Geology, water geochemistry and geothermal potential of the jemez springs area, Canon de San Diego, new Mexico

Studies of the geology, geochemistry of thermal waters, and of one exploratory geothermal well show that two related hot spring systems discharge in Canõn de San Diego at Soda Dam (48°C) and Jemez Springs (72°C). The hot springs discharge from separate strands of the Jemez fault zone which trends northeastward towards the center of Valles Caldera. Exploration drilling to Precambrian basement beneath Jemez Springs encountered a hot aquifer (68°C) at the top of Paleozoic limestone of appropriate temperature and composition to be the local source of the fluids in the surface hot springs at Jemez Springs. Comparisons of the soluble elements Na, Li, Cl, and B, arguments based on isotopic evidence, and chemical geothermometry indicate that the hot spring fluids are derivatives of the deep geothermal fluid within Valles Caldera. No hot aquifer was discovered in or on top of Precambrian basement. It appears that low- to moderate-temperature geothermal reservoirs (< 100°C) of small volume are localized along the Jemez fault zone between Jemez Springs and the margin of Valles Caldera.     

Groundwater Flow Cycling Between a Submarine Spring and an Inland Fresh Water Spring

Spring Creek Springs and Wakulla Springs are large first magnitude springs that derive water from the Upper Floridan Aquifer. The submarine Spring Creek Springs are located in a marine estuary and Wakulla Springs are located 18 km inland. Wakulla Springs has had a consistent increase in flow from the 1930s to the present. This increase is probably due to the rising sea level, which puts additional pressure head on the submarine Spring Creek Springs, reducing its fresh water flow and increasing flows in Wakulla Springs. To improve understanding of the complex relations between these springs, flow and salinity data were collected from June 25, 2007 to June 30, 2010. The flow in Spring Creek Springs was most sensitive to rainfall and salt water intrusion, and the flow in Wakulla Springs was most sensitive to rainfall and the flow in Spring Creek Springs. Flows from the springs were found to be connected, and composed of three repeating phases in a karst spring flow cycle: Phase 1 occurred during low rainfall periods and was characterized by salt water backflow into the Spring Creek Springs caves. The higher density salt water blocked fresh water flow and resulted in a higher equivalent fresh water head in Spring Creek Springs than in Wakulla Springs. The blocked fresh water was diverted to Wakulla Springs, approximately doubling its flow. Phase 2 occurred when heavy rainfall resulted in temporarily high creek flows to nearby sinkholes that purged the salt water from the Spring Creek Springs caves. Phase 3 occurred after streams returned to base flow. The Spring Creek Springs caves retained a lower equivalent fresh water head than Wakulla Springs, causing them to flow large amounts of fresh water while Wakulla Springs flow was reduced by about half.     

Investigation of karstic hydrological processes of Niangziguan Springs (North China) using wavelet analysis

Niangziguan Spring complex is the largest karst spring in North China. We investigate the karst hydrological processes by using Morlet wavelet transform analysis and cross wavelet analysis based on monthly precipitation from 1958 to 2010 and spring discharge from 1958 to 2009. From Morlet wavelet transform coefficients of precipitation and the spring discharge in Niangziguan Springs Basin, we find that the precipitation and discharge are characterized by the multi‐scale features in the time domain, and the energy distribution of the signal is highly irregular across scales. Although precipitation eventually becomes spring discharge by infiltrating and propagating through karst formations, the signals are attenuated. The results also show that the precipitation of Niangziguan Springs Basin has the main periodic components of 1‐, 5‐, 12‐, and 17‐year periods with alternating wet–drought cycle. Similarly, the spring discharge of Niangziguan Springs has the main components of 17‐year periods, but the 1‐, 5‐, and 12‐year periodicity of precipitation are not reflected in spring discharge, which is filtered by the aquifers. The results of cross wavelet analysis reveal that the precipitation and spring discharge share the common periodicity of 17 years. This means that those signals with high energy and long timescales can penetrate through the aquifer and be reflected in spring discharge, whereas other signals are filtered and modified. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南海北部琼东南海域活动冷泉特征及形成模式

近年来,活动冷泉的研究越来越受到关注.本文利用多波束数据、多道地震数据以及底质取样结果研究琼东南海域活动冷泉系统,分析活动冷泉的羽状流特征、海底地貌与底质特征以及流体活动构造特征.多波束水体数据上,观测到多个延伸高度超过750 m的气泡羽状流,海底流体活动非常强烈;多道地震上识别出麻坑、流体运移通道、气烟囱等流体渗漏相关的构造,与其他海域观测到的反射特征不同,羽状流的下方流体运移通道呈强振幅"串珠"反射;重力活塞取样在两个站位上获得浅表层块状天然气水合物.其中一个站位位于活动冷泉附近,天然气水合物赋存于海底以下8 m左右.基于以上三方面的数据,笔者提出了一个用于描述活动冷泉系统的形成模式,游离气通过气烟囱向上运移到达浅层,一部分在天然气水合物稳定带内形成天然气水合物,另一部分穿透天然气水合物稳定带到达海底,形成活动冷泉的羽状流.     

青海木里冻土区水合物稳定带的特征研究——模拟与钻探结果对比

基于青海木里冻土区的气体组成、钻孔泥浆的温度测量数据等对该区水合物稳定带的顶底深度进行了模拟计算,并将计算结果与钻探揭示的水合物产出深度进行了对比.模拟计算的水合物顶深在148.8～122.7 m 间,底深在324.6～354.8 m间,水合物厚度在175.8～232.2 m间,钻探揭示水合物及其异常产出在133～39...     

外界条件变化对天然气水合物相平衡曲线及稳定带厚度的影响

目前，有关天然气水合物的相关研究越来越多，而天然气水合物相平衡曲线和稳定带厚度的研究也变得越来越重要.本文利用Sloan的CSMHYD程序研究了外界条件变化对天然气水合物相平衡曲线及稳定带厚度的影响.研究结果表明：当天然气水合物中含有其他气体时，除了氮气会使水合物稳定存在的区域变小外；其他气体都会使稳定区域变大，且甲烷含量越少，水合物越容易形成；对于本文中所提到的几种气体，丙烷和硫化氢对相平衡曲线的影响最大；另外，水合物稳定存在的区域会随着盐度增加而变小.地温梯度、水深、海底温度、气体组成和孔隙水盐度对稳定带厚度的影响不同，其中稳定带厚度与地温梯度呈指数相关关系，与水深呈对数相关关系，与海底温度、水合物中甲烷含量及气体组成呈线性相关关系.水深从1 000 m增加到4 000 m时，稳定带厚度增加了大约400 m；水深2 000 m情况下，地温梯度从0.02℃/m到0.1℃/m变化时，稳定带厚度减薄了大约660 m；底水温度从0~17℃的变化过程中，稳定带厚度减薄了大约1000m；在水合物中气体组成从纯甲烷到含20%乙烷时，稳定带厚度增加了大约170m；盐度在0~4.5 wt％的变化中，稳定带厚度减薄了大约130 m.由此可见，在这几种因素中，地温梯度和底水温度对稳定带厚度的影响较大.     

Innovative Environmental Tracer Techniques for Evaluating Sources of Spring Discharge from a Carbonate Aquifer Bisected by a River

Littlefield Springs discharge about 1.6 m³/s along a 10‐km reach of the Virgin River in northwestern Arizona. Understanding their source is important for salinity control in the Colorado River Basin. Environmental tracers suggest that Littlefield Springs are a mixture of older groundwater from the regional Great Basin carbonate aquifer and modern (post‐1950s) seepage from the Virgin River. While corrected ¹⁴C apparent ages range from 1 to 9 ka, large amounts of nucleogenic ⁴He and low ³He/⁴He ratios suggest that the carbonate aquifer component is likely even older Pleistocene recharge. Modeled infiltration of precipitation, hydrogeologic cross sections, and hydraulic gradients all indicate recharge to the carbonate aquifer likely occurs in the Clover and Bull Valley Mountains along the northern part of the watershed, rather than in the nearby Virgin Mountains. This high‐altitude recharge is supported by relatively cool noble‐gas recharge temperatures and isotopically depleted δ²H and δ¹⁸O. Excess (crustal) SF₆ and ⁴He precluded dating of the modern component of water from Littlefield Springs using SF₆ and ³H/³He methods. Assuming a lumped‐parameter model with a binary mixture of two piston‐flow components, Cl^?/Br^?, Cl^?/F^?, δ²H, and CFCs indicate the mixture is about 60% Virgin River water and 40% groundwater from the carbonate aquifer, with an approximately 30‐year groundwater travel time for Virgin River seepage to re‐emerge at Littlefield Springs. This suggests that removal of high‐salinity sources upstream of the Virgin River Gorge would reduce the salinity of water discharging from Littlefield Springs into the Virgin River within a few decades.     

济阳坳陷潜山断裂带地震采集设计探讨

济阳坳陷潜山断裂带的隐蔽油气藏模式复杂,勘探难度大;本文从地质角度分析研究了该区复杂潜山断裂带勘探中存在的主要难点。利用正演模拟技术重点研究了济阳坳陷典型的潜山带模式。提出了适用于潜山断裂带油气藏勘探的高精度采集目标设计及全三维地震等方法,并以潜山油气藏勘探为例,探讨了目标采集设计、宽方位采集、以及点激发和点接收等技术及其应用效果。     

Influence of storm-related sediment storage on the sediment delivery from tributary catchments in the upper Waipaoa River,New Zealand

Although much is known about overall sediment delivery ratios for catchments as components of sediment production and sediment yield, little is known about the component of temporary sediment storage. Sediment delivery ratios focused on the influence of storm-related sediment storage are measured at Matakonekone and Oil Springs tributaries of the Waipaoa River basin, east coast of New Zealand. The terrace deposits of both tributaries show abundant evidence of storm-related sedimentation, especially sediment delivered from Cyclone Bola, a 50 year return rainfall event which occurred in 1988. The sediment delivery ratio is calculated by dividing the volume of sediment transported from a tributary to the main stream by the volume of sediment generated at erosion sites in the tributary catchment. Because the sediment delivery volume is unknown, it can be calculated as the difference between sediment generation volume and sediment storage volume in the channel reach of the tributary. The volume of sediment generated from erosion sites in each tributary catchment was calculated from measurements made on aerial photographs dating from 1960 (1:44 000) and 1988 (1:27 000). The volume of sediment stored in the tributary can be calculated from measurements of cross-sections located along the tributary channel, which are accompanied by terrace deposits dated by counting annual growth rings of trees on terrace surfaces. Sediment delivery ratios are 0·93 for both Matakonekone catchment and Oil Springs catchment. Results indicate that Oil Springs catchment has contributed more than twice the volume of sediment to the Waipaoa River than the Matakonekone catchment (2·75 × 10⁶ m³ vs 1·22 × 10⁶ m³). Although large volumes of sediment are initially deposited during floods, subsequent smaller flows scour away much of these deposits. The sediment scouring rate from storage is 1·25 × 10⁴ m³ a⁻¹ for Matakonekone stream and 0·83 × 10⁴ m³ a⁻¹ for Oil Springs stream. Matakonekone and Oil Springs channels respond to extreme storms by instantaneously aggrading, then gradually excavating the temporarily stored sediment. Results from Matakonekone and Oil Springs streams suggest a mechanism by which event recurrence interval can strongly influence the magnitude of a geomorphic change. Matakonekone stream with its higher stream power is expected to excavate sediment deposits more rapidly and allow more rapid re-establishment of storage capacity. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Foldback reflectors near methane hydrate bottom‐simulating reflectors: Indicators of gas distribution from 3D seismic images in the eastern Nankai Trough

Understanding of fluid behavior and gas distribution in the shallow subsurface are important considerations in gas hydrate formation and the global carbon cycle. Estimation of gas distribution based on reflection seismic surveys, however, is difficult because the boundary of a gas‐bearing zone is indistinct and not systematically defined. This study reports distinctive features related to gas‐hydrate distribution and possible fluid migration in high‐resolution 3D seismic‐reflection data from sediments of the eastern Nankai Trough. These features, here termed foldback reflectors (FBRs), descend in accordion shaped reflectors near the edges of bottom‐simulating reflectors (BSRs). FBRs generally correspond to lateral boundaries between two seismic facies, a ‘dimmed’ facies with relatively low amplitude and subdued high‐frequency components beneath the BSR and the contrasting facies around the BSR. The dimmed facies corresponds to areas of anomalously low velocity consistent with a small amount of free gas. FBR is mostly developed in well‐stratified formations in uplifted regions. Dip directions of the FBR appear to be restricted by orientation of the host formations. Edges of the FBR often correspond to high‐amplitude layers. Such occurrences of FBR suggest that regional uplift and layer‐parallel fluid migration are related to the formation of FBR as well as BSR.     

Radon variations at arrowhead and murrieta springs: Continuous and discrete measurements

Two continuous radon monitors (CRMs) have been deployed at Arrowhead Hot Springs along the San Andreas fault near San Bernardino and at Murrieta Hot Springs along the Elsinore fault. The recorded hourly and daily radon variations during 1983 are within ±5% of the mean values. The radon levels increased, however, by about 10–20% above their normal baseline levels in midyear. Several small-magnitude earthquakes (M=3.0–3.5) occurred within 20 km of the Arrowhead site near the end of the period of the radon increase.Discrete radon and helium monitoring at Arrowhead Springs since 1974 has recorded one definite precursory anomaly: a shapr increase of radon and helium (and also other dissolved gases) in 1979 by as much as 60% above their baseline levels. This anomaly was followed by the nearby Big Bear earthquake swarm (main shock,M=4.8) 45 days later. A similar increase was recorded during the first half of 1983, and it was followed by several small earthquakes (M=3.0–3.5) within 20 km of the Arrowhead site. In both cases radon and helium increased proportionally, indicating mixing between the deep-source water and the surface water at variable proportions.Comparison of radon values in gas and in liquid phases indicates that radon is not in equilibrium between the two phases but is distributed preferentially in the gas phase by a factor of 20 to 25. (Only about 5% or less of groundwater radon is in the dissolved phase.) At both sites the dissolved radon is much lower than that expected from solubility.     

Sources of variability in springwater chemistry in Fool Creek,a high-elevation catchment of the Rocky Mountains,Colorado, USA

Springs are the point of origin for most headwater streams and are important regulators of their chemical composition. We analysed solute concentrations of water emerging from 57 springs within the 3 km² Fool Creek catchment at the Fraser Experimental Forest and considered sources of spatial variation among them and their influence on the chemical composition of downstream water. On average, calcium and acid neutralizing capacity (bicarbonate-ANC) comprised 50 and 90% of the cation and anion charge respectively, in both spring and stream water. Variation in inorganic chemical composition among springs reflected distinct groundwater sources and catchment geology. Springs emerging through glacial deposits in the upper portion of the catchment were the most dilute and similar to snowmelt, whereas lower elevation springs were more concentrated in cations and ANC. Water emerging from a handful of springs in a geologically faulted portion of the catchment were more concentrated than all others and had a predominant effect on downstream ion concentrations. Chemical similarity indicated that these springs were linked along surface and subsurface flowpaths. This survey shows that springwater chemistry is influenced at nested spatial scales including broad geologic conditions, elevational and spatial attributes and isolated local features. Our results highlight the role of overlapping factors on solute export from headwater catchments.     

Upper-mantle travel times in Australia — A preliminary report

This paper gives a preliminary account of an experiment to determine upper-mantle travel times in Australia. A set of fifteen 14-track tape-recording units are being used along a profile from Darwin to Alice Springs in central Australia. In addition to the 14-track recorders, eleven 6-track units are being used both on-line and off-line as monitors. The sources used are natural earthquakes occurring to the north of Australia, especially Banda Sea events.Preliminary analysis of the records from the first sub-array has confirmed the high apparent velocities for P and S previously found for the distance range 800–1,800 km in central Australia. It is inferred that the high apparent velocities are due to a sharp increase in the proportion of garnet at a depth of about 90 km.Neither the P nor S arrivals from 800 to 1,800 km show any evidence of the shadow zones or offsets in the travel-time curve which would be associated with an upper-mantle low-velocity zone. It is suggested, however, that a low-velocity zone is not precluded by the observations, but that the associated offset may not occur in the first-arrival part of the travel-time curve.     

郯庐断裂带江苏段断层气氡地球化学特征研究

为讨论郯庐断裂带江苏段断层气体氡的地球化学特征,在重岗、晓店、桥北和何庄4个地点跨断层测量了断层气氡浓度。测量结果表明:郯庐断裂带江苏段上断层气氡浓度异常衬度为2.05~5.73,且其浓度异常主要集中分布在断裂带内及附近,这与活动断裂带地震活动性有很好的一致性。     

A tertiary silicic cauldron complex at the northern margin of the basin and range province,central Arizona,U.S.A.

The Superior volcanic field occupies approximately 8,000 square kilometers of central Arizona in the zone between the southern Basin and Range Province and the Colorado Plateaus Province. The primary structural elements of an eruptive center in the western part of this field are: 1) volcanic plateau, 2) ring fracture zone, and 3) resurgent caldera core. A northwest trending graben controls the location of three small subsided blocks, the Willow Springs cauldron (2 km diameter), the Black Mesa cauldron (4 km diameter), and the Florence Junction cauldron (8 km diameter), which were centers for rhyolite ash and lava eruption. These late features are superimposed on a much larger volcano-tectonic structure, the Superstition resurgent cauldron which subsided at an earlier stage following the extrusion of quartz latite welded tuff. The history of the volcanic center is as follows: An early ring of dacite domes of up to 900 meters in relief formed a semi-circular are 7 km in diameter on the western margin of the caldera. The last phases of dome building were contemporaneous with the extrusion of a vast quartz latite welded tuff (22.6 m.y.). The plateau formed by the welded tuff collapsed to a maximum depth of 800 meters along a northwest trending graben which is the locus of three small cauldrons. These late cauldrons were the source of rhyolitic magma which produced non-welded ash flows, lava (21 m.y.), and a thick sequence of epiclastic breccias. The rhyolitic volcanism was followed by intrusion of domes and extrusion of glassy lavas (20 m.y.) of quartz latite composition in a 270° are 16 km in diameter concentric to the arc of older dacite domes. Following deposition of the epiclastic breccia and intrusion of the ring fracture dikes was the extrusion of mafic lava (18 m.y.) into low places in the graben. The mafic lava composition ranges from basalt to basanite.     

唐山断裂带气体组分变异函数空间分布特征

气体是识别构造带展布和活动的敏感组分。对唐山断裂带高空间分辨率气体地球化学测量数据进行了变异函数计算,分析了断裂带活动性与断裂带气体浓度的定量关系。结果表明,断裂带本身结构特性是控制断裂带气体空间分布的主要因素,高倾角断裂在地表以狭长条带状为主要特征,分布气体浓度高值异常,交会处气体浓度高值异常以环带形式围绕断裂分布。沿断裂带走向,各气体浓度呈高值分布,利用变异函数计算,确定各气体组分在测量区域内气体浓度与构造相关的空间范围,据此确定了唐山断裂各段构造敏感气体组分,在断裂带周边圈定出断裂带活动性重点监测区域。断裂带气体浓度克里金插值分析结果表明,唐山地区滦县—乐亭断裂带活动性较强,唐山断裂带次之,蓟运河断裂带活动性最弱。断裂带交会处,浓度高值异常分布更加明显。     

海洋天然气水合物的地球物理研究(III):似海底反射

对天然气水合物研究中与似海底反射有关的一些观点进行讨论 ,以推动天然气水合物地震研究的认识 .30年的似海底反射研究表明 ,似海底反射仍然是指示天然气水合物沉积存在的最好手段之一 .有似海底反射 ,是可以认为存在天然气水合物的 .虽然存在“游离气带速度模型”与“水合物楔速度模型” ,但似海底反射主要由天然气水合物稳定带底界下方的游离气引起 .BSR上方的天然气水合物、下方的游离气与天然气再循环和含甲烷的流体流有关 .由于天然气水合物稳定带计算控制因素难以准确确定等因素 ,似海底反射与天然气水合物稳定带底界只是近似的对应关系 .需从动态的观点考虑天然气水合物 天然气体系及其与似海底反射的关系 .     

准噶尔盆地陆东-五彩湾地区石炭系火山岩电性与地震响应特征

勘探实践证实,准噶尔盆地石炭系已成为一套现实勘探层系;陆东-五彩湾地区石炭系火山岩体规模大、分布广,是重要的天然气储集体;火山岩储层有效性主要受不整合、岩性、岩相控制,识别火山结构、火山岩岩性、岩相成为判别储层有效性的关键.由于主要目的层巴塔玛依内山组特殊的三段式火山岩组合层序结构,为通过测井、地震物探手段识别火山岩岩...     

大兴安岭西盆地群域构造与地球物理场综述

中国东北地区大兴安岭西侧盆地群包括漠河盆地、根河盆地、拉布达林盆地、海拉尔盆地和二连盆地等,蕴藏着丰富的中、新生代油气资源.为研究该盆地群域古生代、中新生代构造演化,综合建立盆地群域地球动力学模型,补充东北亚构造演化理论,本文综述该盆地群域受控的区域构造与深部构造背景、盆地群构造特征与性质、主要控盆断裂特征、盆地群油气条件比较以及盆地群域已完成并取得重要结果的地球物理工作.归纳已有主要认识和研究结果:(1)对大兴安岭西侧的盆地群起构造控制作用的构造带包括蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋缝合带、西拉木伦河缝合带、黑河—贺根山缝合带、塔原—喜桂图缝合带、西太平洋板块俯冲带,以及额尔古纳—呼伦断裂和得尔布干断裂.(2)二连盆地、海拉尔盆地和漠河盆地的盆地构造轴向与蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋缝合带走向相关;而且三个盆地内的一级构造单元走向(隆起、坳陷和推覆带)也具有这类特点.(3)几个地学断面的综合地球物理研究表明,大兴安岭西侧盆地群岩石圈地幔厚度自北向南变厚,南部盆地基底与华北地台基底表现类似;盆地群基底电性结构因受到软流圈热物质作用可能在继续演化.(4)在盆地沉积地层方面,漠河盆地的下部是侏罗系陆相煤系地层,上部是白垩系火山岩地层;海拉尔盆地由下侏罗统的铜钵庙组、南屯组,上侏罗统的大磨拐河组和下白垩统的伊敏组共同组成扎赉诺尔群,厚约3000m;二连盆地中生代地层中,中下侏罗统主要为含煤建造,上侏罗统为火山岩建造,下白垩统主要为含油建造和含煤建造,上白垩统为砂砾岩建造.(5)盆地群整体勘探程度较低.基于上述研究结果,需要进一步研究的科学问题包括:由本研究区的地球物理、构造地质、石油地质等多学科的综合研究,解决研究区受控的区域构造应力场所包括的因素及其作用,以及在岩石圈尺度上三维空间的地球物理场表征;深部构造对盆地群域构造的作用;从晚古生代到中新生代研究区构造演化特点及其依据;从北至南约1650km长的盆地群域构造差异与依据;盆地群(域)油气条件与毗邻的松辽盆地在构造成因上的差异.     

Fluid inclusion evidence for rapid formation of the vapor-dominated zone at Sulphur Springs, Valles caldera, New Mexico, USA

Microthermometric measurements were obtained for 618 fluid inclusions in hydrothermal quartz, fluorite and calcite and magmatic quartz phenocrysts in intracaldera tuffs from the VC-2A core hole in order to study evolutionary processes of the Sulphur Springs hydrothermal system in the Valles caldera. Relatively high T_h values in samples from shallow depths indicate erosion of about 200 m of caldera fill since deposition of hydrothermal minerals at shallow depths in the Sulphur Springs hydrothermal system, accompanied by a descent in the water table of the liquid-dominated reservoir. For samples collected below the current water level of the well, the minimum values of homogenization temperature (T_h) fit the present thermal profile, whereas minimum T_h values of samples from above the water level are several tens of degrees higher than the present thermal profile and fit a paleo-thermal profile following the boiling point curve for pure water, as adjusted to 92 °C at 20 m below the present land surface. This is attributed to development of an evolving vapor zone that formed subsequent to a sudden drop in the water table of the liquid-dominated reservoir. We suggest that these events were caused by the drainage of an intracaldera lake when the southwestern wall of the caldera was breached about 0.5 Ma. This model indicates that vapor zones above major liquid-dominated geothermal reservoirs can be formed due to dramatic changes in geohydrology and not just from simple boiling.