线性扩散波洪水演算模型研究

扩散波概念的提出至今已有近半个世纪。在前人研究的基础上,着重讨论如何把扩散波解析解用到天然河道的洪水演算中去,即通过把入流过程离散成带常系数的单位矩形入流之和,将单位线概念引入具有自由下边界的线性扩散波洪水演算模型,并给出了确定天然河道Ｃｋ和μ的实用方法。用于黄河下游６个河段的洪水演算获得了令人满意的成果。扩散波洪水演算模型,继承了水力学方法的长处,又具有水文学方法的优点,可能有罗好的开发应用前景     

下边界条件为水位流量关系的扩散波洪水演算方法研究

经大量的理论分析和实际洪水演算表明,扩散波可较好地反映洪水波的运动特点。本文基于河道下断面的水位流量关系和连续方程的联立求解,导出了水位流量关系型的下边界条件。利用Laplace变换,得到了扩散波方程在该边界条件下的解析解。文中的求解过程表明,可利用该法进行洪水演算,关键在于如何与实际洪水结合,这个问题有待进一步地分析研究。     

三峡蓄水后库区洪水波传播规律初步分析

三峡水库蓄水后,原天然河道变成水库回水区,库区内洪水传播特性发生显著变化,且不同库段内洪水传播特性随库水位及上游来水条件而改变。针对三峡蓄水后库区水力条件变化,基于MIKE11模型模拟计算不同库水位及来水条件下洪水波在库区传播时间,以及影响洪水波传播的水流速度,运动波、动力波传播速度等因子,通过对计算结果验证与分析,初步揭示了三峡库区内不同库段在各种来水条件下的洪水波特性以及变化规律。     

杭嘉湖地区洪水演进水动力学模型研究

杭嘉湖地区地势低洼,河网密布,圩洼众多,洪涝水组成复杂,洪水调度十分困难。根据杭嘉湖地区的下垫面条件,利用加拿大一维水动力模型(1-DM)对杭嘉湖地区河网洪水演进进行了探讨。经验证,1-DM计算结果满意,有较好的使用价值。     

滩槽流量分别演算法进行汾河下游河段洪水预报

汾河下游柴庄以下河段由于受人为和处在然等多种因素影响,河道发生持续淤积,过水能力大幅度降低,使河道行洪特点发生很大变化,正常洪水预报方法失效。     

长江中下游水文学洪水演进模型研究

以三峡为中心的长江中下游防洪调度系统需建立三峡库区和坝下游洪水演进数学模型.根据该系统的特点,将模型分解为三峡库区和坝址至湖口两大子系统,采用水文学方法进行洪水演进计算.经1981年、1983年等典型年洪水资料的检验,成果精度较高.引进计算机辅助计算技术,克服了以往模型的缺点.     

河槽汇流曲线法在北方中小河流水文预报的应用研究

作为一种"黑箱"河道演算方法,河槽汇流曲线具有原理简单,应用灵活的特点,应用研究结果表明:1若不考虑基流,进行陡涨陡落洪水演算时,利用马斯京根法所推求的河槽汇流曲线与马斯京根法的精度是相当的;2调整河槽汇流曲线上的值,能有效地模拟河道下渗,提高模拟精度;3曲线可模拟洪水滞后现象及流量分配过程;4河槽汇流曲线时段转换中,应用三次样条插值拟合S累积曲线可有效避免转换的河槽汇流曲线出现时段值"均化"现象,同时需对拟合中出现的凸形与凹形的"特殊"情况进行修正,以保证拟合S累积曲线的合理性。     

Landslides triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake, Tajikistan, and associated loss of life

Earthquake-triggered landslides are a major geological hazard in Central Asia. In July 1949, the M7.4 Khait earthquake triggered many hundreds of landslides in a mountainous region near the southern limit of the Tien Shan Mountains, central Tajikistan. These landslides involved widespread rock-slope failure as well as large numbers of flowslides in loess that mantles the steep slopes of the region. In the Yasman valley hundreds of loess landslides coalesced to form a massive loess flow (est. vol. 245 Mm³) that travelled up to 20 km on a slope of only 2°. In an adjacent valley, the Khait landslide involved transformation of an earthquake-triggered rockslide into a very rapid flow by the entrainment of saturated loess into its movement. It travelled 7.41 km over a vertical distance of 1421 m with an estimated average velocity of ~30 m/s. We estimate its volume as 75 Mm³, an order of magnitude less that previously published estimates. The Khait landslide was simulated using DAN. The number of casualties due to earthquake-triggered landslides in the epicentral region was considerable. Approximately 4000 people were killed in the Yasman valley loess flow as 20 villages (kishlaks) were overwhelmed. In the Khait landslide alone we estimate ca. 800 people lost their lives when the villages of Khait and Khisorak were overrun by rapidly moving debris. Our data indicates that a total of approximately 7200 people were killed by earthquake-triggered landslides in the epicentral region of the Khait earthquake and that, in terms of loss of life, the 1949 Yasman valley loess flow was one of the most destructive landslides in recent history.     

洪水演算理论与计算方法的若干进展与评论

从洪水波运动的小扰动分析、水力学洪水演算方法及新技术在洪水演算中的应用等方面,总结了近20年来国内外洪水演算理论与计算方法研究的若干进展,并作了简要的评论.     

河道洪水反流向演算过程迭代方法

在流域防洪调度中需要考虑河槽的调蓄作用,河道洪水反流向演算可以简化河库联合调度模型的求解;马斯京根法是河道洪水演算的常用方法,但不能直接用于解决洪水反流向演算问题;提出了马斯京根法和迭代试算相结合的过程迭代算法;实例表明方法是实用有效的。     

扩散波的时空反演与洪水实时预报技术

以扩散波方程描述天然河道中的洪水波运动规律。将数学物理反问题理论和离散反演算法与河道流量演算相结合提出了扩散波实时预报的方法。该法的特点是在求解流量场Ｑ（ｘ,ｔ）的同时反演计算扩散波波速Ｃ（ｘ,ｔ）和扩散系数Ｄ（ｘ,ｔ）,根据不断监测的新信息系列,直接利用原偏微分方程进行参数的实时校正和预报过程实时修正。     

基于EasyRiv1D模型的漳卫河流域河道洪水演进模拟研究

漳卫河中下游河道断面变化较大,该流域的洪水预报调度十分复杂。传统的水文学方法只是借助于历史洪水进行汇流参数率定,本文借助于水力学方法和河道实测断面,利用Easy Riv1D模型对河道洪水演进模拟研究,取得了较好的预报效果,可以为漳卫河流域的河道洪水演进提供技术支撑。     

September 2004 Flood Event in Southwestern Bangladesh: A Study of its Nature,Causes, and Human Perception and Adjustments to a New Hazard

This paper examines the nature and causes of September 2004 hazardous flood that affected the dry and drought prone southwestern region of Bangladesh. It also examines human perception of this new hazard and their methods of adjustments to its negative impacts. Field research for this study includes personal interviews of 453 victim families living in four thanas (lowest administrative units) in Jessore and Satkhira districts of southwestern Bangladesh. Findings of the study suggest that all victim respondents viewed this flood event as a natural hazard, which has caused severe damage to standing crops, fish ponds, permanent trees and homesteads, and deteriorated human health and sanitation conditions. Its long-term impacts on fish farming, soil quality degradation, as well as changing land use/land coverage are also noteworthy but yet to be adequately explored. Both perceived and scientific causes of this flood event include high rainfall for a week before the flood, unusual movement of low pressure system into the affected area, cloudy weather and low evaporation, siltation of the regional riverbeds, and rolling back of the Ganges River water through the Ichamati and Bhagirati rivers. These factors also caused hazardous flooding at the same time in the Ichamati and Bhagirati Rivers and their floodplains in the West Bengal province of India. To release the overflow of flood water inside India, the Indian border patrol breached the Ichamati river embankment in several places along Satkhira and Jessore international border which had aggravated the flood situation in the study area.     

新疆河流年最大洪峰流量系列初步研究

以21处区域代表站年最大洪峰流量系列为例，对新疆河流20世纪下半叶年最大洪峰流量年际变化的部分重要特征以及对其产生显著影响的因素进行了初步研究。研究结论为正确评价现有设计洪水计算成果、提高对水文测站长期观测重要性的认识、促进干旱区洪水理论的研究提供了线索。     

延河流域雨洪特性及洪水预报

延河是黄河的一级支流，流经安塞、延安、延长等陕北南部地区的重要城镇，是引发该地区城镇洪水的主要河流，因此，延河洪水预报对这些城镇的防洪安全具有重要意义。在分析延河流域雨洪特性的基础上，以提高大洪水的预报精度为主、适当兼顾中小洪水的原则，采用具有成因概念的系统模型和相关图法，建立了以延安市为重点、包括安塞及延长县城的延河区段洪水预报方案，可供作业预报试用。     

Flood Forecasting and Flood Warning in the Firth of Clyde, UK

Coastal flooding has caused significant damage to a number of communities around the Firth of Clyde in south-west Scotland, UK. The Firth of Clyde is an enclosed embayment affected by storm surge generated in the Northern Atlantic and propagated through the Irish Channel. In recent years, the worst flooding occurred on 5th January 1991 with the estimated damage of approximately £7M. On average, some £0.5M damage is caused each year by coastal flooding. With the latest climate change predictions suggesting increased storm activity and the expected increase in mean sea levels, these damages are likely to increase. In line with the expansion of flood warning provision in Scotland, the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) has developed a flood warning system to provide local authorities and emergency services with up to 24 h warning of coastal flooding within the Firth of Clyde and River Clyde Estuary up to Glasgow City Centre. The Firth of Clyde flood warning system consists of linked 1-D and 2-D mathematical models of the Firth of Clyde and Clyde Estuary, and other software tools for data processing, viewing and generating warning messages. The general methodology adopted in its implementation was developed following extensive consultation with the relevant authorities, including local councils and police. The warning system was launched in October 1999 and has performed well during four winter flood seasons. The system currently makes forecasts four times a day and is the only operational coastal flood warning system in Scotland.This paper summarises the development of the warning system, gives a review of its operation since its launch in 1999 and discusses future developments in flood warning in Scotland.     

Use of Systematic, Palaeoflood and Historical Data for the Improvement of Flood Risk Estimation. Review of Scientific Methods

The catastrophic floods recently occurring in Europe warn of the critical need forhydrologic data on floods over long-time scales. Palaeoflood techniques provideinformation on hydrologic variability and extreme floods over long-time intervals(100 to 10,000 yr) and may be used in combination with historical flood data (last1,000 yr) and the gauge record (last 30–50 yr). In this paper, advantages anduncertainties related to the reconstruction of palaeofloods in different geomorphologicalsettings and historical floods using different documentary sources are described.Systematic and non-systematic data can be combined in the flood frequency analysisusing different methods for the adjustment of distribution functions. Technical toolsintegrating multidisciplinary approaches (geologic, historical, hydraulic and statistical)on extreme flood risk assessment are discussed. A discussion on the potential theoreticalbases for solving the problem of dealing with non-systematic and non-stationary data ispresented. This methodology is being developed using new methodological approachesapplied to European countries as a part of a European Commission funded project (SPHERE).     

投影寻踪自回归和多维混合回归模型及其在大河长河段洪水预报中的应用

投影寻踪自回归和多维混合回归模型，是将投影寻踪技术应用于时间序列分析中的一种新型的非线性时序分析模型。本文将此模型用于长江寸滩－宜昌河段的洪水演算，不必使用区间雨量资料，仅仅根据上下游站的流量资料，就可做出预见期为４８－７２ｈ的复杂长河段洪水预报，并取得了令人满意的的研究成果。     

The 1998 Flood on the Yangtze, China

This paper examines the main causes ofthe 1998 flood on the Yangtze and addresses a numberof issues related to the exploitation of naturalresources and counter-measures to the flood hazard.The records show that both the amount of precipitationover the catchment and the floodwater discharge fromthe upper basin did not exceed the historical maximum,but water levels in the middle basin were recordedmuch higher than the historical maximum. Humanactivities have greatly increased the risk of theflood hazard. Extensive reclamation of the lakes andfluvial islands in the middle basin has considerablyreduced the floodwater storage and drainage capacityof these natural landscapes of the Yangtze Basin.Deforestation in the catchment area has induced soilerosion, resulting in a large amount of sedimentdeposited in reservoirs whose storage capacity is thusreduced. Strengthening the flood defence to protectpeople living on the floodplain has raised the waterlevel during the flood. An integrated approach isneeded to produce a balanced management plan that canmeet the financial needs of local people in thecatchment area as well as reduce flood risk to theindustries and urban residents in the middle basin ofthe Yangtze.     

塔吉克斯坦东杜奥巴金矿床地质特征及成因探讨

东杜奥巴金矿床位于中塔吉克斯坦贵金属成矿带内,是乔列金矿田已探明的4处大型金矿床之一,矿床受区域推覆构造控制明显,时空上与区域发育的古生代浅变质沉积岩系有关;黄铁矿和毒砂是最主要的载金矿物,自然金呈包裹体赋存于成矿期黄铁矿和毒砂矿物中。区域上基底地层与上覆盖层在晚古生代时期经历过3次大规模的构造重组:隆升阶段-造山阶段-晚华力西期造山的最终阶段,并导致矿床当前的时空就位。含碳浅变质碎屑岩带和钠长石化花岗斑岩脉与矿体的成因及时空分布密切相关,矿床成因类型是与早古生代黑色岩系沉积变形、变质及改造作用有关的浅变质碎屑岩型和接触交代蚀变岩型金矿床。