大洋洲斐济群岛的成矿地质背景、矿床类型及成矿期划分

斐济群岛具有厚而年轻的硅镁质地壳,其成矿作用与构造演化有着密切的联系。斐济群岛的地层主要由新生代海底碎屑型火山岩及相关沉积岩组成。碳酸盐岩和在中—晚中新世一次重要的构造运动中侵入的辉长岩—英云闪长岩质的深成岩也很发育。斐济群岛的矿床类型包括各种块状硫化物型矿床、斑岩型铜金矿、夕卡岩型铜多金属矿、浅成低温热液型金矿、沉积型锰矿、残积矿床、砂矿床等。斐济群岛的成矿期有4个不同的阶段(时期),这些阶段(时期)与构造运动紧密相关,反映了纵贯斐济群岛的各种矿化类型的空间和时间分布特征。     

大洋洲斐济群岛的成矿地质背景、矿床类型及成矿期划分

斐济群岛具有厚而年轻的硅镁质地壳,其成矿作用与构造演化有着密切的联系。斐济群岛的地层主要由新生代海底碎屑型火山岩及相关沉积岩组成。碳酸盐岩和在中—晚中新世一次重要的构造运动中侵入的辉长岩—英云闪长岩质的深成岩也很发育。斐济群岛的矿床类型包括各种块状硫化物型矿床、斑岩型铜金矿、夕卡岩型铜多金属矿、浅成低温热液型金矿、沉积型锰矿、残积矿床、砂矿床等。斐济群岛的成矿期有4个不同的阶段（时期）,这些阶段（时期）与构造运动紧密相关,反映了纵贯斐济群岛的各种矿化类型的空间和时间分布特征。     

大洋洲斐济群岛的成矿地质背景、矿床类型及成矿期划分

斐济群岛具有厚而年轻的硅镁质地壳,其成矿作用与构造演化有着密切的联系。斐济群岛的地层主要由新生代海底碎屑型火山岩及相关沉积岩组成。碳酸盐岩和在中-晚中新世一次重要的构造运动中侵入的辉长岩-英云闪长岩质的深成岩也很发育。斐济群岛的矿床类型包括各种块状硫化物型矿床、斑岩型铜金矿、夕卡岩型铜多金属矿、浅成低温热液型金矿、沉积型锰矿、残积矿床、砂矿床等。斐济群岛的成矿期有4个不同的阶段（时期）,这些阶段（时期）与构造运动紧密相关,反映了纵贯斐济群岛的各种矿化类型的空间和时间分布特征。     

中国大型铜矿床类型、成矿环境与成矿集中区的潜力

本文通过对我国31个大型以上及56个中型铜矿床的综合调研并与国外对比得出如下结论:①中国陆壳是在几个古板块基础上增生起来的,大型铜矿成矿作用在空间上向板块边缘推移,在时间上越来越新。大型铜矿床多出现在地台边缘、增生褶皱带边缘和陆内断裂拗陷带边缘;②大型铜矿可分六大成矿期,以中生代最重要,次为新生代、中元古代;③我国地跨世界三大构造域,板块构造丰富多样,地壳运动频繁而又比较强烈。因此,就形成大型铜矿床的环境而言,内生成分较多的矿床类型比外生成分较多的矿床类型可能更为有利。大型铜矿床可分六大类型,斑岩型最有潜力,CuNi型有希望;④中国地台仅占陆壳面积约三分之一,固化较晚,且不稳定,不具备形成国外某些特大型-超大型铜矿的环境;⑤划分出16个成矿集中区、远景区,并指出其成矿环境,类型和潜力。     

我国黄铁矿矿床类型、分布规律及前景评估

中国黄铁矿资源丰富，按元素和矿物组合的不同，其矿床类型可分为：黄铁矿矿床；黄铁矿型铜矿床；含锌、铜黄铁矿型矿床；黄铁矿型多金属矿床；含钨黄铁矿型铜矿床；含锡黄铁矿型矿床；含金黄铁矿型矿床。最主要的成因类型是海底喷气沉积矿床，它广泛分布于不同时期的造山带及早前寒武纪克拉通。黄铁矿形成的构造环境可分为５种，即：边缘浅海或优地槽环境；上叠的断裂坳陷带；洋中脊；岛弧地带；陆相火山盆地。     

新疆及周边国家、地区超大型矿床成矿特征和远景分析

20世纪70年代以来，由于储量特别巨大的超大规模矿床在各国和世界经济中起着越来越重要的作用，对这类矿床的勘查和研究越来越引起重视。笔者在对新疆及周边国家、地区超大型矿床研究基础上，论述了超大型矿床的时空分布特征，讨论了超大型矿床类型及其选择性，分析了成矿大地构造环境，并论证了超大型矿床资源潜力，中亚超大型矿床的若干特点。     

青海锡铁山铅锌矿床类型刍议

锡铁山铅锌矿床是我国大型块状硫化物矿床之一。该矿床类型认识长期存在争议,目前已有越来越多学者将其视为SEDEX型矿床。本文在近年来块状硫化物矿床成矿构造背景研究进展归纳整理的基础上,结合柴达木盆地北缘早古生代区域地质研究进展,提出锡铁山矿床的成矿构造环境不是以往认为的陆内裂谷,而是活动大陆边缘弧后/间盆地裂谷。鉴于成矿构造环境变化,锡铁山矿床类型也应作出相应调整,由原来的SEDEX型矿床改为VSHMS型矿床。这样做可以达到三个方面的目的:其一,有利于解决现存的成矿构造背景认识与区域地质认识不一致的矛盾;其二,有利于保障本区目前和未来大规模展开的区域成矿研究及找矿勘查评价建立在正确的成矿背景认识前提之下;其三,将矿床类型划分与成矿构造背景相结合,进而用矿床类型揭示构造背景,体现了矿床研究为地球系统科学服务的宗旨。     

祁连山主要矿床组合及其成矿动力学分析

祁连山早古生代有色金属、贵金属成矿带,构造上划分为北祁连、中祁连和南祁连3个构造单元;成矿区划上一般分为北祁连成矿亚带和南祁连成矿亚带,后者由中祁连和南祁连2个构造单元组成.总体上北祁连由早古生代北祁连洋向北洋-洋俯冲的沟-弧-盆相和残留的大陆裂谷相火山岩系组成为特点,成矿主要表现为块状硫化物铜多金属矿床,西段为洋-陆碰撞的岩浆弧相的构造环境,有夕卡岩型的钨矿床发现;南祁连主要为大陆裂谷或陆间裂谷构造环境的复理石相、火山碎屑岩相和中祁连的古老基底组成,有岩浆铜镍矿床、铬铁矿矿床和大型造山型金矿床发现.祁连山中元古代早期曾是全球性超地幔作用的"热点"位置,金川超大型Cu-Ni-PGE矿床即是其超地幔柱作用的结果,早古生代增生作用推移至北祁连北侧,南祁连拉水峡一带可能是南侧金川式矿床的重要找矿选区;早古生代北祁连有限洋盆为古亚洲大洋诱发的边缘海环境,边缘海独特的的消亡历程形式形成了特征的成矿组合响应.祁连山晚期地处青藏高原北缘整体受地壳缩短影响,造山前构造形迹和矿化岩相遭受显著改造,并形成"造山型"矿床.     

新疆北部古生代浅成低温热液型金矿特征及其地球动力学背景

文章在总结前人研究成果的基础上,提出新疆北部古生代浅成低温热液型金矿床可以划分为高硫型和低硫型两大类,以后一种为主。金矿的形成和分布受破火山口、隐爆角砾岩筒、与火山机构有关的断裂以及区域断裂控制。与金矿有关的火山岩,主要是一套以玄武岩_安山岩_英安岩_流纹岩及其火山碎屑岩组合为特征的钙碱性陆相火山岩,少数为海相_陆相火山岩。矿体赋存在火山岩、潜火山岩中,少数在斑岩中。主要的蚀变组合为冰长石_石英(玉髓)_绢云母或明矾石_高岭石_石英(玉髓)。金矿成矿时代在340~244Ma之间,金矿在时间和空间上与新疆古生代在(350±10)Ma、(300±10)Ma和(250±10)Ma3个阶段的大规模火山_潜火山活动有密切关系。金矿床形成的地球动力学背景为区域伸展环境或大范围挤压背景下的局部伸展环境。     

新元古代岩浆Ni-Cu-(PGE)硫化物矿床地质特征、形成时代及其地球动力学背景

岩浆硫化物矿床已成为矿床学研究的热点之一。罗迪尼亚(Rodinia)超大陆的汇聚与裂解受到国际地学界的广泛关注,通过对中国新元古代岩浆Ni-Cu-(PGE)硫化物矿床的研究,将有助于推动Rodinia研究的深入。最新的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb法和硫化物矿石Re-Os法定年结果表明,宝坛、煎茶岭、冷水箐和金川Ni-Cu-(PGE)硫化物矿床均形成于新元古代早期(1000~800Ma),且从南到北、从东到西,成矿时代依次变新,即从宝坛(982±21)Ma→煎茶岭(878±27)Ma→冷水箐(约800Ma)→金川(833±35)Ma,而矿床规模从宝坛中型Ni-Cu-Co-(PGE)矿床→煎茶岭大型Ni-Co矿床→冷水箐中型Ni-Cu-(PGE)矿床→金川超大型Ni-Cu-Co-(PGE)矿床,这些矿床均处于克拉通边缘,即扬子克拉通南缘、北缘和西缘以及华北克拉通西南缘。中国新元古代岩浆Ni-Cu-(PGE)硫化物矿床按其所处的大地构造位置可划分为桂北、勉略宁、盐芦和龙首山等4个成矿带,且它们的形成均与Rodinia超大陆的拼合与裂解密切相关。     

Geodynamic settings and tectonic model of skarn gold deposits in China: An overview

Seventy skarn-type gold deposits, including 1 super-large, 19 large and 24 medium-sized, are known from different geotectonic units of China. They contain a total resource of approximately 1000 t of gold (625 t in South China), and account for 20% of China's gold reserves. These skarn deposits are sited in collisional orogenic belts, fault-controlled magmatic belts and reactivated cratonic margins. All of the Chinese skarn gold provinces were affected by Phanerozoic collisional orogenesis. The timing of the metallogenic events and the spatial–temporal distribution of the Chinese skarn gold deposits indicates that they were formed during ore-forming processes linked to the transition from shortening to extension in the geodynamic evolution of a collision orogen, and not to subduction systems as is commonly advocated for porphyry copper systems around the Pacific Rim.     

蒙古-鄂霍茨克成矿带中段金矿床地质特征及构造背景

蒙古—鄂霍茨克成矿带是重要的金、稀有元素成矿带。作者将我国境内大兴安岭北部上黑龙江盆地和额尔古纳隆起区的砂宝斯金矿、小伊诺盖沟金矿等与俄罗斯赤塔州的达拉松、克留切夫等典型矿床进行了对比研究，以探讨该成矿带内金矿床的成因和形成的构造背景。研究表明，上述矿床均受蒙古—鄂霍茨克缝合带控制，矿床形成于西伯利亚地台与蒙古—华北陆块碰撞造山环境；我国上黑龙江盆地区与俄罗斯东后贝加尔地区同属蒙古—鄂霍茨克成矿带中段，以中温热液矿床为主，矿床类型主要为造山型金矿床。     

Cretaceous sedimentary basins in Sichuan,SW China: Restoration of tectonic and depositional environments

This study documents sediment infill features and their responses to the tectonic evolution of the Sichuan Basin and adjacent areas. The data include a comparison of field outcrops, well drillings, inter-well correlations, seismic data, isopach maps, and the spatial evolution of sedimentary facies. We divided the evolutionary history of the Sichuan Cretaceous Basin into three stages based on the following tectonic subsidence curves: the early Early Cretaceous (145–125 Ma), late Early Cretaceous to early Late Cretaceous (125–89.8 Ma), and late Late Cretaceous (89.8–66 Ma). The basin underwent NW–SE compression with northwestward shortening in the early Early Cretaceous and was dominated by alluvial fans and fluviolacustrine sedimentary systems. The central and northern areas of the Sichuan Basin were rapidly uplifted during the late Early Cretaceous to early Late Cretaceous with southwestward tilting, which resulted in the formation of a depression, exhibited southwestward compression, and was characterized by aeolian desert and fluviolacustrine deposits. The tectonic framework is controlled by the inherited basement structure and the formation of NE mountains, which not only affected the clastic supply of the sedimentary basin but also blocked warm-wet currents from the southeast, which changed the climatic conditions in the late Late Cretaceous. The formation and evolution of Cretaceous sedimentary basins are closely related to synchronous subtle far-field tectonism and changes in climate and drainage systems. According to the analysis of the migration of the Cretaceous sedimentation centers, different basin structures formed during different periods, including periods of peripheral mountain asynchronous thrusting and regional differential uplift. Thus, the Sichuan Cretaceous sedimentary basin is recognized as a superimposed foreland basin.     

云南个旧超大型矿床地质特征及成矿模式

个旧矿床不仅是一个超大型的锡矿床,同时也是大型的铜、铅、锌、钨和银矿床,此外还伴生众多的有色金属和稀有金属矿产。近些年来,除了成矿与燕山期花岗岩成矿有关的认识外,还有海底喷流成矿和玄武岩成矿的新观点。笔者在参与国家"十五"科技攻关课题《大型锡矿山接替资源探查技术与示范》工作中,通过野外调查和矿床地质特征的总结分析,提出了个旧超大型矿床的成矿模式,个旧矿区成矿作用的主要因素是燕山期含矿花岗岩,与碳酸盐建造和富含成矿物质的岩层发生相互作用,在花岗岩体的内外接触带附近,富集形成一系列锡铜多金属矿床,成矿作用围绕含矿花岗岩而进行。个旧矿区成矿花岗岩与碳酸盐建造和富含成矿物质的岩层以及构造的有利配置是控制矿床空间分布的根本原因。     

Geological modelling of mineral deposits for prediction in mining

Accurate prediction of the shape, location, size and properties of the solid rock materials to be extracted during mining is essential for reliable technical and financial planning. This is achieved through geological modelling of the three-dimensional (3D) shape and properties of the materials present in mineral deposits, and the presentation of results in a form which is accessible to mine planning engineers. In recent years the application of interactive graphics software, offering 3D database handling, modelling and visualisation, has greatly enhanced the options available for predicting the subsurface limits and characteristics of mineral deposits. A review of conventional 3D geological interpretation methods, and the model struc- tures and modelling methods used in reserve estimation and mine planning software packages, illustrates the importance of such approaches in the modern mining industry. Despite the widespread introduction and acceptance of computer hardware and software in mining applications, in recent years, there has been little fundamental change in the way in which geology is used in orebody modelling for predictive purposes. Selected areas of current research, aimed at tackling issues such as the use of orientation data, quantification of morphological differences, incorporation of geological age relationships, multi-resolution models and the application of virtual reality hardware and software, are discussed.     

Late and Middle Pleistocene deposits at Somersham,Cambridgeshire, U.K.: a model for reconstructing fluvial/estuarine depositional environments

Gravel quarries at Somersham, Cambridgeshire, have yielded evidence for a Pleistocene channel of the R. Great Ouse, containing temperate stage sediments between cold stage sediments. In the earlier cold stage, fluviatile gravels and floodplain loessic sediment accumulated. In the later cold stage a further series of gravel units and floodplain sediments were deposited, together with lake sediments. The lake sediments are associated with Lake Sparks, dammed by Late Devensian ice in the Wash at ca. 18.5 ka BP. The lake sediments overlie gravels with a radiocarbon date from an organic horizon indicating a Middle Devensian age. Clast lithological analyses from the earlier and later gravels suggest that reworking of gravels has occurred within a relatively stable catchment. The petrography of the earlier cold stage loessic sediment and temperate stage fine sediment indicates an Anglian affinity, which conflicts with the biostratigraphic interpretation. Pollen and macroscopic plant remains from sediments of both cold stages and from the temperate stage indicate, respectively, assemblages with a typical full-glacial aspect with a rich flora of shrubs and open ground herbs(including an assemblage at ca. 18 ka), and temperate freshwater and marine-influenced organic sediments. On the basis of pollen analysis these are ascribed to substages Ip II and III of the Ipswichian Stage(O.I.S. 5e), with a Pinus-Quercus-Corylus biozone in the former and a biozone with Carpinus in the latter. Marine-influenced sediments, at −3.7 to −0.3 m OD, indicate transgression in Ip II and regression in Ip III.Molluscan assemblages from the temperate stage and the later cold stage are described; two are from the Late Devensian, at a time near the maximum extension of ice into the Wash. Foraminifer and ostracod faunas are described from post-Ipswichian sediments and may be reworked. Radiocarbon dates confirm the age of the later gravel suite as Devensian and a calibration of the measurements is given. Amino acid ratios from Corbicula fluminalis valves from temperate stage sediments are reported, with measurements from different parts of the valve; the results tend to support an Ipswichian age. TL measurements of the earlier cold stage loessic sediment and associated sand indicate a pre-Ipswichian age for the sediments. The earlier cold stage is correlated with the pre-Ipswichian cold stage, the Wolstonian of Mitchell et al.(1973); problems with this correlation are discussed.Various periglacial phenomena, including thermal contraction networks and cracks, diapirs, involutions and coversand are associated with the Devensian sequence. The complex environmental history, based on stratigraphy and palaeontology, is described, and related to other nearby sites in southern Fenland.     

Biostratigraphy, depositional environments, and diagenesis of the Tamana Formation, Trinidad: a tectonic marker horizon

The Tamana Formation of the Central Range of Trinidad was studied in order to determine its importance in the stratigraphical and structural development of north-eastern South America. Biostratigraphical, petrological and mineralogical data, combined with field mapping show that the Tamana sediments are composed of five distinct lithofacies: inner to outer shelf, burrowed shaley mudstone; outer shelf, Fe-rich sandy limestone; submarine channel, conglomeratic mudstone; middle shelf to nearshore, algal-foram packstone/grainstone; and intertidal to nearshore, algal-stromatolite-coral boundstone with coral bioherms. Maximum thickness of the Tamana Formation is 244 m. Deposition of the Tamana limestones occurred between the Praeorbulina glomerosa (latest early Miocene) and Globorotalia fohsi robusta (middle part of the middle Miocene) planktonic foraminiferal zones, and in a more continuous trend than is seen in the current outcrop belt. Detailed biostratigraphy shows that the Tamana Formation is a facies equivalent of the shallow- and deep-water shales of the Brasso Formation, and the deep water turbidites of the Herrera Member of the Cipero Formation. The early diagenetic history of the Tamana limestones was dominated by the precipitation of authigenic glauconitic smectite, and the dissolution of skeletal grains and carbonate matrix. Late burial diagenesis was dominated by the precipitation of illite and illite/smectite. Comparative mineralogy and textural analyses indicate a minimum range of burial depth for the Tamana Formation at 800–1500m, with a maximum of 2400 m. Alteration of Fe-bearing minerals to geothite and late fracturing occurred during post-Pliocene tectonic uplift and unroofing of the Central Range. The Tamana Formation sediments can be used as a structural and stratigraphical event marker within the Late Tertiary geological history of Trinidad. These units record a phase of the tectonic interaction between the Caribbean and South American plates in the south-eastern Caribbean, and reflect the onset of contractile deformation in the Central Range.