湖北铜绿山矽卡岩型铜铁矿床同位素地球化学研究

湖北铜绿山铜铁矿床处于长江中下游铁铜成矿带西部鄂东成矿区内,是鄂东南地区典型的矽卡岩型铜铁矿床。矿体呈透镜状产于下三叠统大冶群第3至第7岩性段大理岩与铜绿山岩体的接触带。矿床成矿过程大致划分为干矽卡岩阶段(Ⅰ)、湿矽卡岩阶段(Ⅱ)、氧化物阶段(Ⅲ)、石英硫化物阶段(Ⅳ)和碳酸盐阶段(Ⅴ)。矿石矿物主要有磁铁矿、黄铜矿、赤铁矿;脉石矿物以石榴石、石英、碳酸盐矿物为主。通过对铜绿山铜铁矿床硫、氢、氧、碳和铅同位素组成研究,探讨成矿流体来源和成矿物质来源。研究表明,成矿流体早期以岩浆热液为主,有少量大气降水加入,后期大气降水比重加大;热液中的碳主要为深源岩浆来源,少量来自海相碳酸盐岩的溶解作用;矿石中硫化物的硫同位素组成特征反映了硫来自深源岩浆;矿石铅同位素组成稳定,为正常铅,矿石铅源于上侵过程中受地壳物质混染的幔源岩浆。     

湖北大冶铜绿山铜铁矿床夕卡岩矿物学及碳氧硫同位素特征

湖北大冶铜绿山铜铁矿床是长江中下游西段鄂东南矿集区一个大型夕卡岩矿床。围岩为三叠系大理岩及白云质大理岩,决定了其发育丰富的钙镁质复合夕卡岩矿物组合,包括石榴子石、辉石、角闪石、绿帘石、金云母、绿泥石等。本文详细描述了夕卡岩不同阶段矿物的特征,并对矿物进行了电子探针分析(EPMA)及碳、氧、硫稳定同位素研究。结果表明石榴子石形成于三期,成分上属于钙铝—钙铁系列,且从早到晚具有从钙铝向钙铁榴石演化趋势,反映出成矿溶液由酸性向碱性演化。环带结构的石榴子石和绿帘石从核部到边部Fe含量增高,说明磁铁矿是在Fe浓度升高的碱性溶液中沉淀。辉石为透辉石。角闪石属于单斜角闪石中的钙质角闪石,包括透闪石,韭闪石和少量阳起石。矿物成分分析表明辉石和石榴子石的Mn/Fe值与矿化金属元素存在一定的联系。相对于钙质夕卡岩,镁质或含镁质夕卡岩是铜铁矿体交代的更有利岩石。矿床硫化物的δ34SV-CDT均为正值且变化范围较窄,介于0.6‰～3.8‰。成矿阶段方解石δ13CV-PDB变化于-2.9‰～6.3‰,δ18OV-SMOW变化于9.6‰～12.6‰,成矿后方解石的同位素值明显增大,δ13CV-PDB为-0.9‰～1.3‰,δ18OV-SMOW为15.2‰～17.3‰,趋向于围岩的同位素值。研究结果说明成矿阶段的硫和碳来自于深源或地幔,而成矿后期碳与地层发生明显的同位素交换反应。     

He-Ar-S-Pb Isotopic Compositions of Pyrite: Constraints on the Source of Ore-forming Materials of the Chengchao Skarn Iron Deposit, SE Hubei Province, Eastern China

The Chengchao iron deposit,the largest high-grade skarn iron deposit in southeastern Hubei Province,contains considerable amounts of magnetite and by-product anhydrite.To obtain better understanding of the ore-formation process,this study carried out He-Ar-S-Pb multi-isotopic analyses on the pyrites formed during two stages of mineralization.The results indicate that the δ~(34)S values(ranging from 14.0‰ to 17.6‰) of pyrites formed from the two stages have no obvious differences,suggesting that they were not derived from a single magmatic sulfur source.The δ~(34)S values of anhydrite mostly range from 21.9‰ to 28.4‰,similar to that of the Middle Triassic sedimentary anhydrite in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt(MLYRB).The Pb isotopic compositions of the pyrites of both stages are homogeneous,with values of ~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb,and~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb being 38.006-38.257,15.523-15.556,and 17.806-18.052,respectively,indicating a mixed crust-mantle source.The He-Ar results exhibit different compositions of the two stages:the ~3He/~4He(R/Ra) and ~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar values for the early-stage pyrite are 0.46-0.63 and 311-322,respectively,whereas the values for late-stage pyrite are 0.23-0.34 and 305-361,respectively.Both stages of pyrites indicate the multiple sources of the ore-forming fluids,with decreasing amount of magmatic water and increasing amount of modified meteoric water(MASW) during fluid evolution.The Triassic evaporites played an important role in the mineralization process.     

多元稳定同位素组合示踪含膏盐地层参与湖北金山店矽卡岩型铁矿成矿作用

相比单一稳定同位素而言,多元稳定同位素组合的使用,能更有效地示踪成矿作用过程中流体的来源和演化。本文对已证明有含膏盐地层参与成矿作用的湖北金山店铁矿开展了碳-氧-硫等多元稳定同位素的研究。方解石碳氧同位素结果表明,金山店岩体与灰岩或白云岩之间发生了广泛的水岩反应,这些水岩作用是金山店铁矿蚀变矿化过程的一部分。与各阶段矿物平衡的流体氧同位素值变化范围较小,且表现出随温度降低具有规律性变化的特征:早期矽卡岩阶段氧同位素值在岩浆水范围内变化,磁铁矿阶段则明显富集重氧同位素,而成矿后的各阶段特别是石膏-方解石阶段,成矿流体明显富集轻氧同位素。这些特征暗示成矿之前流体以岩浆水为主,成矿作用发生时有一定含膏盐地层参与成矿,而成矿后大气水特征明显,即成矿流体具有多元混合的特征。硬石膏氧-硫同位素组合暗示成矿流体中具有明显富δ~(34)S-δ~(18)O流体成分的加入,这一流体可能为淋滤了地层中膏盐组分的岩浆水或循环的大气水。成矿阶段和成矿后的黄铁矿均富集重硫同位素,也暗示成矿流体中含膏盐地层组分的加入。多元稳定同位素组合的联合证据表明,金山店铁矿成矿流体具有多元混合的特点,成矿阶段含膏盐地层参与成矿作用特征明显,暗示含膏盐地层中的膏盐组分可能是被岩浆水或循环的大气水或二者的混合流体所淋滤而进入矽卡岩成矿体系的。     

湖北铜绿山矿床石英闪长岩的矿物学及Sr-Nd-Pb同位素特征

铜绿山是长江中下游鄂东南矿集区最重要的、大型夕卡岩型Cu-Fe(Au)矿床。本文对该矿区中与成矿密切的石英闪长岩进行了详细的矿物成分、地球化学及Sr-Nd-Pb同位素研究。结果表明:岩石中斜长石主要为更长石(An=21～31);角闪石贫Ti(0.2),高Mg/(Mg+Fe)(0.5),属于富镁角闪石;而黑云母为镁质黑云母。岩石的地球化学具有高硅(58.86%～67.71%),富碱(Na2O+K2O=5.67%～9.63%),富集轻稀土元素(LREE)和大离子亲石元素(LILE),并强亏损元素Nb、Ta、Ti等特征。岩石的(87Sr/86Sr)i为0.7055～0.7069,εNd(t)为-7.65～-3.44;(206Pb/204Pb)i=17.66～18.00,(207Pb/204Pb)i=15.49～15.56,(208Pb/204Pb)i=37.73～38.19。矿物成分、地球化学和同位素特征说明,铜绿山岩体与阳新岩体为同源岩浆的产物,源区为深度大于40km的富集地幔,经下地壳的混染及分离结晶作用形成。岩浆熔体形成的温度应大于889℃。角闪石和黑云母的温度计估算岩浆结晶温度分别为650～800℃和500～630℃,黑云母开始结晶温度略低于角闪石结晶结束温度,压力为1.49kbar,对应侵位深度约4.9km。岩浆具有利于Cu、Fe、Au等成矿元素进入熔体的条件,可能与板块俯冲作用相关。     

鄂东南铜绿山矿床石榴子石显微结构及微区成分对成矿过程的指示

鄂东南矿集区铜绿山矿床是典型的矽卡岩型铜铁多金属矿床,矿体产出在铜绿山岩体与三叠系碳酸盐地层的接触带。尽管本矿床的研究程度很高,但对早期成矿流体的成分与演化及矿质富集沉淀等过程的精细制约依然比较欠缺。石榴子石在铜绿山矿床中分布广泛,本文对不同产状的石榴子石利用SEM显微结构、EPMA主量元素和LA-ICPMS微量元素分析,去探讨石榴子石的生长动力学及其对成矿过程的指示。大理岩和镁质外矽卡岩中的石榴子石均以钙铝榴石为主,端元成分比较均一,∑REE含量低(3. 01×10~(-6)～14. 34×10~(-6)),具有弱的Eu异常、轻微富集LREE的模式。钙质外矽卡岩和内矽卡岩中的石榴子石以钙铁榴石为主,端元成分变化较大,单颗粒从核部到边部Fe含量具有增加的趋势,其∑REE含量较高(22. 71×10~(-6)～806. 8×10~(-6)),具有明显的正Eu异常、极度富集LREE亏损HREE的模式。大理岩中的钙铝榴石环带不发育,表明在晶体生长过程中,界面反应速率很慢且物质迁移以扩散为主;而镁质外矽卡岩中的钙铝榴石可见振荡环带,表明界面反应速率比以扩散为主要方式的物质迁移快,这与白云石相对于方解石具有较低的反应吉布斯自由能,因此较难被热液消耗有关;钙质外矽卡岩中的钙铁榴石振荡环带清晰,该类石榴子石只有在界面反应速率较快且物质迁移方式以对流为主的情况下才能形成;内矽卡岩中的钙铁榴石的环带杂乱,尽管其形成的动力学模式与钙质外矽卡岩中的类似,但由于其距离岩体更近,热量迁移困难,在结晶生长受阻的同时由于对流提供的充足物质使得原先的环带发生溶解再沉淀进而形成结构混乱的再吸收环带。上述生长动力学模式也能够很好的对应Nb、Ta含量的脱耦和轻重稀土分异的特征。铜绿山不同产状的石榴子石中,外矽卡岩带中钙铁榴石Eu含量最高,而Eu~(2+)与成矿金属元素一样可被Cl-络合的,其含量的高低可能指示了对应的成矿元素在成矿热液中的浓度。石榴子石环带自核部向边部Fe含量具有逐渐增加的趋势,反应干矽卡岩阶段从早到晚,热液中的金属成矿元素含量增加。     

湖北铜绿山铜铁矿床中煌斑岩的矿物学特征及岩石成因初探

湖北铜绿山矽卡岩型铜铁矿床处于长江中下游铁铜成矿带西部的鄂东南矿集区。最近我们在该矿区工作中采集到两条侵入于含矿石英二长闪长玢岩中的煌斑岩脉。本文对这些煌斑岩脉进行了详细的镜下岩相学观察,并对其中造岩矿物黑云母、辉石和长石进行了电子探针成分分析。根据这些数据本文论述了煌斑岩的物源、形成环境以及岩浆体系的物理化学条件。研究表明,煌斑岩中云母为富镁黑云母,其形成的岩浆体系处于中低氧逸度(近Ni-Ni O);黑云母与全岩都具有高钛特征,表明煌斑岩的物源深度可能来自较深部地幔(如软流圈)。煌斑岩中辉石为单斜辉石,环带较为发育,有韵律环带和正环带,其韵律环带的形成可能是由于岩浆温压环境存在振荡性变化而形成的。铜绿山矿床中煌斑岩属于云煌岩;其岩浆来源具幔源性,受到地壳的混染作用不强。     

安徽铜山矽卡岩型铜矿床控矿构造及其对矿化的影响

矽卡岩型金属矿床的形成与构造活动是密切相关的。本文以安徽铜山矽卡岩型铜矿床为研究对象,通过对岩体侵位特征、矽卡岩矿化分带特征、和矿物组合变化规律的研究,系统分析了断裂、褶皱、不整合、接触带等构造活动对本区矽卡岩型铜矿床的成矿控矿意义以及对于矽卡岩矿化的影响。研究表明,构造运动贯穿岩浆上侵、就位、岩浆热液流体活动、接触交代、成矿等整个地质过程;岩浆侵位和矿体的赋存主要受不整合面控制;垂向上矽卡岩矿化分带不同,浅部矿体主要产于石炭-二叠系(C-P)灰岩与燕山期花岗闪长岩体形成的矽卡岩接触带上,而深部矿体则是由于岩浆热液流体的灌入式侵位,发生接触交代、矽卡岩化而成矿的;断裂-接触带共同控矿导致反向矽卡岩矿化分带。     

Oscillatory zoning in garnet from the Willsboro Wollastonite Skarn, Adirondack Mts, New York: a record of shallow hydrothermal processes preserved in a granulite facies terrane

Oscillatory zoning in low δ¹⁸O skarn garnet from the Willsboro wollastonite deposit, NE Adirondack Mts, NY, USA, preserves a record of the temporal evolution of mixing hydrothermal fluids from different sources. Garnet with oscillatory zoning are large (1–3 cm diameter) euhedral crystals that grew in formerly fluid filled cavities. They contain millimetre‐scale oscillatory zoning of varying grossular–andradite composition (X_Adr = 0.13–0.36). The δ¹⁸O values of the garnet zones vary from 0.80 to 6.26‰ VSMOW and correlate with X_Adr. The shape, pattern and number of garnet zones varies from crystal to crystal, as does the magnitude of the correlated chemistry changes, suggesting fluid system variability, temporal and/or spatial, over the time of garnet growth. The zones of correlated Fe content and δ¹⁸O indicate that a high Fe³⁺/Al, high δ¹⁸O fluid mixed with a lower Fe³⁺/Al and δ¹⁸O fluid. The high δ¹⁸O, Fe enriched fluids were likely magmatic fluids expelled from crystallizing anorthosite. The low δ¹⁸O fluids were meteoric in origin. These are the first skarn garnet with oscillatory zoning reported from granulite facies rocks. Geochronologic, stable isotope, petrologic and field evidence indicates that the Adirondacks are a polymetamorphic terrane, where localized contact metamorphism around shallowly intruded anorthosite was followed by a regional granulite facies overprint. The growth of these garnet in equilibrium with meteoric and magmatic fluids indicates an origin in the shallow contact aureole of the anorthosite prior to regional metamorphism. The zoning was preserved due to the slow diffusion of oxygen and cations in the large garnet and protection from deformation and recrystallization in zones of low strain in thick, rigid, garnetite layers. The garnet provide new information about the hydrothermal system adjacent to the shallowly intruded massif anorthosite that predates regional metamorphism in this geologically complex, polymetamorphic terrane.     

鄂东南地区程潮大型矽卡岩型铁矿区岩体成因探讨

湖北程潮铁矿是鄂东南矿集区内最大的矽卡岩型铁矿床。为了系统研究矿区内不同侵入体的成因,对程潮矿区内不同时代的侵入体进行了矿物学、地球化学和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素研究。矿区内花岗岩、石英二长斑岩、闪长岩中的黑云母成分特征暗示它们均为壳幔物质混合成因的镁质黑云母;与成矿相关的花岗岩、石英二长斑岩中原生黑云母矿物学成分显示出原始岩浆具有高氧逸度的特征,高氧逸度为磁铁矿的形成提供了有利条件。岩石地球化学特征研究表明,不同类型的岩石都具有富钾和准铝质的特征,富集Rb、Ba、K等大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素。矿区岩石的(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i值为0.705 0~0.709 1,ε_Nd(t)值为-14.16~-6.95,²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb值为17.636~18.919,²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb值为15.451~15.613,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb值为37.833~39.556。矿物学、地球化学、Sr-Nd-Pb同位素特征暗示矿区岩体为富集地幔发生部分熔融并同化混染了不同比例下地壳物质的产物,早期闪长岩（（140±1） Ma）比晚期花岗岩和石英二长斑岩（（128±1） Ma）的源区有更多的地幔成分,花岗岩和石英二长斑岩与闪长岩具有相近的锆石饱和温度（平均值分别为783、788、765℃）。     

江西焦里夕卡岩银铅锌钨矿床的矿化夕卡岩分带和流体演化

江西上犹焦里夕卡岩银多金属矿床产于燕山期花岗闪长岩和上寒武统变质砂岩、粉砂岩和结晶灰岩的外接触带。矿床的矿化夕卡岩分带十分明显,自岩体接触带向东和向上,夕卡岩类型、矿物成分和矿石类型依次发生变化,由含白钨矿(伴有银铅锌矿)的钙夕卡岩演变为含银铅锌(钨)矿的锰质夕卡岩。前者主要由钙铝榴石、钙铁辉石、透辉石、硅灰石、萤石和白钨矿等组成;后者则由锰质钙铝榴石、锰铝榴石、锰质钙铁辉石、锰质透辉石、钙蔷薇辉石、锰质符山石和锰质阳起石组成,伴有闪锌矿、方铅矿、磁黄铁矿、辉银矿、自然银和少量白钨矿。流体包裹体研究表明,自岩体接触带往围岩方向,流体的温度呈现逐渐降低、盐度逐渐减小、密度值逐渐变高的演化趋势。其中,含钨钙夕卡岩的均一温度峰值区为420～340℃,盐度(NaCleq)12．7％～8％;含银铅锌锰质夕卡岩的温度峰值区为360～320℃,盐度(NaCleq)11．7％～4．5％;而晚期含矿退化热液阶段石英、萤石等交代矿物的均一温度范围较宽(380～160℃),反映了夕卡岩期后酸性淋滤阶段金属硫化物形成温度。矿化夕卡岩分带是银多金属矿床的重要找矿标志。     

西藏蒙亚啊铅锌矿床矽卡岩矿物特征及其意义

西藏蒙亚啊铅锌矿床是冈底斯北缘一个重要的层状或似层状矽卡岩矿床,来姑组为矿床的主要容矿层位。矿区矽卡岩矿物主要有硅灰石、辉石、石榴石、透闪石、阳起石、绿帘石和绿泥石等。根据矿物的共生组合及交代关系,推断矿床经历了4个成矿阶段：早期矽卡岩阶段、晚期矽卡岩阶段、石英-硫化物阶段和碳酸盐阶段。结合矿物手标本及显微镜下观察,通过对矽卡岩矿物的电子探针测试,分析石榴石、辉石和硅灰石的矿物特征,结果表明：西藏蒙亚啊铅锌矿床属钙质矽卡岩矿床,石榴石和辉石的组分变化较大,分别为And599~9472Gro0~3787(Pyr+Spe+Alm)087~678和Di1885~9444Hd339~7058Jo009~1114,硅灰石的矿物组分为Wo9900~9944Fs037~078En007~023。石榴石属钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石系列,且环带发育,辉石为透辉石-钙铁辉石系列,硅灰石组分较纯。西藏蒙亚啊矽卡岩为钙质矽卡岩,其矿床在形成过程中经历了热液流体的多期多阶段演化,矿床形成环境也并不是稳定的封闭体系。矽卡岩矿物成分特征表明,蒙亚啊铅锌矿床的成矿环境是一个低酸性的氧化-弱氧化环境。     

Fluid-melt Inclusions in Fluorite of the Huanggangliang Skarn Iron-Tin Deposit and Their Significance to Mineralization

For the first time, fluid-melt inclusions are found in fluorite of the Huanggangliang skarn iron-tin deposit (HSID). The fluorite was formed in the main stage of mineralization, named the hydro-skarnization stage. The inclusions contain various components such as Fe, Mg and Cr from deep sources. The melts of primary inclusions are mainly Ca- and F-rich and those of secondary inclusions tend to become Si-rich. During this evolution process, the melts and iron daughter minerals decreased and even vanished. These facts reveal that the evolution of the primary mineralizing fluids and the differentiation of the fluids and melts are the main factors leading to the deposition of Fe, Sn and other elements. This discovery confirms the magmatic genesis of the HSID and has filled in the gaps in the research of magmatogenic skarn deposits and furnished new methods for such research. Furthermore, it has enlarged the scope of the research on fluid inclusions.     

东天山红云滩铁矿稳定同位素地质特征及其对成矿作用过程的指示

东天山觉罗塔格红云滩铁矿大多被认为是海相火山岩型铁矿,该类矿床的成矿机理通常被描述为早期形成的矿源层被后期热液交代改造富集.本文通过对红云滩铁矿稳定同位素特征的研究发现,该矿床其实为特定火山岩层经过前期广泛碱交代,然后叠加矽卡岩化而形成的热液交代矿床.成矿过程先后分为五个阶段:火山岩矿源层形成、碱交代、矽卡岩蚀变、磁铁矿生成和石英-硫化物沉淀.在红云滩铁矿成矿过程中,成矿流体是不断的演化的:在最初红云滩岩体石英形成阶段,可能就有少量大气降水的参与使其石英的氢同位素亏损2H;在大量矿石矿物磁铁矿形成阶段,可能有较多大气降水的流体加入使磁铁矿亏损18O;在成矿后期大量石英和硫化物形成阶段,有大量大气降水加入,此时成矿流体则不但继承了先前岩浆热液低dD值的特征,也继承了磁铁矿形成期流体d18O值稍低的特征,不同于岩浆水也区别于变质水.     

湖南黄沙坪矽卡岩矿物学特征及地质意义

湘南黄沙坪多金属矿床位于南岭构造带中段北缘,属于矽卡岩型矿床。根据矽卡岩产出状态、矿物共生组合及岩相学特征,从早期到晚期可划分为矽卡岩阶段、退化蚀变阶段、早期硫化物阶段和晚期硫化物阶段。矽卡岩矿物主要为石榴石、辉石、符山石等;金属矿物主要为白钨矿、辉钼矿、磁铁矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿等。电子探针分析结果表明,石榴石为钙铝-钙铁榴石系列,从早期到晚期,石榴石具有由钙铝榴石逐渐向钙铁榴石演化的规律。且钙铁榴石普遍发育震荡环带,而环带结构可持续记录钙铁榴石物理化学条件演化的过程。同时两种石榴石中均含Sn的成分,但钙铁榴石中Sn的含量明显高于钙铝榴石。辉石为透辉石-钙铁辉石系列,而且由内接触带向外接触带,辉石中Fe和Mn的含量有逐渐升高的趋势。矽卡岩矿物学特征及矿物成分的变化表明,成矿流体至少经历了两次氧化还原性质的转变。矽卡岩矿物学特征,对W(Sn) Mo Bi等多金属的矿化具有重要的地质指示意义。     

内蒙古柳坝沟一哈达门沟金矿田稳定同位素地球化学研究

内蒙古柳坝沟一哈达门沟金矿田是华北地台北缘成矿带上的一处以广泛发育钾长石化为特色的超大型金矿田。本文在成矿地质条件分析的基础上,系统研究了柳坝沟、哈达门沟金矿床的氢、氧、碳和硫同位素组成特征,探讨了成矿热液类型和成矿物质来源。研究表明,成矿热液早期以岩浆水或初始岩浆水为主,后期有部分大气降水的加入,且柳坝沟金矿床中大气降水的参与程度更高。热液中碳主要为深源岩浆来源。矿石中硫化物的硫同位素组成特征反映了硫具有地层和岩浆的混合硫特征。柳坝沟金矿床的δ34S值低于哈达门沟金矿床;哈达门沟金矿床东段的δ34S值低于西段,可能反映了柳坝沟金矿床较哈达门沟金矿床剥蚀程度小,哈达门沟会矿床东段较西段剥蚀程度小。     

安徽贵池铜山矽卡岩铜矿石榴石及其环带研究

研究区为矽卡岩铜矿床,岩体与围岩接触带石榴石矽卡岩十分发育。通过类质同像端员分子百分比计算,石榴石划分为钙铁榴石、钙铝榴石及钙铝—钙铁榴石三种类型,其中钙铝—钙铁榴石是本区常见的石榴石类型。发育于矽卡岩晶洞或空隙中的半自形—自形石榴石具明显的非均质性及发育良好的环带。环带状石榴石CaFe及CaAl端员组分具有三种变异方式。研究表明,石榴石环带及其非均质性不仅与石榴石类质同像端员分子百分比组成有关,而且与石榴石的生成条件有关。     

广东凡口铅锌矿成因探讨

广东凡口铅锌矿赋存于晚古生代碳酸盐地层中,矿体严格受NNE向断裂及其次级构造控制.矿物流体包裹体均一温度范围115～300℃,平均温度为189℃.矿物爆裂温度155～330℃,众数值220～280℃.矿物δ34S值总体上有δ34SPy>δ34SSp>δ34SGm的趋势;依据硫同位素矿物对样品获得的硫同位素平衡分馏温度介...     

Hydrothermal Alteration of Limestone and Mineral Exploration of Zn-Pb Skarn Deposits in the Sako-nishi Area of the Kamioka Mine, Central Japan

Abstract: Crystalline limestone of the Sako-nishi area in the Kamioka Zn-Pb mine, central Japan, is depleted in ¹⁸O and ¹³C toward the center of mineralization due to interaction with hydrothermal fluids with a dominant meteoric water component. The relationship between isotopic composition and mineral assemblage, texture, the chemical composition of the minerals, and the bulk chemical composition in the limestone was examined. A decrease in the δ¹⁸OSMOW value correlated with: (1) increase of fine-grained calcite which is enriched in Mn and exhibits a bright cathodoluminescence, (2) progressive hy-drothermal alteration of clinopyroxene in the original limestone into tremolite within the weakly-altered zone, and into chlorite and actinolite within the strongly-altered zone, (3) dominance of hydrothermal chlorite in altered limestone having δ¹⁸O values of less than 10%. This chlorite was enriched in Fe compared to mafic minerals in the unaltered limestone. The enrichment of Fe and Mn was more conspicuous in calcite and chlorite in skarn deposits. The occurrence and chemical composition of hydrothermal minerals in the limestone, skarn, and ore indicate that the ¹⁸O–depleted zones were formed in the later stage from fluids, which were responsible for mineralization and skarnization, and for Fe and Mn enrichment. The Al, Mn, and Fe contents, and the ratios of Mg/(Mg+Mn+Fe), Al/Mg, and Mn/Sr in the hydrochloric acid leachate of limestone varied with decreasing δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values, reflecting increases in high-Mn calcite and high-Fe chlorite. These indexes were useful for the identification of hydrothermally altered limestone. Furthermore, the potential score weighted by each index was more effective and accurate means of detecting promising mineralization zones. An anomalous potential score due to the presence of hydrothermal minerals in the outcropping limestone occurred along the Atotsu–1GO fault. This structure indicates that the skarn deposits of the Sako-nishi area belong to Mozumi-type Zn–Pb skarn deposits, in which fissures and faults served as major passages for the hydrothermal fluid. High-Mn carbonate and high-Fe chlorite widely occur in base-metal vein deposits and Zn-Pb type skarn deposits. Leaching of altered rock with hydrochloric acid in addition to stable isotope composition and cathodoluminescence imaging is effective for geochemical exploration for hydrothermal deposits because it makes possible the detection of the elemental composition of hydrothermal minerals such as chlorite and carbonate and because of the rapidity and convenience of analysis.     

湖北铜绿山矽卡岩型铜铁矿床中隐爆角砾岩型金（铜）矿体的发现及其找矿前景

经研究确认鄂东南铜绿山矿床为隐爆角砾岩型金(铜)矿。这一新类型的金(铜)矿体受NWW向断裂、隐爆角砾岩带、接触带复合构造的控制,产于矽卡岩型矿体上盘大理岩残留体的边部,走向上大致与NNE向矽卡岩型主矿带垂直。矿石呈角砾状构造,角砾成分为大理岩、斜长石岩,含少量块状磁铁矿矿石角砾和高岭石化花岗岩角砾。胶结物主要为细碎屑物及微细粒状石英、玉髓、高岭石、黄铜矿和黄铁矿等中低温热液矿物。矿石平均wCu2.54%,wAu3.44×10-6。隐爆角砾岩型矿化是在岩浆侵入作用下成矿热液演化晚期阶段形成的,时间上晚于矽卡岩型,但可叠加其上,常形成富铜金矿体,也可形成独立金矿体。隐爆角砾岩型金(铜)矿体的发现为大幅度增加铜绿山矿床的储量指明了方向,对认识铜绿山矿田的成矿系列具有重要意义。