应用Cornell方法对重口裂腹鱼[Schizothorax (Racoma)davidi]幼鱼适宜常量营养物质需求量研究

采用Cornell方法研究了初始重为(2.0±0.1)g的重口裂腹鱼幼鱼日粮中常量营养物质的适宜需求量。日粮中蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物梯度变化范围分别为33%—51%、3%—18%和24%—33%,试验周期为60d。试验结果表明,除日粮蛋白质33%组鱼成活率明显下降外(P<0.05),其它试验日粮中3种常量营养物质含量对重口裂腹鱼幼鱼成活率没有显著影响(P>0.05)。当日粮蛋白质水平≤45%时,其特定生长率随着日粮蛋白质水平上升而明显增加;当日粮蛋白质水平在33%—36%时,重口裂腹鱼的特定生长率显著降低(P<0.05)。除12%日粮脂肪组试验鱼外,9%日粮脂肪组试验鱼的特定生长率显著性高于其它脂肪水平日粮组(P<0.05),但当日粮中脂肪含量≥15%后,重口裂腹鱼鱼体脂肪含量显著上升(P<0.05),肝细胞脂肪变性明显。日粮中不同的碳水化合物水平对重口裂腹鱼特定生长率没有显著影响(P>0.05),但当日粮中碳水化合物为33%时,鱼体糖原含量显著增加(P<0.05)。试验表明,重口裂腹鱼幼鱼日粮蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物3种常量营养物质的适宜需求量分别为45%、9%和≤30%。日粮总能为19.0MJ/kg,蛋白质能量比(P/E)为23mg/J。     

南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis)幼鱼日粮中适宜常量营养素(蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物)需求量研究

采用混合试验中的Cornell均匀设计法研究了初始重为(2.0±0.0)g的南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis)幼鱼日粮中常量营养素(蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物)的适宜需求量。日粮中蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物梯度变化范围分别为33%—51%、3%—18%和24%—33%, 试验周期为40d。试验结果表明, 试验日粮中3种常量营养素含量对南方鲇幼鱼成活率没有显著影响(P>0.05)。当日粮蛋白质水平≤45%时, 其特定生长率随着日粮蛋白质水平上升而增加。当日粮脂肪水平≤9%时, 其特定生长率随着日粮脂肪水平上升而增加; 但当日粮中脂肪含量≥12%时, 鱼体和肝脏脂肪含量显著上升, 肝细胞脂肪变性明显。33%碳水化合物日粮组鱼特定生长率较24%、27%和30%组鱼显著降低, 同时鱼体和肝脏糖原含量显著增加(P<0.05)。试验表明, 南方鲇幼鱼日粮蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物3种常量营养素的适宜需求量分别为45%、9%和≤30%。日粮总能约为19.0kJ/g。     

脂肪肝病变大黄鱼肝脏脂肪酸组成、代谢酶活性及抗氧化能力的研究

脂肪肝病变在人工养殖大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)中非常普遍,本试验研究了大黄鱼脂肪肝的发生机制,为寻找解决大黄鱼脂肪肝的有效途径提供基础资料.试验鱼取自中国东海,养殖方式和饲料来源相同,根据肉眼和组织学观察分为正常肝脏、轻微脂肪肝和严重脂肪肝3类.分别测定了正常大黄鱼和具有脂肪肝症状的大黄鱼肝脏总脂脂肪酸组成的变化、相应脂肪酸合成酶、抗氧化酶以及丙二醛含量的变化.试验结果显示,随着大黄鱼脂肪肝症状严重程度增加,肝脏总脂饱和脂肪酸和n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比例显著降低(P<0.05),单不饱和脂肪酸比例显著上升(P<0.05).其中严重脂肪肝花生四烯酸(ARA)、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)比例较正常鱼分别降低了89%,79%和78%.严重脂肪肝大黄鱼的异柠檬酸脱氢酶和6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶活性显著高于正常鱼(P<0.05);轻微脂肪肝鱼的转氨酶活性显著低于正常鱼(P<0.05);具有脂肪肝症状的大黄鱼超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性均高于正常鱼.丙二醛含量则随大黄鱼脂肪肝病变程度加剧而显著增加(P<0.05).通过分析认为,过量单不饱和脂肪酸沉积在肝脏中,导致脂肪酸合成代谢发生紊乱,可能是造成大黄鱼脂肪肝的主要原因;肝脏ARA含量大量减少使脂肪肝大黄鱼抗应激能力降低,而肝脏脂肪酸过氧化程度升高,进一步破坏肝脏的正常功能.     

瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Richardson)幼鱼日粮中主要营养素需要量研究

采用"金字塔"法对瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼日粮中主要营养素的需要量进行了研究.试验共持续了60天.实验日粮中蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物设定的范围分别为30%-48%、3%-18%和26%-35%.结果表明,当日粮碳水化合物在26%-32%,脂肪6%-12%,蛋白质39%-48%,能量在15.63-16.95MJ/kg和能量蛋白比为364-435J/mg时,瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼均获得较好的生长率;日粮脂肪水平为12%以上时肝组织有不同程度的脂肪变性和坏死;肌肉蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的沉积受日粮中的蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的影响,存在显著性差异(P<0.05);肝体指数和肠脂比随日粮中脂肪含量升高而增大,肝脏中的糖原含量受到日粮中添加碳水化合物水平的影响,且有显著差异(P<0.05);日粮中可消化能显著影响肌肉中脂肪的沉积,肠脂比、肝体指数和内脏比都随日粮中可消化能水平提高而呈上升趋势.本实验结果表明,瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼日粮中主要营养素的适宜需要量为蛋白质39%-42%、脂肪6%-9%、碳水化合物26%-29%、能量15.63-16.95MJ/kg、能量蛋白比364-435J/mg.     

蛋白质营养对工业化养殖大菱鲆生长、消化和免疫的效应

在封闭循环水养殖条件下, 选用体质量为(145.08±0.56)g 大菱鲆(Scophthatmus maximus L.)幼鱼,进行4 种蛋白质梯度水平(41%、46%、50%、55%, 即I、II、III、IV 组)的单因素试验74 d, 研究蛋白质营养对工业化养殖大菱鲆生长、消化酶、免疫机能的影响。结果表明: (1) 试验鱼增质量率随日粮蛋白质含量升高而提高, 中高蛋白水平(III、IV 组)增质量率分别极显著或显著高于I、II 组18.46%~65.75%,III、IV 组间无显著差异; 饲料系数则相应下降, III、IV 组分别极显著低于I 组21.15%~27.73%(P<0.01),II、III、IV 组间无显著差异;(2)大菱鲆胃肠、肝胰脏的蛋白酶活力随蛋白水平升高而显著增强, 其中IV组胃蛋白酶活力分别极显著高于其他组15.28%~31.96% (P<0.01), 肝胰脏胰蛋白酶活力分别显著或极显著高于其他组9.74%~26.29%; 胃肠淀粉酶、肝胰脏淀粉酶及脂肪酶活性受饲料蛋白水平影响不显著;(3)随日粮蛋白含量提高, 各试组鱼成活率与主要免疫器官溶菌酶活力呈先上升后缓降的趋势, III 组最优, 其成活率高于低、高蛋白水平组2.86%~9.34%, 但4 组间差异不显著; 肝脏溶菌酶活力分别极显著高于I 组80.07%(P< 0.01), 显著高于II 组43.56%(P< 0.05); 头肾溶菌酶活力极显著高于I、II 组67.78%和35.76%(P< 0.01); 与IV 组差异不显著;(4)血清ACP 及LYZ 活力随日粮蛋白水平提高先升后降, III组LYZ 活力极显著高于I 组31.92%(P< 0.01), 显著高于II 组18.72%(P< 0.05); 血MDA 随蛋白水平提高显著降低, IV 组分别极显著低于I、II、III 组13.26%~31.61%; 血清SOD 活力及C3 补体含量随日粮蛋白含量增加而提高, 但各组间差异不显著。结果表明, 日粮中、高蛋白质含量显著促进大菱鲆幼鱼的生长性能和蛋白质消化酶活力, 而中等蛋白水平更加有利于幼鱼重要免疫机能的发挥和成活率的提高。因而, 日粮中等蛋白质含量更适宜于工业化循环水养殖大菱鲆幼鱼的蛋白质营养和健康生长。     

黄斑蓝子鱼幼鱼对蛋白质和脂肪适宜需要量的研究

采用酪蛋白为蛋白源、鱼油为脂肪源,配制脂肪含量为8%而蛋白水平分别为24%、28%、32%、36%和40%,以及蛋白含量为32%而脂肪水平分别为3%、6%、9%和12%的9种配合饲料,对黄斑蓝子鱼(Siganus canaliculatus)幼鱼开展8周的生长试验,以研究其对蛋白质和脂肪的适宜需要量。结果显示,饲料中的蛋白质和脂肪含量对蓝子鱼的生长性能、饲料利用率及鱼体生化成分等都有一定的影响。蛋白水平过高(40%)或过低(24%)的饲料组鱼的生长效果较差;32%蛋白水平组鱼的增质量率和蛋白质效率最好、且显著高于其他各组,而饲料系数显著低于其他各组。鱼体的蛋白质含量随着饲料蛋白水平的增加而呈上升趋势,但水分、粗脂肪和灰分的含量不受影响。3%~9%脂肪水平组鱼的增质量率、饲料系数和蛋白质效率相互间无显著差异,但它们的增质量率及蛋白质效率显著高于12%脂肪水平组鱼,而饲料系数正好相反。肝体指数和鱼体脂肪含量随着饲料脂肪水平的增加而升高,但鱼体的蛋白质和水分含量受饲料脂肪水平的影响不大。3%脂肪水平组鱼的成活率较低。根据增质量率及蛋白质效率与饲料蛋白水平的二次回归分析,获得蓝子鱼幼鱼对蛋白质的适宜需要量为29.01%~34.37%;综合考虑上述指标,认为蓝子鱼幼鱼饲料中脂肪的适宜添加量为6%~9%。     

饲料中不同糖源对皱纹盘鲍体脂组成的影响

采用单因素实验设计研究饲料中分别添加6种不同糖源(糊精、糊化小麦淀粉、小麦淀粉、玉米淀粉、木薯淀粉和马铃薯淀粉)对皱纹盘鲍甘油三酯、胆固醇及脂肪酸含量的影响.实验共设6个处理,每个处理设3个重复,每个重复放养30只鲍,壳长:(29.98±0.09)mm,体重:(3.42±0.02)g;在水温18～20 ℃的循环水系统中进行为期24周的养殖实验.结果表明,摄食糊精、糊化小麦淀粉和小麦淀粉组鲍血清甘油三酯含量显著高于玉米淀粉组(P<0.05),摄食糊精和糊化小麦淀粉组鲍血清胆固醇含量显著高于玉米淀粉组(P<0.05).摄食玉米淀粉组鲍肝胰脏中饱和脂肪酸C16∶0含量显著低于小麦淀粉、木薯淀粉和马铃薯淀粉组(P<0.05);肌肉和肝胰脏中饱和脂肪酸C18∶0含量在摄食糊精组鲍中最低;肌肉C18∶3n-3含量在摄食木薯和马铃薯淀粉组鲍中最低并显著低于其他饲料组(P<0.05),而肝胰脏C18∶3n-3含量则在摄食糊精和糊化小麦淀粉组鲍中最低;摄食糊精组鲍肌肉C20∶4n-6含量显著低于小麦淀粉、玉米淀粉、木薯淀粉和马铃薯淀粉组(P<0.05),摄食糊化小麦淀粉组鲍肝胰脏C20∶4n-6含量显著低于玉米淀粉、木薯淀粉和马铃薯淀粉组(P<0.05);肌肉C22∶6n-3含量在摄食糊精和糊化小麦淀粉组鲍中显著低于小麦淀粉和马铃薯淀粉组(P<0.05).总体来说,皱纹盘鲍摄食结构相对简单的糖源(糊精、糊化小麦淀粉和小麦淀粉)能够增加血清甘油三酯和胆固醇的含量,以淀粉为来源的多糖(小麦淀粉、玉米淀粉、木薯淀粉和马铃薯淀粉)使鲍体多不饱和脂肪酸含量升高.     

CORNELL DESIGN APPLIED ON OPTIMAL MACRONUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF FORMULATED DIETS FOR DAVID＇S SCHIZOTHORACIN [SCHIZOTHORAX （RACOMA） DAVID1] JUVENILES

采用Comell方法研究了初始重为（2．0±0．1）g的重口裂腹鱼幼鱼日粮中常量营养物质的适宜需求量。日粮中蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物梯度变化范围分别为33％-51％、3％-18％和24％-33％,试验周期为60d。试验结果表明,除日粮蛋白质33％组鱼成活率明显下降外（P〈0．05）,其它试验日粮中3种常量营养物质含量对重口裂腹鱼幼鱼成活率没有显著影响（P〉0．05）。当日粮蛋白质水平≤45％时,其特定生长率随着日粮蛋白质水平上升而明显增加;当日粮蛋白质水平在33％-36％时,重口裂腹鱼的特定生长率显著降低（P〈0．05）。除12％日粮脂肪组试验鱼外,9％日粮脂肪组试验鱼的特定生长率显著性高于其它脂肪水平日粮组（P〈0．05）,但当日粮中脂肪含量≥15％后,重口裂腹鱼鱼体脂肪含量显著上升（P〈0．05）,肝细胞脂肪变性明显。日粮中不同的碳水化合物水平对重口裂腹鱼特定生长率没有显著影响（P〉0．05）,但当日粮中碳水化合物为33％时,鱼体糖原含量显著增加（P〈0．05）。试验表明,重口裂腹鱼幼鱼日粮蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物3种常量营养物质的适宜需求量分别为45％、9％和≤30％。日粮总能为19．0MJ／kg,蛋白质能量比（P／E）为23mg／J。     

饲料添加不同脂肪及蛋白质水平对日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponensis)生长性能、体成分及消化酶活力的影响

本实验以64d为限,设A1(34%),A2(38%),A3(42%)三个蛋白梯度水平和B1(5%),B2(8%),B3(11%)三个脂肪梯度水平,采用正交试验方法研究了饲料中不同脂肪及蛋白质水平对日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponensis)[平均体重(0.69±0.23)g]生长性能、体成分和消化酶活力的影响。结果表明,脂肪和蛋白质水平对日本沼虾成活率影响不显著(P0.05),脂肪水平对32d相对增重率和特定生长率影响显著(P0.05)。B3组的特定生长率和相对增重率均显著低于B1和B2组(P0.05)。全虾和肌肉的脂肪含量显著地受饲料脂肪水平的影响(P0.05)。饲料中蛋白质水平对全虾的干物质、蛋白质和灰分含量,以及肌肉中脂肪、蛋白质含量影响显著(P0.05)。饲料脂肪水平对肝胰脏中脂肪酶活力影响显著(P0.05),蛋白水平对肝胰脏中脂肪酶、蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力影响不显著(P0.05)。本文认为日本沼虾饲料脂肪水平应以5%—8%较为合适,蛋白质水平应在38%左右较为合适。     

野生对虾与养殖对虾脂肪酸组成和含量的比较

野生中国对虾(Penaeus chinensis)脂肪酸的组成类似于其他的海洋动物,即雌、雄虾的肝胰脏和肌肉中,棕榈酸(16:0)和n-3族高不饱和脂肪酸(如20:5n-3和22:6n-3)占优势。野生虾体内含有的脂肪酸种类,尤其是高不饱和脂肪酸的种类多于养殖虾。野生虾肝胰脏中主要脂肪酸为16:0(20.0～22.5%),18:0(2.5～2.9%),18:1 n-9(12.3～14.0%),18:2 n-6(2.4～2.6%),20:5 n-3(6.1～6.6%)和22:6 n-3(7.1～7.5%)。肌肉中的主要脂肪酸种类大致与肝胰脏中相同。养殖虾中除了18:2 n-6(6.3～13.0%)高于和16:l(3.6～4.2%)低于野生虾外,其余的基本类似。野生虾比养殖虾有较高水平的n-3族和较低水平的n-6族不饱和脂肪酸,且野生虾n-3/n-6族脂肪酸的比率同样大于养殖虾。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.