i.e., Kousba and Chekka) supported by nannofossil and planktonic foraminifers biostratigraphy, allowed to constrain the depositional environments prevailing in the Turonian to Late Miocene. The “Senonian” (a historical term used to define the Coniacian to Maastrichtian) source rock interval was subdivided into four sub-units with related outer-shelfal facies: (1) Upper Santonian, (2) Lower, (3) Upper Campanian, and (4) Lower Maastrichtian. This Upper Cretaceous rock unit marks the major drowning of the former Turonian rudist platform. This paper confirms the Late Lutetian to Late Burdigalian hiatus, which appears to be a direct consequence of major geodynamic events affecting the Levant region (i.e., the continued collision of Afro-Arabia with Eurasia), potentially enhanced by regressional cycles (e.g., Rupelian lowstand). The distribution of Late Burdigalian–Serravallian rhodalgal banks identified in northern Lebanon was controlled by pre-existing structures inherited from the pulsating onshore deformation. Reef barriers facies occur around the Qalhat anticline, separating an eastern, restricted back-reef setting from a western, coastal to open marine one. The acme of Mount Lebanon’s uplift and exposure is dated back to the Middle–Late Miocene; it led to important erosion of carbonates that were subsequently deposited in paleo-topographic lows. The Late Cretaceous to Cenozoic facies variations and hiatuses show that the northern Lebanon was in a higher structural position compared to the south since at least the Late Cretaceous.     

New evidence of the Cretaceous overstep of the Mendip Hills,Somerset, UK

The Mendip Hills, located on the north-western margin of the Wessex Basin, clearly show the onlap of Upper Triassic to Middle Jurassic sediments onto folded Palaeozoic strata. Recent field mapping on the crest of the Beacon Hill pericline at Tadhill, near Frome, augmented by a suite of shallow boreholes, proved up to 6.2 m of glauconitic grey and green silty sand. These glauconitic sands rest unconformably on Silurian volcanic rocks and Devonian sandstone. Lithological and ipalaeontological analyses of these glauconitic sands indicate that they are part of the Lower Cretaceous Upper Greensand Formation. This provides the first evidence for the Albian transgression across the Mendip Hills. The implications for the Cretaceous overstep on the margins of the Wessex Basin, and the analogies with the Upper Greensand succession in Devon are discussed.     

西藏南部岗巴地区白垩纪化石碳酸盐岩微相与沉积环境研究

西藏南部岗巴地区发育着我国最完整的海相白垩纪地层,对该时期海相沉积演化特征的研究,能够较好地反映该地区在印度板块和欧亚板块碰撞前的演化信息。对白垩纪岗巴地区的化石碳酸盐岩微相进行了较为详细和系统的分析与研究。初步识别出12种微相和7种生物相类型,在此基础上对西藏特提斯白垩纪沉积环境的演变进行了初步的探讨。西藏特提斯在白垩纪的海水进退规程总体上表现为：Berriasian-Aptian期发生海侵,Albian早期发生海退,Albian晚期-Cenomanian期水体有进一步加深的趋势,Turonian期再次发生大规模海侵,Santonian-Coniacian期海侵持续进行,Maastrichtian期海水急剧变浅。     

The Marine Cretaceous in the Western Part of the Tarim Basin of Xinjiang and Its Depositional Environments

The western part of the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang is one of the main areas in China where the marineCretaceous is well developed. The Upper Cretaceous Yingjisha Group represented mainly by sediments of lit-toral, near-shore neritic and estuarine facies is divided in ascending order into the Kukebai Formation, theOytak Formation, the Ygezya Formation and the Tuylouk Formation. For about thirty years, the basal beds of the Kukebai Formation had been considered to be the lowermostmarine horizon of the Cretaceous in the western part of the Tarim Basin, which represents the earliest trans-gression of the Cretaceous Sea into this region. Recently. marine trace fossils, Ophiomorpha nodosa, O.tuberosa and Thalassinoides? spp. were found in abundance and fine preservation from the upper subcycle andupper part of the lower subcycle of the Kezlesu Group underlying the Kukebai Formation. The fact indicatesthat the marine transgression there took place earlier than the Kukebaian. Process of transgression and regression and change of environment in the West Tarim Basin during the pe-riod from the late Early Cretaceous to the end of the Cretaceous is also discussed in this paper.     

A lithostratigraphic revision and palaeoenvironmental assessment of the Cretaceous System exposed in the onshore Cauvery Basin, southern India

The exposed Cretaceous shelf succession of the Cauvery Basin, southeastern India, has provided a world-class record of mid and Late Cretaceous invertebrates, documented in a substantial literature. However, the lithostratigraphy of the succession has been little studied and previously subject to a range of nomenclature. It is revised here, on the basis of intensive regional mapping, to stabilize the definition and nomenclature of lithostratigraphic units. The Uttattur Group is restricted in outcrop to the Ariyalur district and divided into the Arogypapurum Formation (new; Albian), Dalmiapuram Formation (late Albian), and Karai Formation (late Albian–early Turonian) for which the Odiyam and Kunnam Members are recognized. The Trichinopoly Group follows unconformably and is also restricted in outcrop to the Ariyalur district. It is divided into the Kulakkalnattam Formation (Turonian) and Anaipadi Formation (late Turonian–Coniacian). The Ariyalur Group is more widely distributed. In the Ariyalur district, the Sillikkudi Formation (Santonian–Campanian) and its Kilpaluvari Member, the Kallakurichchi Formation (early Maastrichtian), the Kallamedu Formation (mid and Late Maastrichtian) and the Niniyur Formation (Danian) are recognized. The sequence in the Vriddhachalam area consists of the Parur and Patti formations (Campanian), Mattur Formation (late Campanian–earliest Maastrichtian) and Aladi Formation (Maastrichtian). For the Pondicherry district, the Valudavur and Mettuveli formations (Maastrichtian) and Kasur and Manaveli formations (Paleocene) comprise the succession. The interpreted depositional environments for the succession in the Ariyalur district indicate four eustatic cycles in the mid and Late Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary: late Albian–early Turonian, late Turonian–Santonian, Campanian, Maastrichtian, and Paleocene. Overall the Cauvery Basin sequence is arenaceous and relatively labile in terms of framework grain composition, and contrasts with the pelitic assemblage developed on the west Australian margin from which eastern India separated in the Early Cretaceous (Valanginian). The difference is ascribed to palaeoclimate as controlled by palaeolatitude. For the Late Cretaceous, the Cauvery Basin drifted north on the Indian plate from 40 to 30°S. This zone is inferred to constitute Southern Hemisphere horse latitudes for Late Cretaceous time, characterized by an arid climate, physical weathering and the production of labile sands. By contrast, the west Australian margin of matching tectonic history remained in a high palaeolatitude (>40°S) throughout the Late Cretaceous, experiencing a pluvial climate, the dominance of chemical weathering and the production of clays.     

Sedimentary formations of the Cretaceous Sakhalin Basin (Far East Asia)

The marine sedimentary formations of the Middle Albian to Maastrichtian in the Cretaceous Sakhalin Basin (CSB) were investigated. These successions of strata consist of interbedded sandy, clayey and calcareous rocks which are underlain by heterogeneous metamorphosed (up to greenschist facies) Paleozoic to Mesozoic (pre-Aptian) rocks. The studied sections display several different facies reflecting geological settings ranging from an inner shelf to a continental slope. Three depositional complexes bound by regional subaerial unconformities are recognized within the marine successions. Since the Albian, the CSB has been a rapidly subsiding marginal part of the Okhotsk Sea plate. The Naiba Valley succession, corresponding to a sublittoral zone, shows extremely high sedimentation rates up to 190 m/Ma. The stratigraphic distribution of lithofacies indicates that the CSB became shallower from the Middle Albian to the Maastrichtian.     

Aspects of the marine Cretaceous of China

The marine Cretaceous of China is distributed mainly in southwestern Xinjiang, the West Kunlun Mountains, the Karakorum Mountains and most parts of Xizang (Tibet), with findings even from Taiwan.The marine Cretaceous of China may be divided into three sedimentary belts according to the lithologic and tectonic characters, biological provinces and the different modes of deposition.On the basis of recent research on the Cretaceous marine strata and faunas in China, the lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic sequences have been preliminarily established and the division and correlation of strata and boundaries between the Jurassic and Cretaceous, Lower Cretaceous and Upper Cretaceous, as well as Cretaceous and Tertiary outlined; the position of the beach line of the Laurasian landmass in China and the events of the tectonic movement and the transgression and regression during the Cretaceous period are discussed.     

Taxonomic composition,paleoecology and biostratigraphy of Late Cretaceous diatoms from Devon Island,Nunavut, Canadian High Arctic

Upper Cretaceous sediments of the Kanguk Formation exposed in Eidsbotn and Viks Fiord grabens on Devon Island, Nunavut, Canadian High Arctic, yielded 91 fossil marine diatom species and varieties (including indeterminate taxa), representing 41 genera. Excellent preservation of the assemblages was aided by shallow burial, protection in downfaulted linear grabens, and the presence of abundant volcanic material. Planktonic species and resting spores comprise nearly 70% of the diatom assemblage, and provided abundant food resources for the Late Cretaceous Arctic ecosystem. Deposition of the approximately 225 m-thick stratigraphic sequence was predominantly in a shallow marine neritic setting, with an upward progression to interbedded terrestrial deposits of the Expedition Fiord Formation, reflecting a regression and eventual persistence of terrestrial facies into the Early Cenozoic. The Kanguk Formation is widespread across the Canadian Arctic, and diatom biostratigraphy indicates a Santonian–Campanian age for the sequences reported herein, based on the presence of Gladius antiquus in the lowermost strata and occurrence of Costopyxis antiqua throughout the succession. However, Amblypyrgus sp. A and Archepyrgus sp. aff. A. melosiroides, encountered in the lower part of the succession, are known exclusively from the Lower Cretaceous. This may suggest a slightly older age. New information on shallow shelf diatom assemblages from this study is compared to reports on two other Late Cretacous Arctic diatom assemblages. These three sites represent an environmental transect from shallow to distal shelf settings and into the oceanic realm.     

贵州赤水地区晚白垩世古流向特征及构造意义

贵州赤水地区位于四川盆地西南缘,晚白垩世时期该地区沉积了一套厚达1300m的陆相地层。本文通过地表露头的古流向野外观测和室内分析,详细研究赤水地区晚白垩世沉积充填过程及构造意义。赤水地区晚白垩世早期辫状河的古流向为自北东向南西,表明碎屑物源主要来自盆地北侧和东侧。根据物源、地层分布及区域地质背景推断,赤水地区晚白垩世的陆相沉积盆地属于陆内前陆盆地,陆内造山带位于盆地东侧。晚白垩世陆内前陆盆地的形成,可能受控于此阶段华南的构造挤压事件形成的陆内造山作用。     

Late Cretaceous to early Miocene deposits of the Carpathian foreland basin in southern Moravia

 The Late Cretaceous to Early Miocene strata of the Carpathian foreland basin in southern Moravia (Czech Republic) are represented by a variety of facies which reflects the evolution of the foreland depositional system. However, because of the intensive deformation and tectonic displacement and the lack of diagnostic fossils the stratigraphic correlation and paleogeographic interpretation of these strata are difficult and often controversial. In order to better correlate and to integrate them into a broader Alpine–Carpathian foreland depositional system, these discontinuous and fragmentary strata have been related to four major tectonic and depositional events: (a) formation of the Carpathian foreland basin in Late Cretaceous which followed the subduction of Tethys and subsequent deformation of the Inner Alps-Carpathians; (b) Middle to Late Eocene transgression over the European foreland and the Carpathian fold belt accompanied by deepening of the foreland basin and deposition of organic-rich Menilitic Formation; (c) Late Oligocene to Early Miocene (Egerian) uplifting and deformation of inner zones of the Carpathian flysch belt and deposition of Krosno-type flysch in the foreland basin; and (d) Early Miocene (Eggenburgian) marine transgression and formation of late orogenic and postorogenic molasse-type foreland basin in the foreland. These four principal events and corresponding depositional sequences are recognized throughout the region and can be used as a framework for regional correlation within the Alpine–Carpathian foreland basin. Received: 18 August 1998 / Accepted: 9 June 1999     

Late Cretaceous oceanic crust and Early Tertiary foreland basin development, Euboea, Eastern Greece

In northern Euboea (Eastern Greece), Late Cretaceous platform carbonates of the Pelagonian Zone pass depositionally upwards into Maastrichtian hemipelagic limestones, possibly reflecting a rifting event in the adjacent Neotethys. This is followed by a c. 1 km-thick unit of siliciclastic turbidites, debris flows and detached limestone blocks. Thrust intercalations of ophiolitic rocks comprise altered pillow basalts and ultramafic rocks with ophicalcite. Calcite veins in sheared serpentinite contain planktonic foraminifera and the ophicalcite is directly overlain, with a depositional contact, by Globotruncana-bearing pelagic limestones and calciturbidites of Maastrichtian age. The ophiolitic rocks are interpreted as Late Cretaceous oceanic crust and mantle, that formed at a fracture zone, or rifted spreading axis within a Neotethyan, Vardar basin to the east. During the Early Tertiary (Palaeocene–Eocene), the Neotethyan basin began to close, with development of a subduction-accretion complex, mainly comprising sheared, trench-type sandstones, associated with ophiolitic slices. In response to trench/margin collision, the Pelagonian carbonate platform foundered and limestone debris flows and olistoliths were shed into a siliciclastic foreland basin. Suturing of the Neotethyan ocean basin then resulted in westwards thrusting of oceanic units over the foreland basin, thrusting of slices of inferred Late Cretaceous Pelagonian carbonate platform slope and large-scale recumbent folding.     

松辽盆地白垩纪湖侵沉积层序与湖海沟通事件的地球化学记录

松辽白垩纪近海陆相盆地最大湖侵期的泉头组－嫩江组时期，可能发生了三次较大规模的海水入侵事件，时间分别为泉三、四段一青一段（阿尔布期），青二、三段顶部（土仑期）和嫩一、二段（晚桑托－早坎佩尼期）。海水注入使湖盆的水文地球化学和环境地球化学条件均发生改变，并在层序中留下沉积记录。海进期主要表现为：①重同位素组份增加，直至与同期海相层序的同位素组成相同；②介质的盐度指标（Ｓｒ／Ｂａ）、碱度指标（Ｃａ＋Ｍｇ）／（Ｓｉ＋Ａｌ）、还原性指标（Ｚｎ＋Ｎｉ）／Ｇａ和硫通量指标（Ｓ归一化含量）均系统增加。相反，海退期则上述指标显著降低。根据沉积层序的同位素组成、同期海水的同位素组成和同位素分馏的质量平衡关系，可求出研究层段内同位素的海水来源与淡水来源的比例（混合度）为０－５。并由此恢复出海平面升降曲线。     

Source rocks evaluation, hydrocarbon generation and palynofacies study of late cretaceous succession at 16/G-1 offshore well in Qamar Basin, eastern Yemen

Subsurface Late Cretaceous succession has been recovered from 16/G-1, an offshore exploratory well that located in the Qamar Basin, eastern Republic of Yemen. This paper deals with the study of source rocks, maturation, hydrocarbon evaluation, and palynofacies of the Late Cretaceous Mukalla and Dabut Formations of the Mahra Group. These two formations consist of an intercalation of argillaceous, carbonates, siltstones, sandstones and coal layers. The sedimentary organic matter as amorphous organic matter, phytoclasts and palynomorphs are investigated and identified under transmitted light microscope. Spores, pollen, dinoflagellates, algae, fungi, and acritarchs in addition to foraminiferal lining test have been also identified. The optical and organic geochemical studies were used to evaluate the source rock, maturation and its hydrocarbons potentiality. The thermal alteration index, vitrinite reflectance, rock-eval pyrolysis, and palynofacies were also used. The upward increase in the relative abundance of marine versus terrestrial input reflects a major marine transgression and retregration cycles from Campanian to Maastrichtian stages. The Mukalla and Dabut Formations are late immature to mature stages with kerogen types II and III. The hydrocarbons generation potentiality of two formations is oil and wet gas prone indicators.     

Late Cretaceous – Early Tertiary sedimentation and tectonic inversion in the southern Netherlands

Analysis of the Upper Cretaceous stratigraphy of the Peel Block reveals the basin development of the block to have been influenced by both the inversion of the Roer Valley Graben and Central Netherlands Basin, and the overall Late Cretaceous transgression. Sediments of Santonian to Danian age were deposited on the block. These sediments are compared with the detailed lithostratigraphy of southern Limburg, where Late Cretaceous strata are exposed. Four successions can be recognised in southern Limburg. The two oldest successions, the Santonian Oploo Formation (new name, proposed in the present contribution) and the mainly Early Campanian Vaals Formation, are restricted to the central and northern parts of the block. These siliciclastic formations were deposited under the influence of inversion of the Roer Valley Graben and the Central Netherlands Basin, as well as under the influence of a rising sea level. Towards the north, sands of the Oploo Formation grade into marls and chalks of the Ommelanden Formation. The two youngest successions comprise the largely Late Campanian to Maastrichtian Gulpen and Maastricht Formations and the Danian Houthem Formation. These chalk formations were deposited under the influence of regional subsidence during a sea-level highstand. Subsequent to deposition of the Houthem Formation, a regional regression triggered a change from shallow-marine carbonate to paralic siliciclastic deposition.