白银厂的火山碎悄岩岩石学与古海相火山作用

应用古火山地质学和岩石地球化学对白银厂中酸性火山穹隆内的凝灰岩、昌屑凝灰岩、中酸性枕状、绳状熔岩和具有特殊构造的补丁岩等火山碎屑碉进行了较快速度沉降并堆积成岩,产于火山喷口附近。海底成矿热液蚀变作用使其ＳｉＯ２、ＦｅＯ、ＭｇＯ、ＣＯ２等化学成分发生变化。凝灰质千枚岩则是细火山灰在海吕中经缓慢的沉降后形成于远离火山口的火山斜坡上的火山－沉积变质岩。根据“０补丁”的成分可将补丁岩分为两种类型：绿泥石质     

Gefüge und Entstehung der Ringdünen in den grauen Tuffen des Laacher Vulkans

The last products of the pleistocene Laach volcano (Eifel, about 40 kms SW of Bonn, Germany) are grey tuffs. Outcrops in the rim show characteristic cross-bedding in these tuffs. It is in discussion whether these structures are produced by wind or by phreato-magmatic outbursts. At all larger outcrops in the rim we measured numerous depositional elements of the tuffs, and analyzed their geometrical structure. So we are able to reconstruct shape, structure and orientation of dunes in the tuffs. They show transport vectors in centrifugal orientation, radially to the vent. The dunes are orientated concentrically to the vent, we intruduce the term “concentrical dune” for this dune type. This points out that the dunes in the Laach tuffs are of volcanic origin. But our geometrical results give no authorization to assume phreato-magmatic processes during the activity of the Laach volcano. We think that the grey Laach tuffs are no base surge deposits, but products of gas-rich eruptions in the phase of decreasing volcanic energy.     

河北省海兴县小山区域的国土资源及开发前景

小山区域有距今1万余年前的掩埋火山口,小山的岩性为多期喷发的凝灰岩组成。本区一度曾沦为海湾,后随地壳运动形成断崖、台地、砂丘等多种地貌景观,并蕴藏着矿泉水、地热、砂等矿产资源。所以,除地质研究外,本文还就该区的土地资源、矿产资源及旅游资源的开发利用提出了一些建议。     

Basaltoids and carbonatite tuffs of Ambinsky volcano (Southwestern Primorye): Geology and genesis

Geological-petrological data were first obtained on the Early Miocene basaltoids and spinel-fassaite carbonatite tuffs of the Ambinsky volcanic structure in southwestern Primorye. The geological study of Ambinsky volcano allowed the reconstruction of stratigraphic sections across lava and pyroclastic basaltic rocks and stratified carbonatite tuffs. The chemical compositions of rocks and mineral phenocrysts from basalts and carbonatite tuffs are reported. The basaltoids are classed with undifferentiated moderately alkaline within-plate basalts. Evidence of carbonate-silicate immiscibility was found in the basaltoids and carbonatite tuffs. It was suggested that the formation of the carbonatite melt associated with simultaneous basification and abundant crystallization of spinel, fassaite, as well as oversaturation of the silicate system in Ca was caused by limestone assimilation, subsequent transformation of the melt, and liquid immiscibility. Thermal decomposition of carbonates with dissolution of released CaO in magma and accumulation of CO₂ in a closed magmatic chamber gave rise to the autoclave gas effect and, correspondingly, heavy explosive eruptions atypical of such volcanic rocks. The genesis of carbonatite tuffs of Ambinsky volcano can serve as a model example of exsolution of carbonate melt in the moderately alkaline nonagpaitic basaltic system.     

An estimate of the juvenile sulfur content of basalt

Sulfur analyses by X-ray fluorescence give an average content of 107 ppm for 9 samples of fresh subaerially-erupted oceanic basalt and 680 ppm for 38 samples of submarine erupted basalt. This difference is the result of retention of sulfur in basalt quenched on the sea floor and loss of sulfur in basalt by degassing at the surface. The outer glassy part of submarine erupted basalt contains 800±150 ppm sulfur, and this amount is regarded as an estimate of the juvenile sulfur content of the basalt melt from the mantle. The slower cooled interiors of basalt pillows are depleted relative to the rims owing to degassing and escape through surface fractures. Available samples of deep-sea basalts do not indicate a difference in original sulfur content between low-K tholeiite, Hawaiian tholeiite, and alkali basalt.The H₂O/S ratio of analyzed volcanic gases is generally lower than the H₂O/S ratio of gases presumed lost from surface lavas as determined by chemical differences between pillow rims and surface lavas. This enrichment of volcanic gases in sulfur relative to water may result from a greater degassing of sulfur relative to water from shallow intrusive bodies beneath the volcano.Publication authorized by the Director, U.S. Geological Survey.     

Structure and organization of submarine basaltic flows: sheet flow transformation into pillow lavas in shallow submarine environments

Distal pillows occur associated with a sheet flow and megapillows in the me?akoz outcrops of the Basque–Cantabrian Basin (N Spain). Basaltic volcanic rocks are interbedded with Turonian sediments and depict typical features of shallow submarine emissions. An exceptional basaltic flow displays four types of morphology: (1) sheet lava with columnar jointing, (2) welded columnar breccia, (3) megapillows, and (4) pillow lavas with sparse megapillows. The field data from me?akoz combined with experimental and field data from the literature for similar volcanic facies can be integrated into a new propagation model for the transition from sheet flows to pillow lavas in underwater environments. At near vent high emission rates, lava flows develop a thin crust immediately after its emplacement and break at the front under the magma pressure allowing for the massive propagation of lava as a sheet flow. Increased cooling promotes thickening of the lava outer crust far from the vent while continuous supply of fresh magma increases the pressure onto the thick crust until its rupture. The lava emitted in small volumes from the flow front promotes the formation of megapillows and pillow lavas that are later on covered by the advancing sheet flow. The lava flow freezes progressively toward more distal parts, gradually increasing its viscosity until it stops. The crust temporarily holds the residual melt pressure increasing the volume of the flow distal section by inflation. Finally, the internal magma pressure breaks the crust and liberates lava at moderate-to-low flow rates producing pillows, while lava drainage inside the inflated sheet flow produces lava tunnels and gravitational collapse of the roofs by hydrostatic pressure to form breccias nurtured by columnar lava fragments.     

Mineral and chemical variations within an ash-flow sheet from Aso caldera,Southwestern Japan

Although products of individual volcanic eruptions, especially voluminous ash-flow eruptions, have been considered among the best available samples of natural magmas, detailed petrographic and chemical study indicates that bulk compositions of unaltered Pleistocene ash-flow tuffs from Aso caldera, Japan, deviate significantly from original magmatic compositions.The last major ash-flow sheet from Aso caldera is as much as 150 meters thick and shows a general vertical compositional change from phenocryst-poor rhyodacite upward into phenocryst-rich trachyandesite; this change apparently reflects in inverse order a compositionally zoned magma chamber in which more silicic magma overlay more mafic magma. Details of these magmatic variations were obscured, however, by: (1) mixing of compositionally distinct batches of magma during upwelling in the vent, as indicated by layering and other heterogeneities within single pumice lumps; (2) mixing of particulate fragments—pumice lumps, ash, and phenocrysts—of varied compositions during emplacement, with the result that separate pumice lenses from a single small outcrop may have a compositional range nearly as great as the bulk-rook variation of the entire sheet; (3) density sorting of phenocrysts and ash during eruption and emplacement, resulting in systematic modal variations with distance from the caldera; (4) addition of xenocrysts, resulting in significant contamination and modification of proportions of crystals in the tuffs; and (5) ground-water leaching of glassy fractions during hydration after cooling.Similar complexities characterize ash-flow tuffs under study in southwestern Nevada and in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado, and probably are widespread in other ash-flow fields as well. Caution and careful planning are required in study of the magmatic chemistry and phenocryst mineralogy of these rocks.Publication authorized by the Director, U. S. Geological Survey.     

山东省灵山岛下白垩统青山群火山地震软沉积物变形构造特征及成因机制*

近年来,针对山东省灵山岛地区软沉积物变形构造的研究呈现热潮,但研究层位主要集中于下白垩统莱阳群的浊积岩,对下白垩统青山群未见详述。利用野外露头与镜下薄片资料,详细描述了灵山岛地区下白垩统青山群的岩性特征、岩相组合、软沉积物变形构造类型与特征,指出研究区青山群软沉积物变形构造主要宿主岩层为陆相扇三角洲沉积,其沉积水体逐渐变浅,并伴随多次火山爆发。软沉积物变形构造类型主要有负载构造、球—枕构造、泄水构造、挤入构造、水塑性褶皱、塑性砂岩团块包卷构造、火山地震落石构造和“V”型地裂缝等,形成原因主要为火山爆发引起的古火山地震作用,成因机制主要分为地震波、火山碎屑物重力及惯性作用与瞬时差异气压效应3种,这与莱阳群浊积岩层位的软沉积物变形构造主要为滑塌与构造古地震机制不同。通过分析火山碎屑流堆积层位与软沉积物变形构造发育层位的关系,建立了青山群软沉积物变形构造的分布模式,即随着与火山口距离的变化,近源易见的脆性变形逐渐消失,中源以液化软沉积物变形与塑性变形为主体,远源呈现弱的液化软沉积物变形,且软沉积物变形构造的规模与距离呈负相关。     

陆上与水下喷发火山岩的区别及其对储层的影响——以松辽盆地营城组为例

陆上与水下喷发火山岩在岩性、结构构造、蚀变特征、产状、与下伏地层接触关系、孔隙和裂缝发育特点等6方面有显著区别。陆上喷发火山岩包括各种熔岩、碎屑熔岩、火山碎屑岩和沉火山碎屑岩;熔岩流纹构造发育,火山碎屑岩除发育常见层理外,还可见反丘构造;同生蚀变弱;与下伏地层多呈角度不整合接触,古风化壳常见,常含有陆相植物;主要储集空间为原生孔隙和冷凝收缩节理缝、次生溶蚀孔、矿物解理缝和构造裂缝。水下喷发火山岩多为具玻璃质结构的熔岩和含晶屑玻屑的层/沉凝灰岩、膨润土/伊利石岩/蒙脱石岩/沸石岩;常具枕状、球状构造,水平层理、粒序层理、变形层理;蚀变强烈;水下熔岩呈穹隆状、透镜状,凝灰岩为层状,近火山口的膨润土/伊利石岩/蒙脱石岩/沸石岩呈松散团窝状并夹有火山弹;与下伏地层呈整合、假整合或侵蚀接触;原生气孔、杏仁体内溶蚀孔和炸裂纹,岩球岩枕间孔和粒间孔,基质和斑晶蚀变孔缝,后期构造缝是主要储集空间。松辽盆地营城组陆上、水下喷发火山岩均有发育。其陆上喷发火山岩的典型标志为流纹构造、柱状节理,含炭化木/硅化木,与下伏地层呈角度不整合接触。水下喷发火山岩典型标志为珍珠岩、玻璃质结构、枕状构造、纹层状凝灰岩和膨润土。松辽盆地营城组的储层火山岩以陆上喷发火山岩为主;水下喷发火山岩中侵出相内带亚相珍珠岩为优质储层。     

Genesis of zeolites in the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff: geological, volcanological and mineralogical evidence

 The study proposes a model by which a thick succession of volcanic tuffs can be zeolitized by alteration of pyroclastic material in the presence of sufficient eruptive water and at temperatures close to water vapour condensation. In the case of phreatomagmatic products, the model simplifies interpretation of problematic deposits that exhibit pronounced vertical and lateral variation in lithification grade. A major feature of the model is that thick zeolitized tuffs can be formed during emplacement of pyroclastic products, in marked contrast to later alteration in an open hydrologic system. Geological, volcanological and mineralogical data for the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff, a widespread trachytic pyroclastic deposit outcropping around Campi Flegrei (Southern Italy), have been used to infer the physico-chemical conditions that determined mineral genesis. This tuff shows a reduction in lithification grade towards the base, top and with distance from the vent and very variable zeolitization within the lithified portion. We suggest that during initial emplacement the erupted products chilled against the ground, inhibiting zeolite crystallization. During rapid deposition of the thick, wet succession thermal insulation allowed the persistence of elevated temperatures for a time sufficient for enhancement of hydration-dissolution processes in the volcanic glass. The highly reactive alkali-trachytic glass quickly buffered the acid pH of the system, favouring phillipsite crystallization followed by chabazite nucleation. The variable zeolite content reflects fluctuating emplacement conditions (e.g. changes in water content and temperature). Cooling of the upper and relatively thin distal deposits inhibited the zeolitization process, thereby preserving the primary unlithified deposit. Received: 25 May 1999 / Accepted: 28 October 1999     

The magmatic to hydrothermal transition and its bearing on ore-forming systems

The exsolution of volatile phases from silicate magmas controls physical and chemical magma properties and influences large-scale geologic phenomena and processes having major societal and economic implications including the release of climate-altering gases to the atmosphere, the explosivity of volcanic eruptions, hydrothermal alteration, and the generation of magmatic–hydrothermal mineralization. These volatile phases exsolve from a wide variety of magmas and cover a very broad spectrum of compositions.

The transition from the orthomagmatic to the hydrothermal stages has important bearing on these fundamentally important geologic phenomena, and this report summarizes the published results of a dozen scientific investigations on the magmatic–hydrothermal transition as applied to volcanic eruption and magmatic–hydrothermal mineralization. These studies involve a variety of analytical and experimental methodologies, and many focus on fluid and melt inclusions from mineralized magmatic systems. A primary goal of each study is to better understand the role of magmatic volatiles and the importance of the magmatic–hydrothermal transition on these geologic processes.     

松辽盆地改造残留的古火山机构与现代火山机构的类比分析

现代火山机构形态有盾状、锥状和穹状,可按喷发样式进一步划分为7种类型。据此分类,在松辽盆地周缘剖面及其北部徐家围子断陷区可识别出4类火山机构：盾状火山机构,由喷溢相熔岩组成,可夹有薄层爆发相火山碎屑岩;层火山机构,由互层的熔岩与火山碎屑岩组成,喷溢相与爆发相交替的序列明显;火山碎屑锥,几乎全部由火山碎屑（熔）岩组成,爆发相为主;熔岩穹丘由高粘度的流纹质、英安质熔岩堵塞火山口后缓慢挤出形成,喷溢相和侵出相发育,兼有火山通道相。盆地内埋藏火山机构最小坡度为3°,最大坡度为25°,底部直径为2～14 km,分布面积为4～50 km²,火山岩厚度为100～600 m;总体上呈现出数目多、个体规模小、受区域大断裂控制、具裂隙式-多中心喷发、彼此相互叠置的特征。火山岩岩性和岩相是控制松辽盆地古火山机构类型及形态的主要因素。     

A new interpretation of the sedimentary environment before and during eruption of the Emeishan LIP,Southwest China

The environment where the Permian Emeishan large igneous province (LIP) of Southwest China erupted remains controversial, especially regarding whether it was terrestrial, involving a 1 km scale domal uplift, or submarine. Slightly younger Daqiao conglomerate and Binchuan pillow lavas suggest that the Emeishan LIP erupted in a submarine environment. We show that at Binchuan, sandstone and rhyolite lie beneath the pillow lavas. In the Daqiao cross-section, there is an eastwards-verging syncline that reverses the succession of basalt and conglomerate. The conglomerate is not a basal conglomerate, and it does not contain any magmatic hydrovolcanic deposits. The basalt underlying the conglomerate is not the first of the LIP eruptions; that first eruption is found ~420 m below, on top of the Permian Maokou limestone. All together, these observations show that the deposits, including the conglomerate and pillow lava, do not represent the environment at the very start of the LIP volcanic eruptions, but represent conditions that existed before and possibly during the Emeishan LIP eruptions. Based on field investigations, the petrology of the rocks, and structural features, we conclude that submarine sedimentation and subaerial basalt eruptions coexisted in time and space in the region during or prior to the Emeishan LIP basalt eruptions.     

Convective support of long-wavelength topography in the Apennines (Italy)

Bio-alteration of basaltic glass in the oceanic crust has lately attained much attention. One of the many questions related to this topic is the depth at which bio-alteration presently takes place in the oceanic crust. For this purpose we have investigated samples from the deepest drill hole, i.e. Hole 540B at the Costa Rica Rift in the eastern equatorial Pacific. The glassy rim of pillow lava samples show alteration textures and δ¹³C values compatible with microbial activity throughout the upper 500 m part of the volcanic succession. The concentration and distribution patterns of carbon and potassium within the microbially altered parts, however, indicate that microbes presently interact with the fresh glass to depths of about 380 m into the volcanic basement, at temperatures up to ≈100 °C.     

Ulvöspinel from xenoliths of contact-altered volcanic and volcanosedimentary rocks in nepheline syenites of the Khibiny and Lovozero plutons

Ulvöspinel is a typical accessory mineral of xenoliths of volcanic and volcanosedimentary rocks in alkaline syenites of the Khibiny and Lovozero plutons. Ulvöspinel forms homogeneous Cr- and V-rich grains in slightly altered olivine basalts, basaltic tuffs, and tuffites and is enriched in Mn and Si in the course of contact-metasomatic alteration of these rocks. The strongly reduced conditions of contact metamorphism controlled by ascending flows of hydrocarbon gases and hydrogen sulfide gave rise to the subsolidus decomposition of primary ulvöspinel and Ti-high magnetite with the formation of ilmenite lamellae and then, with decreasing redox potential, of the second-generation latticed ulvöspinel lamellae.     

Volcanic glass textures, shape characteristics and compositions of phreatomagmatic rock units from the Western Hungarian monogenetic volcanic fields and their implications for magma fragmentation

The majority of the Mio-Pleistocene monogenetic volcanoes in Western Hungary had, at least in their initial eruptive phase, phreatomagmatic eruptions that produced pyroclastic deposits rich in volcanic glass shards. Electron microprobe studies on fresh samples of volcanic glass from the pyroclastic deposits revealed a primarily tephritic composition. A shape analysis of the volcanic glass shards indicated that the fine-ash fractions of the phreatomagmatic material fragmented in a brittle fashion. In general, the glass shards are blocky in shape, low in vesicularity, and have a low-to-moderate microlite content. The glass-shape analysis was supplemented by fractal dimension calculations of the glassy pyroclasts. The fractal dimensions of the glass shards range from 1.06802 to 1.50088, with an average value of 1.237072876, based on fractal dimension tests of 157 individual glass shards. The average and mean fractal-dimension values are similar to the theoretical Koch-flake (snowflake) value of 1.262, suggesting that the majority of the glass shards are bulky with complex boundaries. Light-microscopy and backscattered-electron-microscopy images confirm that the glass shards are typically bulky with fractured and complex particle outlines and low vesicularity; features that are observed in glass shards generated in either a laboratory setting or naturally through the interaction of hot melt and external water. Textural features identified in fine- and coarse-ash particles suggest that they were formed by brittle fragmentation both at the hot melt-water interface (forming active particles) as well as in the vicinity of the interaction interface. Brittle fragmentation may have occurred when hot melt rapidly penetrated abundant water-rich zones causing the melt to cool rapidly and rupture explosively.     

Alteration geochemistry of the Nopal I uranium deposit (Sierra Peña Blanca,Mexico), a natural analogue for a radioactive waste repository in volcanic tuffs

Natural analogues provide an approach to characterize and test the long‐term modelling of a repository performance. This article presents geochemical information about the alteration conditions of the Nopal I uranium deposit, Mexico, an analogue for the proposed Yucca Mountain radioactive waste repository. Mineralization and hydrothermal alteration of volcanic tuffs are contemporaneous, according to petrographic observations. Trace element geochemistry (U, Th, REE) provides evidence for local mobilization of uranium under oxidizing conditions and further precipitation under reducing conditions. O‐ and H‐isotope geochemistry of kaolinite, smectite, opal and calcite suggests that argillic alteration proceeded at shallow depth with meteoric water at 25–75 °C, a low‐temperature context, unusual for volcanic‐hosted uranium deposits. This temperature range is compatible with some post‐closure evolution models of the proposed Yucca Mountain repository.     

火山作用对碳酸盐岩沉积及成岩的影响

火山作用是熔岩（岩浆）、火山碎屑和火山气体通过火山口喷出到地球表面的现象。火山爆发带来大量火山碎屑物质和气体进入到大气、海洋和陆地环境系统中,这将对其中碳酸盐沉积物的成分、结构、沉积构造、相序及沉积演化过程产生重要影响。火山物质含量的增加不仅会干扰碳酸盐沉积,还能够改变其物理化学性质等,火山沉积物在空间上也遵循粒度分异的规律。在组合方式上往往出现狭义和广义的混合沉积,记录了火山活动的演化。碳酸盐岩主要形成于海洋、湖泊等环境,火山作用可以通过控制基底形态、热液喷涌、不同性质火山碎屑的输入和分布、台地的差异沉降/隆起等,影响生物、沉积水体性质等古环境参数。然而就生物而言,这种影响通常具有破坏性和建设性作用。例如火山灰的埋藏及释放有毒物质会导致生物死亡,而后期火山灰溶解又会释放PO3-、Fe3+、Mn2+等营养离子利于生物生长。就成岩作用及流体性质而言,不同类型的火山物质含不同元素、矿物等,导致流体性质的变化,进而影响成岩作用类型等,如火山灰可以提供Mg2+促进白云石化作用,有利于孔隙的形成,对碳酸盐岩储层的形成有积极作用。因此,研究火山作用对碳酸盐岩沉积、成岩的影响,对油气地质勘探有现实意义。     

Spilites from the Carlsberg Ridge, Indian Ocean

A dredge haul from 5°N. on the Carlsberg Ridge brought upa collection of rocks that form a coherent spilitic series.Different specimens are identified with the various parts ofa spilitic pillow lava pile; some with pillow cores, otherswith pillow margins, and yet others with the material interstitialto the pillows. Their mineralogy is of greenschist facies. Comparisonwith the fresh basalt pillow lavas of the oceans suggests thatthese spilites were formed from the basalts by low-grade metamorphism,and were neither the product of the reaction of hot basalt withsea water nor that of the crystallization of a special spiliticmagma. The pillow cores, consisting of an albite-chlorite-augite-sphene-(actinolite-epidote)assemblage are contrasted strongly with the pillow margins,composed principally of chlorite, and this contrast seems tobe controlled by the original basalt mineralogy. Calcic plagioclasehas been replaced by albite, augite may remain or may be replacedby actinolite, iron ore has been replaced by sphene, and botholivine and basalt-glass by chlorite. Thus the pillow margins,originally almost entirely glassy, are now chemically very differentfrom the originally crystalline pillow cores. This process has involved a large-scale local transport of materialbetween core and margin of the pillows. The degree of this transportcan be closely estimated because the convergent compositionof deep-ocean basalts, especially strong in this region, meansthat the composition of the basalt from which the spilite hasformed is very well known. The hypothesis that the bulk compositionof the lava pile has remained constant during the transformationto spilite can also be tested, and it appears that it does nothold. Significant amounts of CaO and A1₂O₃ must have been lostfrom the pile, and a large amount of water gained by it. Theremay or may not have been significant gains in SiO₂, total Feand Na₂O. The contrast of this kind of process with the isochemicalmetamorphism more normal in metamorphic terrains is ascribedto the effect of shear on the rates of nucleation of the differentphases.     

Petrogeochemical aspects of the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene ignimbrite volcanism of East Sikhote-Alin

The chemical and trace-element features of the Late Cretaceous and Early Paleogene ignimbrite complexes of East Sikhote Alin are discussed. The Turonian-Campanian volcanic rocks of the Primorsky Complex compose linear structure of the Eastern Sikhote Alin volcanic belt. They are represented by crystalrich rhyolitic, rhyodacitic, and dacitic S-type plateau ignimbrites produced by fissure eruptions of acid magmas. The Maastrichtian-Paleocene volcanic rocks occur as isolated volcanic depression and caldera structures, which have no structural and spatial relations with the volcanic belt. This period is characterized by bimodal volcanism. The Samarginsky, Dorofeevsky, and Severyansky volcanic complexes are made up of basalt-andesite-dacite lavas and pyroclastic rocks, while the Levosobolevsky and Siyanovsky complexes are comprised of rhyolitic and dacitic tuffs and ignimbrites. Petrogeochemically, the felsic volcanic rocks are close to the S-type plateau ignimbrites of the Primorsky Complex. The Paleocene-Early Eocene silicic volcanics of the Bogopolsky Complex are represented by S- and A-type dacitic and rhyolitic tuffs and ignimbrites filling collapsed calderas. The eruption of A-type ferroan hyaloignimbrites occurred at the final stage of the Paleogene volcanism (Bogopolsky Complex). The magmatic rocks show well expressed mineralogical and geochemical evidence for the interaction between the crustal magmas and enriched sublithospheric mantle. It was shown that the revealed differences in the mineralogical and geochemical composition of the ignimbrite complexes are indicative of a change in the geodynamic regime of the Asian active continental margin at the Mesozoic-Cenozoic transition.