THE INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR ARCHITECTURAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY: A REVIEW OF PAST ACHIEVEMENTS AND FUTURE INTENTIONS

The functions of CIPA. the International Committee for Architectural Photogrammetry, are reviewed. The Committee, established in 1970, has been the focus for developments in architectural photogrammetry. The objectives of CIPA and the methods of collecting and distributing information are discussed. Publications, meetings and technical studies sponsored by CIPA have been numerous and details of these are given. The future direction of CIPAs work is also considered. A bibliography of all major publications from CIPA is provided.     

BUNDLE TRIANGULATION IN ARCHITECTURAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY: THE BASILICA OF SAN FRANCESCO IN SIENA

Bundle triangulation is an efficient tool for spatial point determination in architectural photogrammetry. All the information available in image and object space may be introduced in a combined adjustment yielding high precision and reliability. Camera calibration performed simultaneously with the object restitution process enables the application of convenient and flexible imaging systems based on professional photographic technology. Thus the survey of monuments can be carried out rapidly with a minimum of personnel and equipment. The photogrammetric recording of the basilica of San Francesco in Siena is presented as an example of the application of this survey procedure. The field work was accomplished in a few days. The equipment used consisted of a partial metric camera, an engineering theodolite and a tape. The bundle adjustment results gave spatial object co-ordinates with a r.m.s.e. of ± 15 mm for a point.     

THE BENEFITS OF FORWARD MOTION COMPENSATION FOR AERIAL SURVEY PHOTOGRAPHY

Two of the speakers at a one-day symposium, held on 31st October, 1990 and concerned with the adoption of new equipment and techniques, comment on the introduction of forward motion compensation in air survey cameras and on a specification for architectural photogrammetry.     

Automatic conversion of IFC datasets to geometrically and semantically correct CityGML LOD3 buildings

Although the international standard CityGML has five levels of detail (LODs), the vast majority of available models are the coarse ones (up to LOD2, i.e. block‐shaped buildings with roofs). LOD3 and LOD4 models, which contain architectural details such as balconies, windows and rooms, rarely exist because, unlike coarser LODs, their construction requires several datasets that must be acquired with different technologies, and often extensive manual work is needed. In this article we investigate an alternative to obtaining CityGML LOD3 models: the automatic conversion from already existing architectural models (stored in the IFC format). Existing conversion algorithms mostly focus on the semantic mappings and convert all the geometries, which yields CityGML models having poor usability in practice (spatial analysis, for instance, is not possible). We present a conversion algorithm that accurately applies the correct semantics from IFC models and that constructs valid CityGML LOD3 buildings by performing a series of geometric operations in 3D. We have implemented our algorithm and we demonstrate its effectiveness with several real‐world datasets. We also propose specific improvements to both standards to foster their integration in the future.     

园林古建筑网络互动系统数据建设与开发

以东莞可园为例,提出一种基于三维激光扫描技术和网络仿真技术的园林古建筑三维数据和互动系统的建设方案。对园林古建筑精细扫描,建立古建筑、家具、植被、地形的多层次细节的三维模型;采集并编制属性数据、多媒体数据;采用Unity3D引擎开发C/S和B/S模式的网络仿真互动系统。系统具有集成漫游、信息查询、语音导览、自然现象模拟等功能,实现对园林古建筑多视角、全方位的描述和基于网络的交互展示。     

Geometric assessment of the kodak DCS Pro back

This paper reports on an investigation into the suitability of the Kodak DCS Pro Back for use in close range photogrammetric measurement. The camera back, being used in conjunction with a medium-format non-metric camera, has been assessed with a view to using it for low- to medium-order photogrammetric work in architectural recording. Examinations centred upon the stability of the camera back with respect to the camera body and the effects of the removable infrared filter that is present immediately above the camera's focal plane. Ultimately the camera combination was deemed suitable for application in recording of this kind and is now in active use by the Metric Survey Team at English Heritage.     

利用遥感方法对黑龙江沿岸建筑用地变化的检测

探讨利用遥感方法,采用不同时相的遥感及地形图数据,经技术处理,对黑龙江沿岸部分地区的建筑用地的变化进行检测,并对检测的结果进行分析论证。     

浅谈如何快速制作建筑模型

首先阐述了城市3维仿真模型的重要意义,然后分析了3维仿真模型的数据生产方法和建模流程。本文着重对如何运用数字摄影测量工作站采集建筑的特征线,结合Max Script语言快速制作出3维建筑模型的方法进行了初步探索。     

地面3维激光扫描技术在古建筑保护中的应用研究

地面3维激光扫描仪是通过高速激光扫描测量的方法,大面积、高分辨率地快速获取被测对象表面的3维坐标数据,根据3维数据可以构建3维模型,为古建筑保护等提供数据依据。本文对地面3维激光扫描技术进行了简单探讨,通过具体实例研究分析其在古建筑保护中的应用。     

Multiband Versus Multispectral Supervised Classification of Architectural Images

For the conservation of historic monuments, there may be considerable value in automating the methods of detection and analysis of surface condition and deterioration. This paper describes tests using a range of multiband and multispectral images for the assessment of architectural façade cover by means of supervised image classifications. From the spectral training sets, both pairwise distances (the Euclidean distance and the Jeffries-Matusita (J-M) distance) are calculated and are used to predict the a posteriori accuracy of image classification. Furthermore, the effects of increasing the number of spectral bands (blue, green, red and near-infrared) in the supervised maximum-likelihood classification procedures are also analysed, as are the benefits of applying principal components. The resultant multiband datasets increased both the J-M distance and the classification accuracy of the architectural façade, and thus enabled better identification and recognition of the different kinds of façade-cover features.     

间视法三角高程测量在云阳长江大桥施工中的应用

阐述了间视法三角高程测量的基本原理,对其精度进行了定性分析,并提出了保证测量精度的一些措施。通过云阳长江大桥施工中的应用表明,在一定的条件下采用全站仪间视法三角高程测量来实现高程的传递,不仅能保证测量精度,而且可以提高工作效率。     

Dynamic survey of architectural heritage by high-speed microwave interferometry

The authors propose the use of a high-speed interferometric radar for remotely measuring both transient displacements and steady-state vibrations of architectural heritage structures in order to test their stability conditions. Demonstrative results of application of the technique to a prominent cultural heritage artwork, the tower of Giotto in Florence, Italy, are reported.     

基于Creator、3DSMax和ArcEngine的三维城市建模方法

通过Creator和3DSMax联合使用构建三维建筑模型,在GIS中对原始影像进行了纠正,并生成了Ter-rain地形文件,应用ArcEngine和VS 2008（C#）进行二次开发,实现了银川市三维城市浏览与管理。     

THE USE OF AIRBORNE INSTRUMENTS IN THE DETERMINATION OF ABSOLUTE ORIENTATION ELEMENTS

This paper outlines the history of the development of various auxiliary instruments which can help in the determination of the elements of absolute orientation. The recent work of Dr. H. G. Jerie on height precision is summarised and results of tests carried out with air photography linked to auxiliary instrumental data are presented.     

Extraction of Three-Dimensional Architectural Data from QuickBird Images

Extraction of accurate spatial information from high-resolution satellite imagery is becoming increasingly important for a variety of tasks. In this study, three-dimensional architectural data were extracted from QuickBird images using Barista’s monoplotting function. We evaluated the accuracy of the Rational Polynomial Coefficients bundle adjustment and extracted building heights. We obtained accuracies of one-pixel in geo-positioning and 2.66 m in building height. The height accuracy is 0.16 m greater than the estimated error for a one-pixel image measurement. The presence of roof overhangs is one primary factors affecting height accuracy. The application of three-dimensional architectural data represents well the vertical extension of urban growth in Tiexi District from 2002 to 2008.     

TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY OF THE USSR COMPLETED AT A SCALE OF 1:25,000

The Director of the Main Administration of Geodesy and Cartography describes the history and recent developments of a program for topographic coverage of the entire country at 1:25,000 scale. Most noteworthy are the start of surveying at this scale before 1940, its temporary suspension during World War II, and acceleration of the work since the 1950s with the more widespread use of stereophotogrammetric methods. Considerable attention is paid to improvements in aerial photographic, photogrammetric, and geodetic technologies in support of more effective cartographic work. A concluding section describes the properties of the new maps and their applications. Translated by Larry Richardson, Los Angeles, CA 90039 from: Geodeziya i kartografiya, 1989, No. 8, pp. 1–5.     

MEDICAL GEOGRAPHIC MAPPING AND THE ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF SURFACE WATER POLLUTION ON THE HUMAN ORGANISM

The paper presents results of applied medical-geographic mapping work by the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences in support of public health studies in Central Asian areas where water supplies are contaminated by runoff from irrigated fields. The final product of the work is a map depicting surface water quality in aggregate terms and according to indices for specific pollutants (for water quality monitoring points), which is described both in terms of its content and methods of data compilation and transformation. Translated by Elliott B. Urdang, Providence, RI 02906 from: Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy: Geodeziya i aerofotos “yemka, 1989, No. 2, pp. 166–171.     

基于多种同名特征的相对定向方法研究

为了解决低空摄影测量、建筑摄影测量等领域中缺乏明显特征点给相对定向带来的难题,基于广义点摄影测量原理,提出利用多种同名影像特征进行相对定向的方法.详细论述基于同名直线和圆曲线进行独立法相对定向和连续法相对定向的数学模型.大量实际数据的试验结果表明,该方法切实可行,能够获得稳定的相对定向结果.     

Digital Rectification Techniques for Architectural and Archaeological Presentation

Some exciting developments have been made recently, in the field of digital image rectification, which are of interest to both the photogrammetric specialist and non-specialist. This paper outlines the technical processes involved in generating digitally rectified images, as well as raising some of the issues that are becoming apparent when applying this modern technology to archaeological and architectural presentation.     

电厂基础桩基对控制点变形影响的分析

在工程测量学及建筑学发展成熟的今天,基础桩基与变形监测的理论日趋完善,本次课题主要研究电厂在桩基过程中,地基由于受荷载,产生变形。通过实测,将工程施工前后的两次观测控制点坐标进行比较,分别对平面和高程进行较差比较,发现地基在施工过程中存在变形,主要表现为沉降。