未熟-低熟油生成机理的化学动力学研究及其初步应用

对树脂体、木栓质体、可溶有机质、富硫有机质、经细菌强烈改造过的有机质等各类与未熟─低熟油产出密切相关的样品及部分参照样品所进行的系统的化学动力学定量研究显示,虽然未熟─低熟油的产出和富集可能与多种不同的地质条件或因素有关,但它们的共同之处在于这些有机质较常规有机质具有明显偏低的成烃活化能。化学动力学模型的初步应用显示,这些有机质的确能在浅于常规生烃门限的地质条件下开始大量成烃,从而定量阐明了业已报道的各种地质条件下未熟─低熟油产出和富集的机理.     

栓皮栎的热模拟特征及木栓质的成烃演化

由于大多数沉积有机质或煤层中的木栓质体在很低演化阶段荧光就消失了，使得地球化学家和煤岩学家往往低估了木栓质体对成烃的贡献。利用显微镜荧光检测和显微傅里叶红外光谱技术对现代植物栓皮栎的树皮进行人工热模拟研究，结果表明现代木栓组织和木检质成分是一种高度偏油的有机质，在低热力条件下释放出大量的以异构烃和环烷烃为主的液态烃类，大约在镜质体反射率为０．５％之前，生成Ｃ６＋烃类总量的２／３以上。现代木栓热模拟生烃现象要滞后于地质体中的木栓质体，它不能完全复制木栓质体的自然熟化过程     

中国低熟油的几种成因机制

在对国内外文献详尽检索研究基础上，根据对国内９个二级沉积凹陷和５个中、小型盆地的有机地球化学、有机岩石学和同位素地球化学的系统研究，作者建立了木栓质体、树脂体、细菌改造的陆源有机质、藻类与高等植物生物类脂物以及富硫大分子（非烃、沥青质和干酪根）等五种早期生烃形成低熟油的成因机制。     

镜质体成烃反应动力学模型的标定及其在热史恢复中的应用

镜质体反射率（Ｒｏ）与其生烃率有关，因此，由Ｒｏ应可求取其生烃率；同时，在求取了镜质体成烃反应动力学参数之后，若已知其受热史，则可计算出镜质体的生烃率；反过来，若已知镜质体的生烃率，应可反推其受热史。基于这一基本原理，本文在建立和标定镜质体成烃反应动力学模型的基础上推导了可将其应用于存在着抬升、剥蚀和古地温非线性变化等复杂地质条件下热史恢复的原理模型，结合海拉尔盆地海参７井的实测Ｒｏ值，有效地恢复了其古热史。     

镜质体成烃反应动力学模型的标定及其在热史恢复中的应用

镜质体反射率（Ｒｏ）与其生烃率有关，因此，由Ｒｏ应可求取其生烃率；同时，在求取了镜质体成烃反应动力学参数之后，若已知其受热史，则可计算出镜质体的生烃率；反过来，若已知镜质体的生烃率，应可反推其受热史。基于这一基本原理，本文在建立和标定镜质体成烃反应动力学模型的基础上推导了可将其应用于存在着抬升、剥蚀和古地温非线性变化等复杂地质条件下热史恢复的原理模型，结合海拉尔盆地海参７井的实测Ｒｏ值，有效地恢复了其古热史     

木栓质的菌解-热模拟实验特征及木栓质体的成烃演化机制

木栓质体是我国南方树皮煤的主要显微组分,在西北地区侏罗系煤层中也具有相当高的含量,是一种早期生油的显微组分,对煤成油和未熟-低熟油气的形成具有重要贡献。本文通过对被子植物栓皮栎周皮木栓组织的细菌降解和加水热模拟实验研究,系统地探讨了显微组分木栓质体的生物先质-木栓质的成烃演化过程,结果表明：木栓质可以被细菌降解,并具有两次热解油气生成高峰,分别相当于镜质体反射率0.35%～0.5%和0.8%～1.1%左右。角质体和树皮体的自然演化系列和热模拟实验结果也具有相似的特点。我们认为：(1)木栓质体的生烃潜力并没有在传统的“油窗”之前就消耗殆尽,在较高演化阶段仍然具有一定的油气生成潜力;(2) 木栓质体的热演化特征可以由木栓质的类脂特性来解释,现代植物木栓组织的化学结构特征和宏观大分子热稳定性的差异是显微组分木栓质体热降解多阶段生烃的主要原因;(3)木栓质热演化早期生成的液态油以含氧的胶质化合物为主,晚期则生成大量的C12+的高蜡油。     

辽河西部凹陷古近系烃源岩生烃动力学特征

针对辽河西部凹陷不同岩性、不同干酪根类型18块样品进行了较详细的开放体系生烃动力学研究, 模拟结果反映出相同岩性不同有机质类型烃源岩动力学特征存在较大的差异, 有机质类型越好, 平均活化能越小, 主频活化能对应的反应分数越大, 活化能分布范围越窄, 表明有机质类型对烃源岩生烃动力起着决定性作用.应用平行一级反应模型, 结合埋藏史、热史对辽河西部凹陷古近系烃源岩生烃史进行了定量研究, 层位上, 西部凹陷沙三、沙四段是主力烃源岩, 分别占总生烃量的63.9%和18.5%, 其次为沙一二段和东营组, 4套烃源岩累计生烃量为328.09×108t;东营期是主要的生烃时期.      

中国沉积盆地低熟油气形成机理与分布规律

低熟油气是我国的一种重要资料，在我国陆相沉积，尤其是东部第三系盆地中较为富集。其生烃组分有树脂体、木栓质体、一些种类藻以及经细菌改造的有机质。总结了低熟油的成因与其分布规律，有利于低熟油气的进一步勘探。     

准噶尔盆地白家海凸起二叠系平地泉组烃源岩评价

准噶尔盆地白家海凸起周围存在多个生烃凹陷和多套烃源岩,具有较复杂的油源关系,侏罗系八道湾组供烃凹陷不明,制约下一步勘探。利用烃源岩总有机碳、热解、镜质体反射率等相关资料,通过对二叠系平地泉组烃源岩有机质丰度、有机质类型、有机质成熟度进行烃源岩质量评价,认为二叠系烃源岩以Ⅱ2、Ⅲ型干酪根为主,东道海子北凹陷、阜康凹陷有机质丰度较好,成熟度均达到成熟阶段,而五彩湾凹陷虽有较好丰度,但有机质成熟度低,因此东道海子北凹陷及阜康凹陷可作为供烃凹陷,五彩湾凹陷由于成熟度较低,不适合做供烃凹陷。     

济阳坳陷下古生界碳酸盐岩烃源岩评价

应用生油生气量计算模型、岩石吸附油气量计算模型、油溶水溶气量计算模型、扩散气量计算模型计算了济阳坳陷(车镇、沾化和东营)下古生界碳酸盐岩的生烃量和残留耗散烃量,进而根据物质平衡原理计算出排烃量,根据排烃量的大小对目标层进行了烃源岩评价。结果表明,车镇、沾化和东营凹陷下古生界碳酸盐岩均为非油源岩、非气源岩。结合车25井、孤古2井和草古101井有机质成烃剖面,认为造成研究区烃源条件差的原因是有机质丰度过低。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.