应用古地磁研究云南古猿的生存年代

应用古地磁研究方法，对我省出土古猿化石的开远小龙潭煤系，禄丰石灰坝的砂、砾石、褐煤层及元谋竹棚、小河一带的砂、泥质层作了系统的古地磁采样测试得出：（１）开远小龙潭煤系及动物群化石的时代为５．１０－１０．００Ｍａ，其中，开远古猿产出层位的年代为８．３０±０．１０Ｍａ。（２）禄丰石灰坝含古猿及哺乳动物化石的一套砂、砾石、褐煤的时代为３．８９－４．５９Ｍａ，禄丰古猿化石产出层位的年代为４．００±０．１０Ｍａ。（３）元谋竹棚、小河一带古猿化石及动物群的地层时代为２．１２－３．４０Ｍａ，其中元谋蝴蝶古猿的时代为２．７６±０．１０Ｍａ，竹棚猿人的年代为２．１３±０．１０Ｍａ。上述古猿的地质年代为晚中新世一早更新世。云南古猿的演化，从开远小龙潭到禄丰石灰坝直至元谋竹棚、小河一带，在时间和地点上构成了一连续的演化序列。云南古猿生存年代的进一步确定，对研究人类的起源、演化及寻找人类的祖先有着重要的科学意义。     

云南古猿在人类起源研究中的地位

本文讨论云南开远、禄丰、元谋和保山的古猿在人类起源研究中的地位。通过与人类起源有关的中国古猿、南方古猿和西瓦古猿的时空分布、形态特征及有关学科研究的新材料的分析研究，认为西瓦古猿是猩猩的祖先，南方古猿可能不是人类祖先，中国古猿则很可能是人类祖先，滇中是人类起源的关键区域。人类发展的阶段为中国古猿－直立人－早期智人－晚期智人。     

禄丰西瓦古猿桡骨在我国的首次发现

本文记述了在云南禄丰石灰坝古猿化石地点发现的西瓦古猿桡骨近端化石一件,通过测量对比可知:它与黑猩猩的测量值十分接近,因而提出该标本属于禄丰西瓦古猿,可能是非洲猿类和人类的共同祖先。据对黑猩猩一具骨架进行身高值测量,获得其身高值约为130cm,借以估计禄丰西瓦古猿的身高值可能在130-140cm之间,就桡骨颈较粗壮这一特征而言,该古猿具有一定原始性质,以适应其较多的地面生活。     

中国古人类研究现状

从古猿到能人的时期,在中国发现的化石,最重要的是在云南禄丰石灰坝发现的禄丰古猿和在广西、湖北等省发现的巨猿。从猿到人有一个过渡时期。这个时期开始的标志是两足直立行走,完成的标志是开始制造工具,社会形成。意识和语言萌发于制造工具之前。从直立人到智人的时期,在我国发现的直立人化石的地点,主要有北京周口店、云南元谋、陕西蓝田陈家窝和公王岭以及安徽和县等;早期智人化石的地点,主要有陕西大荔、辽宁营口金牛山、广东马坝、山西丁村和许家窑等;晚期智人化石的地点,主要有广西柳江、四川资阳、北京周口店山顶洞等。我国发现的各种人类化石,从直立人到晚期智人以至现代人,都具有一些共同的形态性状,表明其有一定的继承性,因此,支持现代人的多地区起源说。现代人仍在进化之中。明显表现在现代人的体外进化和精神进化两个方面。     

从化石记录看古人类起源和演化

古人类的起源及演化是一个极其复杂而远未解决的问题，目前掌握的重要化石材料包括：距今约5600万年的灵长类，约1700万年的人猿超科代表，620万年(?)-440万年的人科动物，以及约350万年(?)-200万年的古人类和人造石器等。中国是世界上古人类及与之演化相关的化石发现最多的国家之一，先后找到已知最早的高级灵长类——约4500万年前的曙猿化石，人猿超科的早期代表——l400万年和800万年前的古猿化石，240万年-200万年前的人造石器，200万年前的能人(?)化石，170万年前的直立人及28万年-20万年前的智人化石等。拟从迄今的化石记录人手勾勒出古人类起源及演化的大致轮廓。     

云南元谋含古猿地层猪科一新属

记述产自云南元谋小河、雷老含古猿地层的猪科(Suidae)化石—新届新种——元谋臼齿猪(Molarochoerus yuanmouensis gen.et sp.nov)。以向前向外扩展的颧弓、后置的眼眶、P4和P4臼齿化、P4跟座与主尖等高、P3有大而前移的舌侧尖等特征区别于其它猪类化石。可能是猪亚科(Suinae)Propotamochoerini族的较进步类型，与Propotamochoerus有较近的亲缘关系。     

开远小龙潭新发现的哺乳类化石及其意义

近几年来,在开远市文化馆和小龙潭煤矿古生物化石保护小组的积极努力下,在小龙潭新发现不少哺乳类化石。在小龙潭组中,先后发现了河狸、似中国四棱齿象、河马、真貘、古貘(?)、鹿类等,加上已作过报道的开远腊玛古猿、西瓦古猿、小龙潭嵌齿象、巨颌嵌齿象、庆义轭齿象、喙嘴象、小河猪、利齿猪等,共计有14种之多。其中似中国四棱齿象、河马和貘是我国南方中新世地层中的首次发现,对于丰富典型的     

云南元谋小河盆地含古猿化石地层的沉积特点与对比

云南元谋小河盆地含古猿化石的主要层位有 2个,时代相差约 1Ma。以黄色砂砾石层作为标志层,参考各含古猿化石剖面基底和现代海拔高度,盆内含化石层的晚第三纪地层可以很好的对比,小河盆地蝴蝶梁子剖面、房背梁子剖面相当于豹子洞箐剖面的的中下部。从哺乳动物化石和古地磁资料分析,小河组的地质时代为 7.3～ 8.2Ma。     

云南元谋古猿动物群化石埋藏学

云南元谋小河-雷老一带含古猿新近系（上第三系）是一套紫红色含砾细砂-粉砂岩，夹有多层黄色砂砾石层。化石埋藏学研究及含化石层岩性特征、组合及沉积构造表明，该层以山前洪积堆积为主，并有发育的扇上河道沉积。通过30余个发掘地点化石野外埋藏资料及数千件化石标本的分析鉴定，化石埋藏类型有两种，埋藏Ⅰ型的化石数量稀少、保存完整，赋存在扇体细粒沉积物中；理藏Ⅱ型化石保存丰富但相当残破，赋存在粗粒沉积的扇上河道各个部位。化石埋藏类型与古气候、古生态有着密切的关系，化石埋藏特征表明该区自然环境分带已形成。元谋古猿动物群的生存时代是一个从森林向草原-灌丛环境过渡的动荡时期。     

中国新近纪犀科化石的演化与气候环境变迁

中国新近纪的犀科化石有广泛的分布,但以往的研究大多侧重于犀科化石的系统分类,较少涉及到这一重要类别的生态意义。本文试图发现这些犀科化石与环境的密切关系,为恢复这一时期陆地生态系统的演变过程提供新的依据。研究的材料包括中国从早中新世早期直到晚上新世晚期已知的全部犀科化石记录,共2亚科4族25个种。依据新近纪哺乳动物群单位(NMU)标定每个时期犀科的分异度、新记录和绝灭种。中国新近纪犀科化石的分异度变化显著,可划分为5个阶段,包括中中新世和晚中新世2个高分异期以及早中新世、晚中新世初期和上新世3个低分异期。 早中新世(NMU1～5)犀科的分异度非常低,占统治地位的是矮脚犀类。第一次重大的变革发生在中中新世     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861