地震波在饱和土层界面的反射与透射

研究了地震波在两种饱和土层界面的反射与透射,其中饱和土模型采用修改的Biot模型．考虑土颗粒及孔隙流体的压缩性,并考虑了孔隙流体与土骨架之间的粘性耦合作用,文中首先从理论上推导了地震波在界面发生反射与透射时,反射系数与透射系数的一般计算式,尔后数值分析了第一P波入射时,各模式的波反射系数和透射系数与入射角及频率的关系．本研究对地震工程中的波动勘测技术、场地地震反应分析等领域具有理论及应用价值．     

平面声波在粗糙界面上的反射特征研究

基于有关粗糙界面的Rayleigh假设,讨论了平面声波按余弦规律快速变化的小尺度粗糙界面上的反射特征.研究表明：这类界面与位于该位置的一个过渡地层的作用相当.该过渡层的厚度为粗糙界面的起伏幅度,速度和密度为上下两层介质相应量的平均值.研究了埋藏很深的微粗糙界面所引起的地震反射（绕射）波的频散特性和走时的构成,即包含零炮检距反射时间、正常时差和界面粗糙时差三部分内容.该粗糙时差与空间坐标和时间坐标无关,与绕射波的阶次有关,绕射波尾随在反射波之后以某一固定的时差出现.且只有当界面的粗糙波长与地震波的波长相当时,才能观测到这类绕射波.该结论为粗糙界面地震反射资料的处理方法提供了理论依据.     

声波在两种多孔介质界面上的反射和透射

本文导出了声波在两种多孔介质界面上反射、透射的一般计算公式.作为例子,数值计算了P1波入射于界面时,P1、P2和S波的反射、透射系数与声波频率、入射角等量之间的关系.结果表明,各种模式波的反射、透射系数与入射角、多孔介质性质有关,在Biot特征频率附近与频率有关,并用界面两侧的法向能流相等验证了结果的正确性.若把多孔介质当作均匀固体处理,将会得到显著不同的结果.     

水平液固界面上瑞利波辐射的有限模型

采用有限元和人工透射边界相结合的方法在时域内计算了水平液固界面上瑞利波的辐射过程，结果与解析解相符。本文提供了无界空间中非均匀波传播的数值模拟的初步尝试。     

声波在两种多孔介质界面上的反射和透射

本文导出了声波在两种多孔介质界面上反射、透射的一般计算公式.作为例子,数值计算了P₁波入射于界面时,P₁、P₂和S波的反射、透射系数与声波频率、入射角等量之间的关系.结果表明,各种模式波的反射、透射系数与入射角、多孔介质性质有关,在Biot特征频率附近与频率有关,并用界面两侧的法向能流相等验证了结果的正确性.若把多孔介质当作均匀固体处理,将会得到显著不同的结果.     

饱和土介质中地震波在水、气分界面上的反射与透射

基于修改的Biot模型,研究地震波在气饱和土中的传播特性以及地震波在饱和土中气、水界面上的反射和透射. 从理论上分析气饱和土与水饱和土的特性差异,根据界面连续条件推导了反射系数与透射系数的一般计算式;通过数值算例分析了气饱和土中波的传播特性,并分析了饱和土中P1波入射气、水界面时反射系数和透射系数与入射角及频率的关系. 结果表明,波在气饱和土中的传播与水饱和土中有较大差异; 频率和入射角度对反射系数与透射系数均有较大影响;并获得了波传播的某些新认识. 这对地震工程的波动勘测技术和场地反应分析具有理论及实际意义.      

自动勾制反射地震界面的数学原理

在任意相邻两个接收点各种校正条件相等的情况下,由公式t=1/v××（xi2-2xoxi+4h2）1/2可以导出下列方程组:共中A,B,C,…,G是常量;Xi=v2,Yi=xo,Zj=h2。 v——岩石中的地震波速度,h——爆炸点到界面垂距的平均值,xo——对应tmin的横坐标。解上面方程组便求得v,h,xo,。已知v,h,xo,利用交点法可求得界面上任意点A的坐标表达式: zA-Z0/2=-x0/Z0（xA-x0/2）,ZA/Z0=（XA-（i+1）△x）/（x0-（i+1）△x） 解此方程组便得到界面上任意点的坐标（zA,xA）。此外,利用椭圆法也可求得下列方程组: 解此方程组,也可求得界面上点的坐标。若界面上各点坐标已知,把已知参量送到机器里,便可自动描绘出反射界面。现代电子计算机的出现和使用为各种生产的自动化开辟了广阔的道路。同样,野外地球物理探矿的生产自动化也是目前所迫切需要的。本文试图讨论关于地球物理探矿中反射波地震界面自动勾制的数学原理。根据这一原理,电子计算机的设计和制造家们不难设计和制造出为此用途的专用电子计算机——数字机和模拟机,也不难根据这一原理编成解题程序,在通用电子计算机上找出问题的解答。     

自动勾制反射地震界面的数学原理

在任意相邻两个接收点各种校正条件相等的情况下,由公式t=1/v××（x_i²-2xoxi+4h²）^1/2可以导出下列方程组:共中A,B,C,…,G是常量;X_i=v₂,Y_i=xo,Z_j=h₂。 v--岩石中的地震波速度, h--爆炸点到界面垂距的平均值, xo--对应t_min的横坐标。解上面方程组便求得v,h,xo,。已知v,h,xo,利用交点法可求得界面上任意点A的坐标表达式: zA-Z0/2=-x0/Z0（xA-x0/2）, ZA/Z0=（XA-（i+1）△x）/（x0-（i+1）△x） 解此方程组便得到界面上任意点的坐标（zA,xA）。此外,利用椭圆法也可求得下列方程组: 解此方程组,也可求得界面上点的坐标。若界面上各点坐标已知,把已知参量送到机器里,便可自动描绘出反射界面。现代电子计算机的出现和使用为各种生产的自动化开辟了广阔的道路。同样,野外地球物理探矿的生产自动化也是目前所迫切需要的。本文试图讨论关于地球物理探矿中反射波地震界面自动勾制的数学原理。根据这一原理,电子计算机的设计和制造家们不难设计和制造出为此用途的专用电子计算机--数字机和模拟机,也不难根据这一原理编成解题程序,在通用电子计算机上找出问题的解答。     

横波在泥沙层界面的反射与透射特性研究（英文）

黄河的自然灾害多起因于泥沙,因而研究泥沙的成分、侵蚀和输移规律是黄河泥沙治理的一项基本内容。作为原位测试的一种方法,横波探测可以获取泥沙的剪切模量等物理参数。本文采用Biot–Stoll模型,推导出了横波入射在泥沙层界面上的反射与透射系数计算公式,研究了频率、入射角和孔隙度对横波反射与透射系数的影响,探讨了纵波与横波在泥沙层界面的反射与透射性质的差异。研究结果表明,横波的反射与透射系数均与泥沙孔隙度呈线性相关关系,横波的反射系数随孔隙度的增大而增大。入射角对横波的反射与透射系数的变化有较大影响,特别在临界角附近,系数发生突变。频率仅在泥沙特征频率附近对横波的反射与透射系数有较大影响,而偏离特征频率则影响较小。研究成果对获取泥沙物理参数、分析黄河泥沙的成分及其侵蚀规律有一定意义。     

热弹性波在流体—固体界面上的反射问题及其基本特征*

本文建立了热弹性流体介质中的波方程,指出了该介质中可能传播的两类波,并建立了热弹性P波的概念和基本特征。此外,本文还研究了热弹性波在液体—固体界面上的反射问题,给出了反射系数、透射系数的表达式以及反射热弹性P波、透射热弹性P波和透射SV型S波的基本特征。     

Reflection and transmission of seismic waves at an interface betwen two saturated soils

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Calculation of reflection and transmission coefficients for qP waves incident on a planar interface between isotropic and triclinic media

In the paper by Chattopadhyay and Rajneesh (2006, “Reflection and refraction of waves at the interface of an isotropic medium over a highly anisotropic medium’, Acta Geophysica, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 239–249), the authors proposed a process to calculate R/T (reflection and transmission) coefficients at the interface between isotropic and triclinic half-spaces, with incident qP waves in triclinic media. Unfortunately, besides several misprints, the authors made a fatal assumption that there is no transmitted SH wave generated in isotropic media, which led the successive analytical derivations and numerical calculations thoroughly wrong. In this paper, the errors are analyzed at length and corrections are given. Then an alternative approach to solve the problem is proposed and numerical results are shown and discussed.     

Reflection of waves from the boundary of a random elastic semi-infinite medium

In this paper the smooth perturbation technique is employed to investigate the problem of reflection of waves incident on the plane boundary of a semi-infinite elastic medium with randomly varying inhomogeneities. Amplitude ratios have been obtained for various types of incident and reflected waves. It has been shown that an incidentSH orSV type of wave gives rise to reflectedSH, P andSV waves, the main components beingSH andP, SV in the respective cases. The reflected amplitudes have been calculated depending upon the randomness of the medium to the square of the small quantity , where measures the deviation of the medium from homogeneity. An incidentP-type wave produces mainly aP component and also a weakSH component to the order of ². The reflected amplitudes obtainable for elastic media are also altered by terms of the same order. The direction of the reflected wave is influenced by randomness in some cases.     

Reflection and transmission of plane waves by a layer of compact inhomogeneities

Reflection and transmission of elastic wave motion by a layer of compact inhomogeneities has been analyzed. For identical inhomogeneities whose geometrical centers are periodically spaced, the problem has been formulated and solved rigorously. The reflected and transmitted longitudinal and transverse wave motions have been expressed as superpositions of wavemodes, where each wavemode has its own cut-off frequency. At its cut-off frequency a mode converts from a standing into a propagating wavemode. The standing wavemodes decay exponentially with distance to the plane of the centers of the inhomogeneities. At small frequencies only the lowest order modes of longitudinal and transverse wave motion are propagating. Reflection and transmission coefficients have been defined in terms of the coefficients of the zeroth-order scattered wavemodes. These coefficients have been computed by a novel application of the Betti-Rayleigh reciprocal theorem. They are expressed as integrals over the surface of a single inhomogeneity, in terms of the displacements and tractions on the surface of the inhomogeneity. The system of singular integral equations for the surface fields has been solved numerically by the boundary integral equation method. Curves show the reflection and transmission coefficients for the reflected and transmitted longitudinal and transverse waves as functions of the frequency. Some results are also presented for planar distributions of cracks whose spacing and size are random variables. Finally, dispersion relations are discussed for solids which are completely filled with periodically spaced inhomogeneities.     

Analytical expressions for Fresnel volumes and interface fresnel zones of seismic body waves. Part 2: Transmitted and converted waves. Head waves

Summary Fresnel volumes and interface Fresnel zones of transmitted and head waves are studied. The relation derived for transmitted waves may also be used for converted reflected waves. Considerable attention is devoted to the penetration of Fresnel volumes across structural interfaces, particularly for head waves.     

Reflection of hydrostatic mountain waves from spatially nonuniform layers

Abstract

The steady, hydrostatic, inviscid, Boussinesq flow of a stably stratified fluid over a bell-shaped ridge is investigated within the framework of a linear model. The three layer model atmosphere introduced is such that the Brunt-Väisälä frequency is constant in each layer but the interfaces of the middle layer are allowed to vary gently in the cross-ridge direction. In essence, the model can be tuned in both vertical and horizontal directions. These cross-ridge variations can produce significant differences in both the cross-ridge surface wind and the surface drag compared to the response obtained by use of a horizontally uniform reflecting layer. These changes are sensitive to both the vertical location of the middle layer and to the slope of its lower interface at the ridge crest. Many of these features are explained by means of a conventional layered-model analysis.     

Analytical expression for fresnel volumes and interface fresnel zones of seismic body waves. Part 1: Direct and unconverted reflected waves

Summary Fresnel volumes, plane-sectional Fresnel zones and interface Fresnel zones of direct and unconverted reflected waves are studied. Exact analytical expressions for various parameters of Fresnel volumes and Fresnel zones are derived and discussed. Among others, these expressions are related to semi-axes of Fresnel zones, to overshooting and penetration distances, and to the off-ray shifts of Fresnel zones.     

Ray path of head waves with irregular interfaces

Head waves are usually considered to be the refracted waves propagating along flat interfaces with an underlying higher velocity. However, the path that the rays travel along in media with irregular interfaces is not clear. Here we study the problem by simulation using a new approach of the spectral-element method with some overlapped elements (SEMO) that can accurately evaluate waves traveling along an irregular interface. Consequently, the head waves are separated from interface waves by a time window. Thus, their energy and arrival time changes can be analyzed independently. These analyses demonstrate that, contrary to the case for head waves propagating along a flat interface, there are two mechanisms for head waves traveling along an irregular interface: a refraction mechanism and transmission mechanism. That is, the head waves may be refracted waves propagating along the interface or transmitted waves induced by the waves propagating in the higher-velocity media. Such knowledge will be helpful in constructing a more accurate inversion method, such as head wave travel-time tomography, and in obtaining a more accurate model of subsurface structure which is very important for understanding the formation mechanism of some special areas, such as the Tibetan Plateau.     

双相介质分界面上弹性波的反射与透射

本文基于Biot理论,推导出Zoeppritz形式的双相介质分界面上弹性波的反射与透射公式,对单相Zoeppritz公式与双相反射系数公式进行了比较,对双相介质含油、水、气不同流体时的反射规律以及孔隙度、渗透率、饱和度等储层参数对纵波反射的影响进行了研究.数值模拟分析表明,双相与单相反射公式的主要差异在于双相介质反射公式中考虑了液相、固液耦合相弹性模量的影响;油砂、水砂、气砂岩的慢P波反射差异明显;快P波反射对孔隙度的变化敏感,饱和度次之,对渗透率和频率的变化不敏感.