西安未央湖趋磁细菌多样性与磁学研究

对西安郊区未央湖趋磁细菌的生物多样性和磁学性质进行了系统研究.光学和透射电子显微镜分析发现,未央湖趋磁细菌主要为杆菌,它们的磁小体多为子弹头形状并呈链状排列;磁学分析表明这些磁小体颗粒以单畴磁铁矿为主;并发现一类同时含有磁铁矿和胶黄铁矿磁小体的趋磁杆菌.基于16S rRNA基因的系统发育分析发现,未央湖趋磁细菌主要分布在变形菌门的δ-变形菌纲(75％)和α-变形菌纲(25％).本研究结果还有助于为利用趋磁细菌群落指示环境变化提供依据.     

阿拉善地区超基性岩组构特征与超微构造分析

通过弗氏台及透射电子显微镜(TEM)手段,对阿拉善地区金川、野芨里、下盐路塘和小松山等超基性岩岩体主要造岩矿物——橄榄石的组构及超微构造进行了研究,两种手段所获得的结果基本一致。它们的位错组态均以位错列及多层结构为主,布氏矢量(?)以c[001]为主,滑移系为(010)[001]。这些特点与橄榄石晶体均以[001]取向,并形成高极密及(010)[001]组构类型相对应。根据有关橄榄石变形实验研究,它们都属于低温(<800℃)、高应变速率的滑移系。由此说明,是下地壳环境的产物。但岩体之间尚存在一定的差异,就其活动性而论,金川岩体成岩演化过程表现相对稳定,其余岩体则处于较为活跃的构造环境中,前者所受的构造应力较弱,而后者较强。这可能就是该区成矿情况有别的原因之一。     

南岭花岗岩及矿体中一些云母的研究

一、前言 云母作为造岩矿物广泛分布,对一些成矿和稀少元素起富集作用,这些元素作为云母晶格的组成部分,或形成独立矿物包在云母中,或富集生长于其附近。云母的独立种到目前已超过40个,其中30个已作过结构分析。重要的云母文献已超过300余篇。近几年来,日本发现了几个新的云母种,据报导,日本已使用了高分辨率电子显微镜直接观察云母的多型。 1954、1955年尧德(H.S.Yoder)、尤格斯特(H.P.Eugster)合成了白云母和     

胶东东部中生代走滑逆冲构造带的超微构造研究

胶东东部区域上处于秦岭-大别-苏鲁造山带的东端,是中生代的走滑逆冲构造带.进行超微构造研究有利于解决岩石的变形机制问题.应用偏光显微镜和透射电子显微镜方法,进行了胶东东部走滑逆冲构造带显微构造及超微构造研究.研究认为主要走滑逆冲剪切带的石英位错亚构造以线位错为主,并常见位错环、位错弓弯、位错壁、位错列、位错网及亚晶粒等构造型式颗粒等.石英超微位错构造总体反映的是中温或低温塑性变形环境;石岛剪切带、荣成剪切带、牟平剪切带的平均古差异应力值呈现逐渐降低的趋势,跟温度呈反相关的关系.     

我国发现的板石的研究

板石(Allevardite)或称钠板石,最早发现于法国萨瓦省阿尔瓦。G.W.布林德利(Brindley)等人认为板石的结构为水分子所分隔的双云母型基本层。板石的特征X射线24—28为d_(001)基面的衍射,即云母层(10)与蒙脱石层(14—18)之和。透射电子显微镜下呈典型的长方形轮廓和褶迭板条等形态。 1979年作者在湖南耒阳县上堡黄铁矿矿床热液蚀变带中发现了板石,嗣后进行了X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜、选域电子衍射、红外光谱、差热分析及化学分析等方面的研究,探     

1908年俄罗斯通古斯大爆炸的地球化学特征和爆炸物体的估计

本文用中子活化分析方法(NAA)分析了俄罗斯通古斯(Tunguska)地区1908年爆炸事件影响层中的元素地球化学特征,发现Ir,REE,Ni,Fe,Co等元素在事件层附近明显异常,异常因子达2-5。在事件主要影响层中Ir和Ni呈明显相关性,REE的碳质球粒陨石标准化配分曲线比较平坦,且比率在Ⅰ左右。因此,说明这些元素异常是由Tunguska爆炸事件引起的,爆炸物体可能是碳质小行星或与之类似的星体。此外,根据Ir的异常丰度,估算了爆炸物体的重量(约10~(10)t),半径(约1.5km)和爆炸释放出的能量     

地下水和场地的原位修复

生物修复描述了在地下水和土壤中进行的微生物自然降解过程，该过程是在厌氧(缺氧)条件下进行的。自然降解过程既需要电子给予者(如氧)，也需要电子接收者(如氢)。多数情况下由于这些基本要素的需要(氧或氢)，土壤很快会变得贫乏，氧或氢会以最快的速度阻止自然微生物污染的扩散并达到降解目的。通过固有细菌和自然土壤过程(固有衰减)使土壤和地下水污染物衰减的很大优势在于避免了昂贵的泵吸系统、相关工作、     

低温环境下两种氨基酸对碳酸钙矿化影响的研究

黄龙景区高寒冷水型钙华沉积地貌环境中生存着大量的嗜冷微生物。为了探究这些微生物在低温及高浓度Ca~(2+)和HCO_3~-水环境中的代谢产物对钙华沉积的影响,本实验选取黄龙嗜冷细菌的两种特征代谢产物L-苯丙氨酸和L-半胱氨酸,通过模拟低温、含较高浓度的Ca~(2+)和HCO_3~-的实验环境,并利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等分析方法,来探讨氨基酸对矿化体系中碳酸钙沉积速率及其晶型和形貌的影响。实验结果表明:在特定模拟环境条件下,(1)L-苯丙氨酸和L-半胱氨酸均能促进碳酸钙的沉积。L-苯丙氨酸对晶型影响不大,产物均为方解石型碳酸钙,但是L-苯丙氨酸能抑制方解石晶面棱边的生长,使得晶体出现多面不规则的立方体形态;(2)L-半胱氨酸除诱导并促进方解石型碳酸钙的合成外还可以诱导文石型碳酸钙的合成。该结果可为黄龙地区钙华的生物成因研究提供一定的基础数据。     

原始黄铁矿莓体的发现与研究

用扫描电子显微镜研究晋东南太原组下部黄铁矿矿石和煤岩中的黄铁矿,发现许多原始莓体保留着形成时的特征。这些特征反映出原始莓体大多数为硫磺细菌化石,少数由胶体形成。本文对莓体的成因、特征、形成环境等进行了论述。     

西北太平洋富钴结壳的钙质超微化石地层学研究及意义

本文对采自西北太平洋某海山的CHA56富钴结壳样品进行了钙质超微化石及生物地层学的研究与分析,并对其所折射的时代意义进行了探讨.该结壳从构造上分为3层:致密型上层、疏松型中层和致密型下层.在研究中对各构造层和各分层有颜色或细微构造变化的层位都进行了取样分析.在识别化石的基础上,确定了该结壳的疏松型中层为晚中新世到晚上新世(0.5～11.9 Ma)沉积;致密型下层为晚古新世到晚渐新世(56.3～23.2Ma)沉积.研究发现,在致密型下层和疏松型中层之间存在沉积间断.研究认为,新生代渐新世/中新世(O/M)时太平洋深水海洋环境的变化,可能是导致西北太平洋海山上3层构造结壳下、中层间显微构造、色泽和成分发生变化和沉积间断产生的主要原因,下、中层间的界面成为结壳生长过程中一个特定的时间标识.     

关于深海锰结核中“纳米级超微生物化石”的思考和建议

本文对最近从东太平洋深海锰结核中发现的“纳米级超微生物化石”提出不同看法,并对今后研究工作提出了建议。由于太平洋螺旋孢菌和中华微放线菌在形态构造上存在多解性,它们的生物性和亲缘关系还有待进一步确认。     

Nanometre-scale spheroids on sands, Vulcano, Sicily: possible nannobacterial alteration

ABSTRACT Spheroids in the size range of 30–200 nm coat sand grains on sediments around the island of Vulcano. They occur as single individuals, as ball-shaped clumps resembling biological colonies with radiating chains of bodies, and eventually merge into sheets in which the individual nannobacteria are no longer evident. Rarely, they appear to bore into the glass grains . Older rocks are composed mainly of closely packed nanospheroids. These spheroids are believed to be nannobacterial cells based on their resemblance to nannobacteria found in other surficial environments, and their occurrence in colony-like groups. If so, nannobacteria play a very important role in the destruction of volcanic materials on Vulcano.     

胶东黄铁矿显微构造变形与金富集关系：黄铁矿EBSD组构和地球化学约束

载金黄铁矿显微构造变形与金富集关系可以从显微-超显微尺度揭示金成矿作用和地质过程,探讨金的再活化或再聚集作用。在胶东焦家金矿带成矿期识别出4种类型的黄铁矿,文章应用光学显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)和电子探针(EMPA)等技术方法,探讨黄铁矿显微构造特征、超微观结构与金的富集关系。结果显示:载金黄铁矿均不发育环带,其中w(Fe)为45.70%～46.85%,w(S)为52.57%～53.37%;显微构造变形既有脆性变形又有塑性变形;黄铁矿晶体优选方位(CPO)主要表现为平行于晶轴极密和复杂极密;黄铁矿晶格间距为0.58 nm,主要发育刃位错。焦家金矿带在金成矿作用过程中,可见金集合体经历了从复杂的纳米尺度到宏观尺度矿物载体富集的过程,包括成矿流体中金络合物、金-铋-硫族化合物富集等化学结构变化过程和纳米金、载金黄铁矿纳米颗粒、岩矿石显微-超显微构造微环境变化过程。因此,不同类型载金黄铁矿CPO受到化学结构变化和显微-超显微变形微环境变化的联合制约,间接反映出载金黄铁矿中金的富集与黄铁矿内部变形、表面形貌和结构缺陷有密切关系。     

Organic Geochemistry of Black Sea cores

Six Black Sea bottom sediments samples were analyzed for their organic content (chloroform extract and humic compounds) by elemental analysis, liquid and gas chromatography, various chemical methods and especially infra-red spectroscopy. Four of these samples came from an euxinic facies (“unit 2”) and two from a normally oxygenated facies below (“unit 3”).Even though important differences exist between the two sets of samples, the origin of the organic matter was found to be the same for both facies; this origin is mixed, with the marine contribution slightly predominant over the terrestrial one.Consequently, the compositional differences originate in the different environmental conditions in the sedimentary basin. More precisely, the euxinic facies appears to “preserve” the organic matter, on both quantitative and qualitative grounds. This effect is due more to the anoxic and toxic nature of the environment than to the reducing conditions.The sulfur incorporation in relatively small molecules does not proceed by a rapid biochemical pathway, but by slow and abiotic reactions.     

全民所有自然资源资产管理考核评价机制与方法研究

本文采用对比分析与归纳分析法,在明确全民所有自然资源资产管理考核评价机制定位的基础上,充分借鉴和参考现有相关考核评价制度的设计思路,围绕“考核谁、谁来考、怎么考、考什么、结果怎么定、结果怎么用”等关键问题,从考核评价对象和实施主体、考核评价方式和实施、考核评价结果应用、考核评价内容和指标体系构建、考核评价结果评定方法等方面,提出构建全民所有自然资源资产管理考核评价机制和方法的思路,为推进生态文明建设和自然资源资产产权制度改革提供支撑。     

Native iron in Quaternary deposits of the Darhad Basin (northern Mongolia)

Quaternary sediments from the borehole DBC-1 drilled in the Darhad Basin, northern Mongolia, have been studied by thermomagnetic analysis (248 samples) and probe microanalysis (9 samples) to determine the origin (cosmic or terrestrial) of native iron. Most of the samples showed extremely low contents of native iron. Only 26 samples have iron in contents sufficient for its reliable identification (10^–5–10^–3%). The negligible content of native iron in the Darhad Basin sediments distinguishes them from the earlier studied sediments of different geologic associations of Eurasia and the Atlantic, which we explain by the high sedimentation rate in this basin. However, the bimodal distribution of native-iron contents in the samples with a distinct “zero” mode, similar to that in the objects of Eurasia and the Atlantic, testifies to the predominantly cosmic origin of the native iron.     

Microstructures of phosphatic porcelain from sintering to vitrification: Evidence from sherds excavated in Charleston,South Carolina

Eight phosphatic porcelain sherds recovered from various historical sites in Charleston were analyzed by electron microprobe. Some sherds contain sulfur (2.3–3.1wt.% SO₃); others contain only traces of this component. The analytical data suggest that the sulfurous sherds are Bow porcelain (London, Bowcock period, ca. 1755–1769). The origin(s) of the low‐S samples remains unidentified; one compositionally resembles “gold‐anchor period” (phosphatic) Chelsea porcelain (London, ca. 1756–1769) but its decoration is inconsistent with known wares produced by this factory during that era. The degree of vitrification is highly variable, particularly among the SO₃‐poor samples. The melt phase is strongly enriched in incompatible elements (Ti, Fe, Na, K). The phosphate phase [calcined bone ash (hydroxyapatite)] in poorly vitrified samples hosts minute melt blebs, but remains porous. With increasing vitrification, these melt blebs increase in size and begin to coalesce, ultimately forming ameboid patches up to ∼10 μm in diameter. In the most vitrified samples, the coalesced melt “leaks” into the matrix, leaving behind a phosphate phase that lacks pores and melt and has a lower CaO/P₂O₅ ratio (=2.7, molecular proportions) than either hydroxyapatite (3.3) or β‐whitlockite (3.0). The two varieties of phosphate occur in some poorly vitrified samples, suggesting the recycling of high‐fired wasters (as “grog”) in their ceramic pastes. Melt compositions vary with contiguous mineralogy, accounting for their divergence from the ternary eutectic in the Ca₃(PO₄)₂‐CaAl₂Si₂O₈‐SiO₂ system. The resorption of phosphate by the matrix melt virtually precludes recognition of anorthite formed by the “non‐phosphate glass equation.” © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Polygenic nature of granite clastites: Communication 2. Secondary and supergene reworking of granitic clastites

Clastogenic rocks spatially associated with granite massifs have been reported in the geological literature from different regions: Caucasus (Leonov, 1974, 1991), Urals (Puchkov, 1968), Kazakhstan (Svarichevskaya and Skublova, 1973), Transbaikal region (Leonov, 2008; Lobanov et al., 1991), Tien Shan (Leonov et al., 2008), North America (Beroush, 1991; Lukin, 1989, 2007; Pippin, 1973). In some places, they represent crushed rocks of indigenous massifs. In other places, they make up accumulations and aprons of clastic products of the granitic composition both on the surface and beneath the sedimentary cover. In the first communication (Leonov et al., 2014) devoted to the origin of granite clastites, we examined specific features of the structure and evolution of granite bodies at the posthumous development stage, i.e., after cooling and introduction into the consolidated layer of the Earth’s crust. It was shown that such rocks are formed at least due to two main processes: supergene1 (chemical and physical weathering) and tectonic (prototectonics and posthumous disintegration). Although the rocks are highly similar in composition, structure, and bedding conditions, they are marked by several specific features described in the first communication that provide insight into their genetic nature. However, the problem of morphostructural characteristics and genetic interpretation of granite clastites cannot be closed here. Reconstruction of the “primary” origin of clastic granitic bodies in some, far from single, cases is complicated by the following fact: the exhumed massifs of tectonically disintegrated granitoids undergo supergene transformations, while sediments in the weathering crust are involved in tectonic reworking. Thus, clastites can be formed in several stages with different successions of events: supergene processes (formation of the weathering crust) can precede the tectonic reworking of rocks or succeed the formation of tectonomixtites. Determination of diagnostic properties of genetically different clastic rocks and stages of their lithostructural alteration is important for solving the issues of regional geology, development of methods for the study of genetically complex sequences, as well as paleogeographic and paleotectonic reconstructions. This problem acquires a specific importance because of two circumstances: first, its solution is at the intersection of two geological disciplines (lithology and tectonics); second, granitic clastite bodies often represent commercial hydrocarbon reservoirs (Areshev et al., 1997; Gavrilov, 2000; Izotov et al., 2003; Lobanov et al., 1991; Lobusev et al., 2002; Lukin, 2007; Martynova, 2002; Pippin, 1973; Sitdikova and Izotov, 2002). Let us discuss two scenarios of the succession of events: scenario 1—“tectonic mixtite” → “supergene reworking”; scenario 2—“weathering crust” → “tectonic reworking”. All other versions are combinations of these two types.     

Evaluation of fractionation effects during the early stages of primary migration

A stepwise extraction technique, based on that of Beletskaya (1972), has been aplied to sedimentary rock samples of variable grain size and maturity from a Neogene sequence in the Pannonian Basin (S.E. Hungary). The resulting chloroform extracts, claimed by Beletskaya (1978) to sample “open” and mineralogically “closed” pores, have been analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Differences in the concentrations of the two extracts and the concentrations of their hydrocarbon fractions, and in the distributions of $\text{n}$-alkanes and steroid hydrocarbons suggest that either the “open” pores are impregnated with mature oil which has migrated from depth, or that movement of organic material from the “closed” to “open” pores occurs with considerable fractionation based on both polarity and molecular size. The implications of these differences for source rock-oil correlation studies are discussed and an assessment of mechanisms for primary migration is given.