山东栖霞大方山玄武岩中地幔熔体玻璃捕虏体岩相学及岩石化学研究

过去地学界对固体地幔岩捕虏体研究已经相当充分。另外,山东栖霞大方山还存在地幔熔体玻璃捕虏体,其化学成分、矿物成分既不同于固体地幔岩也不同于寄主玄武岩。此玻璃体特别富K,而且早于寄主岩浆,二者间很不平衡。富K玻璃捕虏体往往被玄武岩浆消化殆尽,但在野外仍然可以找到少量残留体供室内研究。此熔体玻璃的存在意味着该区玄武岩浆作用不是一元而是多元岩浆体系,还存在早一期的碱性地幔岩浆。后者消化混染于玄武岩浆之中,会产生富K玄武岩。     

玄武岩成分变异原因

笔者等研究发现山东栖霞和浙江西垄两地新生代玄武岩中分别产有奇特的富钾霞石质和富透长石质熔体玻璃地幔捕虏体,而且它们与寄主玄武岩之间有强烈的混染反应.表明玄武岩浆不是一元系岩浆,而是不同期多元系岩浆.多元系所占比例差别很大,决定了玄武岩浆成分的多样性.另外,此玄武岩成分也很特别:①不见斜长石,主要是铬透辉石(Mg质太多);②含有较多霞石;③全岩SiO2低,37％ ～39％.此玄武岩应称为透辉石岩.     

滇西马厂箐复式岩体岩浆混合作用:岩石学与地球化学证据

滇西马厂箐铜矿区含矿斑岩体中的暗色包体与其寄主富碱花岗斑岩具有相似的地球化学的特征。寄主花岗斑岩Si O2含量为65.10%~70.60%,Al2O3为14.65%~17.55%,Mg O为0.80%~1.70%,Ca O为0.43%~1.92%,Na2O+K2O为8.25%~12.23%。受混染包体Si O2为62.50%~77.30%,Al2O3为10.00%~15.70%,Mg O为0.75%~3.82%,Ca O为0.86%~2.15%,Na2O+K2O为7.68%~10.22%。二者稀土配分曲线都是典型的右倾型配分模式,轻重稀土分馏明显,富集轻稀土、亏损重稀土。寄主岩具有高Sr(392.00×10-6~919.00×10-6)、低Y(10.10×10-6~17.10×10-6)、低Yb(1.00×10-6~1.40×10-6),高Sr/Y(33.24×10-6~104.43×10-6)、高(La/Yb)N(36.08×10-6~89.09×10-6)特点;暗色包体也具有高Sr(314.00×10-6~652.00×10-6),低Y(7.20×10-6~15.10×10-6)、低Yb(0.60×10-6~1.50×10-6)特征。通过对混染MME地球化学特征分析,结合前人对未混染或弱混染包体的研究资料,提出马厂箐复式岩体和其中的MME可能与该地区地幔玄武岩的底侵作用有关,而这种玄武岩底侵导致的不同岩浆混合作用可能是马厂箐铜矿的部分成矿条件。     

银根-额济纳旗盆地苏红图坳陷早白垩世火山岩地球化学特征与成因

银根-额济纳旗盆地苏红图坳陷早白垩世火山活动强烈。火山岩的40Ar/39Ar年龄值为106.48±1.32~113.12±1.38 Ma;里特曼指数、K2O和K2O+Na2O与SiO2的关系表明该区火山岩为钾质碱性玄武岩;微量元素Nb、Ta富集的特点显示出苏红图火山岩具有洋岛玄武岩(OIB)特征,说明其源区可能主要是对流的软流圈地幔。火山岩的87Sr/86Sr和143Nd/144Nd比值分别变化在0.705477~0.707098及0.512318~0.512480之间,其Nd、Sr同位素组成靠近第一类富集地幔(EMI)端元,并有向EMⅡ延伸的趋势,显示本区火山岩的源区很大程度上受EMI的影响,并受EMII的微弱影响。此外,随着εNd的减少,P2O5、Rb、Sr、Ba及Zr逐渐富集,暗示苏红图火山岩没有经历明显的地壳物质混染。所以,苏红图火山岩是来自对流软流圈地幔的熔融产物。岩浆在快速上升过程中受到了EMI型地幔的混染,但是没有受到明显的地壳物质混染,经分离结晶形成苏红图钾质碱性玄武岩。     

汉诺坝地幔捕虏体中富硅熔体的成因及其意义

近年来地幔捕虏体中富硅熔体的研究受到广泛关注,富硅熔体不仅具有多种产出状态,其成因来源也具有多样性。本文选取汉诺坝地区地幔捕虏体矿物中的熔体包裹体和斜方辉石反应边中的熔体玻璃为研究对象,探索富硅熔体在岩石圈地幔演化中的作用。通过详细的岩相学观察并结合电子探针分析发现,二者成因不同。熔体包裹体玻璃成分富硅(SiO₂ 61%~65%),相对贫Na₂O(1%~3%)、K₂O(<1%),富含挥发份(约3%~6%),为地幔交代成因;斜方辉石反应边玻璃富硅(SiO₂ 64%~67%)、碱(Na₂O 5%~7%,K₂O 6%~9%),几乎不含挥发份,是地幔捕虏体被寄主玄武岩浆快速携带上升至地表的过程中两者反应的产物。地幔交代作用产生的富硅熔体包裹体深刻影响了岩石圈地幔的地球化学性质;而玄武岩浆在上升过程中与岩石圈地幔捕虏体中斜方辉石的反应,导致了岩石圈地幔由富硅向贫硅转变,为华北克拉通的破坏提供了证据。     

榴辉岩类捕虏体的地球化学特征及其构造意义——来自徐淮地区中生代侵入杂岩中的信息

利用X-荧光光谱和ICPMS测试了徐淮地区中生代侵入杂岩中榴辉岩类捕虏体的组成.主量元素为: SiO₂的含量为40.88%~47.82%, TiO₂为0.78%~2.00%, Al₂O₃为11.72%~16.08%, FeO (全铁) 为12.77%~20.29%, MgO为5.23%~11.47%, CaO为7.80%~13.11%, Na2O为0.30%~2.09%, K₂O为0.13%~0.69%.榴辉岩类捕虏体具有较低的稀土元素丰度(Σ_REE= (34.26~115.51) ×10-6), 且具有明显的Nb、P、Zr和Ti的负异常.捕虏体的I(Sr) 和ε(Nd, t) 值分别为0.7042~0.7085和-5.77~2.99 (L-4为-13.05).上述特征暗示本区榴辉岩类捕虏体的原岩具有岛弧拉斑玄武岩的特征.榴辉岩类捕虏体Nd的模式年龄和其中锆石SHRIMPUPb年龄显示它们应属于华北克拉通的基底物质.华北克拉通基底物质发生的榴辉岩相变质作用暗示中生代早期华北克拉通东部曾存在一次重要的陆壳加厚过程, 这应与扬子克拉通沿北西或北西西方向深俯冲于华北克拉通之下有关.      

雷琼地区晚新生代玄武岩地球化学：EM2成分来源及大陆岩石圈地幔的贡献

对雷琼地区21个晚新生代玄武岩样品的主量、微量元素和Sr、Nd、Pb同位素分别用湿化学法、ICP-MS和MC-ICPMS进行了测定.这些玄武岩主要为石英拉斑玄武岩,其次为橄榄拉斑玄武岩和碱性玄武岩.大多数样品的微量元素和同位素成分与洋岛玄武岩(OIBs)相似,而且随着SiO_2不饱和度增加,不相容元素含量也增加.除R4-1可能受到地壳混染外,其他样品相对均一的Nd同位素(ε_(Nd)=2.5-6.0)以及变化明显但范围有限的Sr同位素(0.703106～0.704481),可能继承了地幔源区的特征.~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr与~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb的正相关和~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd与~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb的负相关特征暗示DM(软流圈地幔)与EM2(岩石圈地幔)的混合.地幔捕虏体的同位素特征暗示EM2成分不可能存在于尖晶石橄榄岩地幔,而La/Yb和Sm/Yb系统表明岩浆由石榴石橄榄岩部分熔融产生,这意味着EM2成分可能存在于石榴石橄榄岩地幔.雷琼地区玄武岩的地球化学变化可以用软流圈地幔为主的熔体加入不同比例石榴石橄榄岩地幔不同程度熔融产生的熔体来解释:碱性玄武岩和橄榄拉斑玄武岩是软流圈熔体与石榴石橄榄岩地幔较低程度(7%～9%)熔融体混合,而石英拉斑玄武岩是软流圈熔体与石榴石橄榄岩地幔较高程度(10%～20%)熔融体的混合.     

藏南冲巴淡色花岗岩的地球化学特征、成因机制及其构造动力学意义

冲巴淡色花岗岩位于大喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩带的东部,岩石地球化学研究结果显示,其具有高的SiO2(73.87%~74.95%)、Al2O3(14.20%~14.74%)和K2O(4.44%~4.89%),高的K2O/Na2O比值(1.19~1.42)和A/CNK比值(1.18~1.22),富集Rb、Th和U,亏损Ba、Nb、Sr和Zr,具有强烈的负Eu异常(δEu=0.27~0.37),属于高钾钙碱性过铝质S型花岗岩。冲巴淡色花岗岩具有较高的Rb/Sr比值(2.6~8.6),低的CaO/Na2O比值(0.18~0.20),指示源区可能为泥质岩区,(87 Sr/86 Sr)i和εNd(t)值分别为0.763 199~0.778 799和-16.7~-16.3,与大喜马拉雅结晶杂岩(GHC)中变泥质岩一致,表明其来自GHC变泥质岩的部分熔融。淡色花岗岩具有高的(87Sr/86Sr)i而低的Sr含量,且随着Ba含量增加,Rb/Sr比值降低。这些特征表明,冲巴淡色花岗岩是无水条件下变泥质岩发生白云母脱水熔融的产物,部分熔融可能与STDS伸展拆离导致的构造减压密切相关。     

福建湄州岛镁铁质岩墙群与寄主花岗岩的形成时差、地球化学及成因

福建湄洲岛的镁铁质岩墙群侵入于花岗岩中。镁铁质岩墙主要由斜长石(An=45~55,中-拉长石)、普通角闪石及少量辉石和石英等组成,锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为(95±2)Ma。寄主花岗岩主要由石英、钾长石、斜长石(An=22~25,更长石)及少量的黑云母组成,锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为(105±3)Ma。它们的形成时差约10 Ma。在岩石地球化学上,镁铁质岩墙群具有低CaO、MgO、TiO2而高Al2O3、轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素富集、高场强元素亏损等特点,(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.705 2~0.705 4,εNd(t)=-0.03~1.57,与福建沿海同时代镁铁质岩墙群相似。寄主花岗岩与沿海高钾钙碱性花岗岩基本相同,都具有高硅、富碱的特点,它们的w(SiO2)>75%,A/CNK=1.05~1.12,w(K2O+Na2O)=7.68%~8.12%,w(K2O)>w(Na2O),(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.705 5,εNd(t)=-3.92。综合研究表明:湄洲岛寄主花岗岩是由受消减作用影响的岩石圈地幔部分熔融而产生的玄武岩浆底侵,并熔融中下地壳所产生的花岗岩浆形成;而镁铁质岩墙是底侵、滞留并经过结晶分异的玄武质岩浆,因地壳再次伸展,而沿花岗岩体中节理侵入形成。湄洲岛花岗岩与镁铁质岩墙群形成于伸展构造环境,对应福建沿海2次地壳伸展事件。湄洲岛花岗岩和镁铁质岩墙群的研究为沿海晚中生代构造-岩浆活动提供了一个新例证,同时为福建沿海晚中生代岩石圈伸展时限提供了制约。     

新疆西准噶尔巴尔努克早石炭世富Nb岛弧玄武岩的发现及其地质意义

黑山头组玄武岩-玄武安山岩组合是西准噶尔早石炭世海相火山-沉积建造的重要组成部分,其与高Mg安山岩及O型adakite共生。此次分析的所有样品均为玄武质岩石,Si O2含量为49.62%~55.68%,平均为52.70%;明显高Ti O2(1.16%~1.99%),平均为1.56%;显著富Na2O而贫K2O,Na2O为3.17%~6.35%,平均为4.90%,Na2O/K2O为1.19~26.08,绝大多数样品该比值4(平均8.93)。样品明显富集Nb、Sr、Zr等,Nb含量均7×10-6(7.29×10-6~12.32×10-6,平均为9.48×10-6);全部样品Sr均400×10-6(618×10-6~1107×10-6,平均为825×10-6);Zr158×10-6(159×10-6~217×10-6,平均为182.6×10-6);Zr/Y比值4(6.63~11.09,平均为8.62)。显著高于一般岛弧玄武质岩类。轻稀土明显富集而重稀土亏损显著,且有基本一致的弱正Eu异常。(La/Nb)PM比值0.7(1.23~2.26,平均1.94),(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.7035~0.7039;143Nd/144Nd=0.5128~0.5129;εNd(t)=5.49~7.13。这些地球化学特征与Sajona et al.(1993,1994,1996)确立的富Nb岛弧玄武岩基本一致,而与一般岛弧玄武岩有显著区别。这一发现,为确认西准噶尔早石炭世存在富Nb岛弧玄武岩提供了地球化学佐证,丰富了新疆乃至我国富Nb岛弧玄武岩的产地与层位,也为确认本区早石炭世岛弧构造环境提供了重要依据。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.