BIOGEOCHEMISTRY RESEARCH OF FLUORIDE IN ANTARCTIC OCEAN Ⅰ. THE STUDY OF FLUORIDE ANOMALY IN ANTARCTIC KRILL

The aim of the study is to investigate the existing form and the partitioning pattern of fluoride in krill (Euphusia superba) by analysing the fluoride and other elements in various part of krill, primarily to approach the potential concentrating mechanism and the effect of fluoride in krill on the geochemical characteristics of fluoride in the Antarctic ecoenvironment. The results of the study show that the amount of flouride in various part of krill has a considerable difference. Most of fluoride is concentrated in the carapace, up to 4028μg/g, and the head and legs, respectively 2724μg/g and 2828μg/g. The muscle contains the least flouride with amount of 226μg/g. The amount of fluoride in whole freeze-dried krill is averagely 1232μg/g, which indicates that the functional position of fluoride in krill is mainly located at the crust. Only a few of fluoride is found in the chitin of the carapaces (200μg/g), which exhibits that fluoride in the carapaces exists mostly in the form of the nonchitious     

SIMPLE VALIDATORY TOOLS FOR JUDGING THE PREDICTIVE PERFORMANCE OF PARAFAC AND THREE-WAY PLS

The methods PARAFAC and three-way PLS are compared with respect to their ability to predictreversed-phase retention values.Special attention is paid to simple validatory tools,the meaning and useof which are explained.The simple validatory tools consist of percentages of explained variation in the training set and thosethat can be calculated with the use of markers.These markers are special(reference)solutes,the retentionvalues of which are used to gain information about a new object for which predictions are wanted.Different validatory tools can be calculated with the use of these marker retention values:percentagesof used variation and mean sum of squared residuals after applying the model to these marker retentionvalues.The validatory tools are evaluated on their power to estimate their test set counterparts:thepercentages of explained variation in the test set and mean sum of squared prediction errors in the test set.Two different data sets from reversed-phase chromatography are used to evaluate the validatory tools.The first data set has a high signal-to-noise ratio and is measured under the same measurementconditions.The second data set has a low signal-to-noise ratio and is measured under differentmeasurement conditions.Some of the simple validatory tools seem to have relevance to their test setcounterparts,even in the case of the second data set.     

PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE OXYGEN-MINIMUM LAYER IN WATER AREA ADJACENT TO SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS AND NORTH OF ARDLEYD ISLAND, ANATRCTICA, IN SUMMER

In this paper, a distribution of the oxygen-minimum layer in the sea area adjacent to the South Shetland Islands and north of the Ardleyd Island, Antarctica, in surmner is discussed.The vertical distribution of oxygen in oxygen-minimum layer has the following features: 1). The depth at which the oxygen content greatly decreases is coincident with the depth of pycnocline; 2). There is a thick water layer with low oxygen content; 3). The oxygen-minimum layer occurs below the thermocline and coincides with the depth at which the temperature mostly increases. According to preliminary result of correlation analysis, the varia tion of oxygen-minimum layer is related to physical preperties of the circulation and biochemical process in deep layer of the ocean.     

ANOMEALY OF FLUORINE IN A SEDIMENTARY SYSTEM, WESTERN ANTARCTIC OCEAN

Fluorine content in bulk sediment and its pore water in Western Antarctic Ocean is 200～395μg/g and 1.18～1.92ug/ml respectively, far below the average reported previously in the world oceans (540 ug/g and 2.7t~g/ml, respectively). This study also shows that the distribution of fluorine in the sediments of the area is mainly controlled by the chemical composition of the material from the surrounding islands, and the element seems to be mostly incorporated in the hornblende, thus the correlation between the element and the hornblende amount in the sediments can be expressed statistically as following: F=217+ln Vh. The low concentration of fluorine in the pore water is largely due to the weak weathering process on the islands and the precipitation of the element with calcium. It can be indicated well by the lower value of anion-exchangeable (HCO_3~-) F- in the studied area, which is only about one tenth of that in Pacific Ocean and a quarter in South China sea and a half in the sea east of Zhejiang. In a     

THE EFFECT OF MISLABELED SAMPLES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE LINEAR LEARNING MACHINE

Over the past 15 years the linear learning machine has been applied to a large number of chemicalproblems.The learning machine approach is conceptually simple and does not require knowledge aboutthe statistical distribution of the data.However,there are problems associated with this approach.Oneproblem which has not been investigated is the influence of mislabeled samples on the positioning of thehyerplane in feature space.If a few samples in a data set are incorrectly tagged prior to training(i.e.thesamples are labeled as members of class 2 even though they are actually members of class 1),it is stilIpossible using the linear learning machine to achieve a classification success rate of 100% for the trainingset.However,unfavorable results will be obtained for the prediction set.The magnitude of this effect andits potential implications regarding the proper use of the linear learning machine are discussed.     

DENSIFICATION PROCESS WITHIN THE NEAR-SURFACE LAYER OF THE ANTARCTIC ICE SHEET

The densification process within the near-surface layer of Antarctic Ice Sheet is dominated by the environment and exhibits geographic zonality, In this article, the processes are found to be of three types: warm, cold and alternate, on the basis of the studies on a lot of shallow snow/firm cores from Wilkes Land, Antarctica, and the available data. Warm type densification takes place mainly on the periphery of the Antarctic Ice Sheet, where the mean annual temperature is about --10----15℃. High temperature in summer and consequent melting and infiltration are the main factors influencing the densification process. Cold type densification occurs in the huge central region of the Antarctica, where the mean annual temperature is below --25℃, with the maximum below 0℃ in summer. In this region, ice sintering is a main cause for the densification. The alternate type densification occurs in the transition zone between the above two regions, where the mean annual temperature is --15----25℃ and the highest     

SHORT COMMUNICATION THE USE OF TOPOLOGICAL MODELS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

In the present paper,the possible analytical applications of two topological models,the DARC modeland the group contribution model,are discussed.Both models are applied to obtain calibration laws,which relate UV and IR characteristics with the chemical structure of ethylene oxide condensates.The group contribution model is also applied to determine the contribution of each part of thedifferent compounds involved in a chemical interaction process,having established the sensitizationparameters of benzodiazepines and anionic surfactants from the micellar enhancement fluorescence.     

A REVIEW OF INFORMATION THEORY IN ANALYTICAL CHEMOMETRICS

Information theory makes it possible to judge and evaluate methods and results in chemical analysis. Theobtained information can be expressed in different ways. One way is to define information as the decreaseof uncertainty after analysis. Conditional probabilities are therefore considered when evaluating theinformation provided by qualitative analyses. However, the use of other information measures, such asthe information gain, is often preferable. In multicomponent analysis the translation of information fromsignals to the amounts of the analytes has been investigated along with the relevance of individualcomponents. Information theory can also be applied to find the optimum experimental conditions. Theevaluation of the properties of analytical methods by information theory has been proposed.     

CONFERENCE ANNOUNCEMENT 1993 GORDON RESEARCH CONFERENCE ON STATISTICS IN CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING New Hampton School,New Hampton,NH,26-30 July 1993

This conference,which has met annually since1951,brings together researchers and prac-titioners in the fields of statistics,chemistry andchemical engineering in a relaxed and informalsetting.The objective of the Gordon ResearchConferences is to explore the 'frontiers of sci-ence'.Participants will discuss new developmentsin statistical methodology and new applicationsof statistics to chemistry and chemical engin-eering.There are two talks each day (morningand evening) with the exception of Friday,withextended time for open discussion after eachformal presentation.There are also round table     

FINDING SUSPECTED CAUSES OF MEASUREMENT ERROR IN MULTIVARIATE ENVIRONMENTAL DATA

Environmental data are usually multivariate,with the variables conforming to some correlation structure.Occasionally,measurements which do not conform in structure or magnitude may occur in one or morevariables.It is important(1)to characterize these discordancies in terms of the disturbed variables andthe direction and magnitude of the anomalous error and(2)to associate each discordant observation witha specific cause of measurement error in order to prevent further mismeasurement.We describe aprocedure for identifying suspected causes of discordant observations in otherwise multinormal data sets.Variables are assigned to groups,each of which is associated with a specific cause of measurement error.Discordant observations are identified with the generalized distance test or the multivariate kurtosis test.Suspected causes of measurement error are identified by repeating the tests with one of the groups ofvariables omitted in each analysis.The procedures are evaluated with simulated data sets having acorrelation structure similar to that of a large environmental data set. Measurement error Outliers Environmental Quality controlMultivariate kurtosis Generalized distance     

南大洋氟的生物地球化学研究Ⅱ.氟在南极磷虾甲壳中的动态变异及其富集原因

通过对南极磷虾蜕壳前后甲壳和残壳中氟含量变化特征的分析 ,对南极磷虾富氟的原因进行了研究。结合其它资料 ,本文还对南极磷虾的富氟来源及机制进行了探讨。研究结果表明 ,南极磷虾蜕壳后的残壳对氟具有二次吸收的功能和作用 ,其对氟的富集存在着与生命活动无关的机理。氟的积聚不仅来自海水 ,且主要是以离子交换吸附的方式进行。     

南极大燐虾(Euphausia Superba)氟含量分析研究

本文利用1984/85年我国首次南大洋考察带回的燐虾样品,采用氟试剂比色法,分析研究了南极大燐虾(Eunhausia Superba)的氟含量,结果表明:南极大燐虾含有很高的氟.虾壳含氟量最高,平均为4303mg/kgF;其次是头胸部,为1890mg/kaF;整体含氟量为1191mg/kgF;肌肉中最低,为370mg/kgF.雄性燐虾与雌性燐虾对氟的吸收和需求不同.冰冻贮存的大燐虾氟含量超出了美国食品药物管理局规定的二十多倍.新鲜脱壳虾肉氟含量只有60mg/kgF,是冰冻贮存燐虾肌肉氟含量的16%左右.富集氟是各种燐虾特有的生理功能,不仅南极燐虾有,其它海区的燐虾也有.     

南大洋氟的生物地球化学研究——Ⅰ.南极磷虾富氟异常的研究

本文通过对南极磷虾不同部位中氟含量的测定,结合氟在测区环境中的分布特征及南极磷虾体中其它元素的分析资料,讨论了氟在磷虾体内的分布和赋存形式,并对其可能的富集机理及与环境的关系作了初步的探讨。     

南极普里兹湾外海大磷虾分布与现存量

本文根据１９９１／１９９２、１９９２／１９９３年度在普里兹湾外海调查的资料，进行了大磷虾水平、垂直分布的研究和资源现存量的估算。结果表明，６３°～６７°Ｓ、６８°Ｅ沿线是大磷虾群分布较密集的海区，在调查海域内大磷虾群主要分布在７０ｍ以上的水层中。１９９１／１９９２，在１５０５３３．９ｋｍ２调查海域内的大磷虾资源现存量为１．６９９×１０６ｔ；１９９２／１９９３，在１２５７４０．７ｋｍ２调查海域内的大磷虾资源现存量为４．０４３×１０６ｔ。     

南极磷虾渔业近况与趋势分析

南极周边海域蕴藏着丰富的南极磷虾资源,其开发潜力受到世界各国的关注。为此,本研究基于南极海洋生物资源养护委员会(CCAMLR)统计数据分析了近几年南极磷虾渔业国家发展状况,并研究了南极磷虾渔业捕捞结构的变化特点。结果发现:(1)受捕捞技术及装备的限制,南极磷虾传统渔业国家——波兰、日本及乌克兰等正逐渐淡出开发行列;(2)随着挪威、中国及智利等新兴国家的加入,南极磷虾入渔船舶和渔业产量呈上升趋势;(3)南极磷虾全年均有生产,其中3—9月份渔获产量占总产量的70%—90%;(4)受综合环境因素和新的渔业管理措施影响,CCAMLR 48.1、48.2和48.3小区渔获产量年间波动变大,渔场选择难度增大;(5)传统的大规模科学调查模式已不适应该资源变化与渔业管理的要求,科学性渔业调查将成为今后南极磷虾资源调查与评估的重要补充。     

南极磷虾中的氟对大鼠软组织的毒性评估

应用动物实验模型,通过喂食Wistar大鼠南极磷虾,并设置对照组和相同氟剂量的氟化钠组,来评估、比较磷虾中氟的毒性。染毒结束取大鼠组织,进行苏木精和伊红（H-E）染色,观察切片病理变化,结果显示：对照组、磷虾组、氟化钠组大鼠体重及脏器系数没有显著性差异;对照组大鼠肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、脑组织未出现病变,磷虾组大鼠这四种组织均表现出少量病变,氟化钠组大鼠这四种组织的病变更加显著,反映了磷虾氟的毒性确实相对较低;对照组、磷虾组、氟化钠组的睾丸组织也没有发现病变。这些结果表明尽管南极磷虾氟的毒性较氟化钠低,但直接大量食用南极磷虾仍会对大鼠的软组织有一定的毒害作用,南极磷虾在开发作为食物时需要进行脱壳等脱氟处理。     

南极磷虾商业化开发的战略性思考

南极磷虾的区域特色、资源保有量优势和广泛的应用价值,使它成为重要的战略资源。南极磷虾商业化开发战略是海洋战略的重要组成部分,其资源特色为战略制定与实施提供了支撑,符合战略性新兴产业发展要求。基于中国海洋开发的战略环境,结合南极磷虾资源特色,评估其战略能力,确立发展目标为形成并完善南极磷虾资源开发的产业体系,确立发展战略重点为跟踪南极磷虾资源养护管理措施变化和开发利用政策、中国南极磷虾产业发展模式及风险评估、中国发展南极磷虾产业关键技术突破与产业化机制、中国发展南极磷虾产业的政策措施与保障机制研究。     

土壤中氟的淋溶研究

本文对8种土壤进行了氟的淋溶试验研究,表明不同的土壤氟的淋溶程度各不相同,氟的淋溶浓度的变化曲线也不一致。在此基础上分析了影响氟淋溶作用的因素,并讨论了淋溶出来的氟对人类健康的潜在威胁。     

南极磷虾的生长与复眼直径关系的研究

本文对南极磷虾复眼的直径与磷虾体长之间的关系、在负生长状态下磷虾复眼直径的变化等进行了研究。实验结果表明：在正常情况下（磷虾身体不出现负生长），磷虾复眼的直径与体长之间存在指数函数关系。雌性磷虾的眼径（ＥＤ）与体长（ＢＬ）之间的关系为：ＥＤ＝０．５８９８ｅ０．０２８２ＢＬ（ｒ＝０．９６１３，ｎ＝２４１９）；雄虾的眼径与体长之间的关系为：ＥＤ＝０．５４４ｅ０．０３０９ＢＬ（ｒ＝０．９６２２，ｎ＝１９２０）。在相同体长的情况下，雄性磷虾的复眼直径比雌虾的大。从活体培养的结果来看，当南极磷虾出现负生长时，复眼直径保持不变，即眼径不受负生长的影响。在正常情况下（不存在负生长），雌虾的体长与眼径之间的比率（ＢＬ／ＥＤ）平均为２１．３２±０．０４（ｎ＝１３４７），雄虾的体长与眼径之间的比率平均为２０．６８±０．０７（ｎ＝７４８），未成体虾的体长与复眼直径之间的比率平均为２１．５４±０．０６（ｎ＝１０７２）。利用体长与眼径之间的比率可以准确地将在实验室内活体培养后已存在负生长的磷虾与其它处于正常状态的磷虾分开。体长与眼径之间的比率也可以作为磷虾种群是否存在负生长的监测指标