时域克里格方法在地表水水质预测中的应用

给出了纯时间域中普通克里格方法(TOK)的基本形式和其变异函数的性质,再依据扎龙湿地5年水体中BOD、DO、COD质量浓度的观测数据,利用该方法对2005—2009年的变化趋势进行了预测,在满足最小方差的条件下,使估计是无偏的。结果表明,这5年内湿地水体中DO和BOD质量浓度变化趋势不明显,但COD质量浓度却明显上升,说明湿地的水质正在发生变化,要减少进入湿地的污水量,加强污水处理,这样才能防止水质的进一步恶化。     

水库有机污染物生化需氧量-溶解氧和温度的耦合模型研究与应用

生化需氧量溶解氧(BOD5 DO)是反映水体有机污染程度的一个重要指标,而这些指标的浓度变化与水体温度有着密切关系。因此,研究三者之间的耦合数学模型,可以反映水体BOD5 DO迁移分布的规律。文章建立了三者垂向一维耦合数学模型,并给出了稳态情况下精确解的数学表达式且讨论了三者之间的关系,解决了求任意深度在温度影响下BOD5 DO的浓度值,同时还给出了耦合模型非稳态情况下的求解方法。     

基于ASTER数据的石头口门水库水质参数定量遥感反演

提出了一种基于神经网络和遥感图像相结合的水质反演模型,构建了含有一个隐含层的两层BP神经网络反演模型.以石头口门水库为例,采用ASTER数据分析了石头口门水库水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的污染物监测模型.以ASTER数据的前三个波段的反射率作为输入,溶解氧(DO),生化需氧量(BOD),氨氮(NH3-N)含量浓度作为输出,反演了石头口门水库的水质参数浓度.并给出石头口门水库水质污染状况分析,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加.     

上海市在黄浦江上开展大规模流量、水质同步调查

上海市水文总站于1984年7月底和9月底在黄浦江上开展了两次大规模流量、水质同步调查。每次调查连续测满一个全潮过程,历时9天。这两次调查,在黄浦江干支流上布设了15个断面,共取得水位、流量和水质数据几十万个,采得水质样二万瓶,化验水质项目17项。为综合治理长江口、黄浦江提供了科学依据,并为黄浦江建     

赣江下游污染负荷与水质响应关系模型

为了研究赣江下游入河污染物对河流水质的影响,建立了基于WASP（Water quality Analysis Simulation Program）模型富营养化原理和ELADI（Eulerian-Lagrangian Alternating Direction Implicit Method）有限差分方法的正交曲线平面二维水环境模型WESC2D（Two-Dimensional Water Environment Simulation Code）。模型采用基于双线性插值及亚网格技术的欧拉-拉格朗日方法求解对流项,在简单的浓度峰输运和赣江下游溶解氧变化过程算例检验的基础上,计算与分析了赣江下游入河排污口氨氮污染负荷与水质之间的动态响应关系。模拟与分析结果表明,WESC2D模型的计算结果与解析解吻合良好,有效地减少了欧拉-拉格朗日方法的数值耗散,并为赣江下游污染负荷与水质响应关系计算提供了重要工具。     

张掖黑河湿地国家级自然保护区水质现状分析研究

2020年全年,在张掖黑河湿地国家级自然保护区选取13个监测点进行采样,分析总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH3-3)、总氮(TN)、溶解氧(DO)、五日生化需氧量(BOD5)、化学需氧量(COD)、高锰酸盐指数(Imn)等重要指标,得出张掖湿地水质现状。研究显示,张掖黑河湿地自然保护区非汛期较汛期污染程度重;污染断面重点在甘州区山丹桥和三闸二社,高台湿地公园断面次之;张掖湿地水质主要是氮磷和有机物污染,因子按超标严重程度分别为:总氮、氨氮、总磷。     

第二松花江水质与主要城市取排水量、径流关系研究

本文选取第二松花江沿岸三个主要城市即吉林市、长春市、松原市周边具有代表性的9个监测断面.选取总磷、总氮、CODmn、BOD5等监测数据,运用基于因子分析定权的水质评价模型和零维河流完全水质模型评价总体水质状况.分析其取排水量和径流变化对河流水质的影响.研究结果表明,虽然位于第二松花江干流的吉林市、松原市取、排水量较大.但因河流径流量大,白净能力强,故本质良好,而位于二松支流-伊通河的长春市,因取、排水量大和河流径流量小等原因.水质较差,并影响汇入二松干流后的下游水质.生活污水和工业废水的排放,特别是部分未经处理的污水排放.对二松水质影响很大.长春市伊通河段是二松治污的重点河段.     

模糊综合评判法在地表水水质评价中的应用

以黄土塬典型干旱半干旱区正宁县为研究对象,将模糊综合评判法引入正宁县地表水水质评价,采用模糊变换原理和最大隶属度原则,构建正宁县区域内地表水水质模糊综合评判模型,对不同河流和水库地表水的水质指标检测数据作出了定量的综合评价。结果表明:该县区域内庵里水库和无日天沟水质达到地表水Ⅱ类水质,嘉峪川河、四郎河、支党河达到Ⅰ类水质;从权重计算结果可以看出,正宁县区域内主要地表水水源庵里水库、嘉峪川河、四郎河、支党河主要污染物为NH3-N、DO;无日天沟主要污染物为CODMn、DO。说明该县区域内主要地表水水源治理和保护情况较好,水源水质均达到Ⅱ类水质以上。但作为人饮重要水源还需要继续加强保护和治理,为该区域城镇居民生活用水安全和社会经济发展提供基础保障。     

太子河流域水质模糊综合评价

采用模糊数学方法对太子河流域水质进行综合评价。沿程选取老官砬子、兴安、参窝坝下等8个干流断面和汤河桥、河洪桥、孟柳等6个支流断面,确定五日生化需氧量(BOD5)、化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH3-N)、挥发酚(FN)等7个指标为评价因子,通过建立评价因子矩阵,计算各因子的权重及进行模糊综合运算,得出各监测断面的综合水质状况。水质模糊综合评价结果表明,太子河干流和支流各监测断面的综合水质较差,V类水质断面所占比例达85.7%。在各项评价指标中,BOD5和挥发酚所占权重较高,其次为COD和NH3-N等,这几项指标应该作为太子河流域十二.五污染减排和治理的重点。     

感潮河流准动态水质回荡模型的研究

根据感潮河流的水流特性,研制了准动态水质回荡模型,并利用相似的皮尔逊-Ⅲ型分布曲线对其进行求解,提出了模型参数的计算方法。该模型适用于可降解有机污染物浓度的分布变化分析,经黄浦江干流氨氮浓度资料验证,成果比较满意。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.