塔里木盆地原油中二苯并噻吩的分布及主力油源岩类型判识

在塔北隆起大部分地区和塔中隆起发现的工业油气流具有与海相下古生界（奥陶系）油源岩相同的地球化学特征，且含有十分丰富的二苯并噻吩类有机硫化物。本文详细研究了世界各地若干典型海相碳酸盐岩和泥页岩来源油中二苯并噻吩（ＤＢＴｓ）的分布。发现新参数二苯并噻吩脱甲基指数（ＤＤＩ）和甲基重排指数（ＤＭＩ）受成熟度影响小，能有效地区分油源岩岩性。根据ＤＢＴｓ的相对含量和ＤＤＩ及ＤＭＩ指标判识，表明塔里木盆地下古生界原油主要来自碳酸盐岩，奥陶系广海陆棚台地相喑色泥晶灰岩是主力油源岩。这一认识将有助于确认主力油源区的分布，具有较大的勘探意义。     

塔北隆起-库车坳陷西段差异构造变形特征及其控制因素

塔北隆起-库车坳陷是塔里木盆地重要的油气富集区,探讨区域构造特征及主要控制因素对油气勘探具有重要意义。利用地球物理资料,应用生长地层及应力学分析方法对研究区地震剖面进行解释与复原,并对区域内主要新生界生长构造发育的时序进行界定。研究结果表明,区内东西段构造挤压时间及变形特征存在明显差异。新生界挤压构造发育时间自东向西由早到晚,沿古近系滑脱面,新生界构造变形自北部向盆内传播的距离差别显著:西段传播距离较远,东段较近;西部滑脱构造发育,冲断构造较少,中、东部相反,新生界构造变形局限于库车坳陷内。通过综合对比分析,造山带挤压背景下区域内古应力场在古近纪后发生明显的逆时针压扭,古近系膏泥岩层为构造变形向盆内传播提供了重要条件,大型冲断构造的发育及坳隆转换带基底的挠曲有效地释放分解了来自北部的挤压作用,这是区内构造特征东西差异的主要原因。     

沁水盆地南部深部煤层超临界CO2吸附特征及其控制因素

为揭示深部煤层超临界CO₂（ScCO₂）吸附特征及其控制机理,以沁水盆地南部余吾矿、寺河矿、成庄矿的3号煤为研究对象,通过自制等温吸附仪进行了不同温度（45℃,62.5℃,80℃）、最高压力达到CO₂超临界压力以上时的等温吸附实验。研究结果表明：高温高压条件下ScCO₂吸附曲线不同于常温常压下CO₂吸附曲线,随压力升高ScCO₂过剩吸附量和绝对吸附量分别呈4段式和3段式变化,ScCO₂达到过剩吸附量峰值出现的压力点具有随温度升高向高压增高的特征;ScCO₂过剩吸附量远低于绝对吸附量,无法采用Langmuir吸附模型进行解释;温度对ScCO₂吸附抑制明显,水分对ScCO₂吸附没有起到抑制作用,灰分含量较高对ScCO₂吸附量有明显抑制作用,煤中高镜质组含量和高R_max对ScCO₂吸附具有较明显的促进作用;超临界状态下煤对ScCO₂的吸附量大小由微孔和过渡孔所控制,且与微孔比表面积大小有关,高变质煤对ScCO₂的吸附能力降低可能是因微孔中矿物充填所致。     

塔中隆起原油特征与成因类型

塔里木盆地塔中隆起油气性质多样、分布与成因复杂, 为揭示油气的特征与成因, 对塔中及外围104个原油样品进行了精细地球化学研究.依据单体烃碳同位素、特征生物标志物分析, 将塔中原油分为4种类型: (1) 寒武系成因原油, 具有较重正构烷烃单体烃碳同位素(-29.6‰~-29.1‰)、甲藻甾烷较发育及C₂₇、C₂₈、C₂₉规则甾烷呈反“L”型或线型分布等特征; (2) 中、上奥陶统成因原油, 具有较轻的正构烷烃单体烃同位素(-34‰~-35.6‰)、甲藻甾烷等不太发育与C₂₇、C₂₈、C₂₉规则甾烷呈“V”型分布等特征; (3) 富含含硫芳烃-二苯并噻吩原油, 主要分布于塔中4井区; (4) 混源油, 单体烃碳同位素特征界于Ⅰ、Ⅱ类原油之间, 是塔中最为主要的原油类型.油-油对比与油气性质分析表明, 塔中地区至少有两套主力烃源岩供烃.塔中部分原油生物标志物显示寒武系-下奥陶统成因特征, 而单体烃碳同位素却与中上奥陶统成因原油更为接近, 这种不同馏分的不一致现象系不同成因原油混源的结果, 反映单一应用生物标志物指标有其局限性.塔中油气性质具有分带、分块、分层特征, 反映叠合盆地多源、多期成藏、储层非均质性等多种特性.      

热化学硫酸盐还原作用对碳酸盐岩气藏的化学改造——以川东北地区长兴组-飞仙关组气藏为例

目前在川东北地区长兴组—飞仙关组已发现普光、渡口河、铁山坡、罗家寨等多个高含H2S的大、中型气田。通过天然气地球化学特征、流体包裹体盐度和岩心及薄片的镜下详细观察后认为,川东北地区长兴组—飞仙关组的大多数气藏遭受了热化学硫酸盐还原作用(TSR)的化学改造,TSR的改造主要表现在3个方面:1使C2 重烃相对于CH4、12C相对于13C优先被消耗,造成天然气干燥系数变大和碳同位素变重;2由于TSR产生的大量淡水的加入,使气藏的原生地层水被稀释,造成地层水盐度降低;3TSR相关流体(烃类和H2S等)与储层岩石之间的相互作用使储层被溶蚀和硬石膏发生蚀变,造成储层孔隙度增大,从而对改善其物性具有重要意义。     

川东北元坝地区储层溶洞石英及白云石胶结物中包裹体特征及意义

川东北元坝气田是中国南方大型油气田之一,通过对元坝224井上二叠统储层溶洞石英及白云石中包裹体的岩相学、激光拉曼以及显微测温分析发现,溶洞石英中包裹体类型复杂,主要由气液两相包裹体、气体包裹体以及含子矿物包裹体组成,包裹体的气相组分主要由CH4、H2S以及CO2组成,包裹体的子矿物为单质硫以及沥青,包裹体共生组合关系复杂,不同类型包裹体常叠加在一起,气液两相包裹体均一温度以及含单质硫三相包裹体的气液均一温度范围相似,分别为161.5~220.6℃以及168.2~218.6℃,二者的盐度分布范围差别较大,分别为7.45%~10.36%NaCl以及8.68%~21.11%NaCl;溶洞白云石中包裹体类型单一,由气液两相包裹体组成,个别包裹体的气相中含有CH4,包裹体的均一温度为102.4~132.1℃。包裹体的古温度古压力分析表明,溶洞石英中包裹体捕获于中—晚侏罗世,包裹体捕获时地层流体为超压,捕获于原油大量裂解生成天然气阶段。溶洞石英中不同类型包裹体的组合关系以及温压特征记录了储层中TSR反应的过程,即硫酸盐先与重烃反应生成H2S以及单质硫,然后硫酸盐以及生成的单质S再与CH4继续反应生成H2S以及CO2,随着TSR反应的进行,储层中的压力逐渐增大。TSR反应生成的H2S以及CO2流体可能与储层发生了较强烈的水-岩反应,造成了储层的硅化以及溶洞中石英、白云石的沉淀。     

塔里木盆地塔中I号断裂带西缘奥陶系油气成藏与主控因素研究

塔中低凸起是塔里木盆地油气资源最丰富的地区之一,而塔中I号断裂带西缘也在多个层系中见到了不同程度的油气显示,并在上奥陶统良里塔格组获得了高产工业油气流,在下奥陶统鹰山组获得了低产油气流.本文通过油源对比、油气水物性对比、包裹体均一温度分析等方法并结合前人的研究成果,探讨了塔中I号断裂带西缘塔中86井区-塔中45井区奥陶系的油气成藏过程,认为该区奥陶系有过三期油气充注,即晚加里东期、晚海西期和燕山期-喜马拉雅期.晚加里东期的油气来自于寒武系-下奥陶统烃源岩,晚海西期的油气来自于中-上奥陶统烃源岩,两期油气均自塔中88井沿碳酸盐岩岩溶储层侧向运移而来;燕山期-喜马拉雅期主要以天然气为主,成因复杂.另外,认为该区油气富集的主控因素主要有3点:多源多期油气充注、优质的碳酸盐岩岩溶储层及各种成藏要素的优质配置.     

Distribution and Significance of Carbazole Compounds in Palaeozoic Oils from the Tazhong Uplift, Tarim

Carbazole compounds in crude oils from the Tazhong uplift of the Tarim basin have been fractionated and detected and successfully used to study petroleum migration and trace source rocks in the study area. Alkylcarbazoles have been found in large amounts in the oil samples analyzed and alkylbenzocarbazoles detected in a small concentration only in part of the samples, but alkyldibenzocarbazoles have not been found in oils. Based on the distribution of G1, G2 and G3 of C2-alkylcarbazoles, the ratio of C3-carbazoles to C2-carbazoles and the relative amounts of alkylcarbazoles and alkylbenzocarbazoles, one can know that the vertical oil migration in the Tazhong uplift is generally from below upward, i.e. from the Ordovician through the Silurian to the Carboniferous. Evidently, source rocks in the uplift should be lower Palaeozoic strata (Ordovician and Cambrian). This study shows that carbazoles are of great importance in the study of petroleum migration and source rocks.     

四川盆地高含H2S天然气的分布与TSR成因证据

四川盆地是中国高含硫化氢天然气分布最集中的地区,目前已在震旦系(威远气田)、下三叠统飞仙关组(罗家寨、普光、渡口河、铁山坡、七里北)、嘉陵江组(卧龙河)和中三叠统雷口坡组(磨溪、中坝)发现了近10个高含硫化氢的大中型气田(藏),探明储量5000×108 m3.这些高含硫化氢气藏普遍经历过较大的埋深过程(储层经历过较高温度),储层上下或储层中间均发育有膏质岩类,且气源充足,具备硫酸盐热化学还原反应(Thermochemical Sulfate Reduction,TSR)发生的物质基础和热动力条件.从气藏地质特征以及天然气组成和碳、硫同位素等方面的证据表明,四川盆地中、下三叠统和震旦系气藏的硫化氢属于TSR成因.而且TSR对烃类的大量选择性消耗一方面导致天然气干燥系数增大,另一方面导致气藏充满度降低,气藏压力系数变小.     

四川盆地东北部三叠系飞仙关组高含硫气藏H2S成因研究

四川盆地东北部宣汉－开县地区的下三叠统飞仙关组气藏埋深3000－4500m,地温在100℃左右,天然气中H2S含量为12％－17％。这些H2S为飞仙关组气藏附近的硬石膏经硫酸盐热化学还原作用（TSR）而成。与TSR有关的硬石膏,H2S,S^0和FeS2的δ^24S分别为＋30.4‰, 12.9‰, 19.1‰和＋19.4‰,交代硬石膏的方解石的δ^13C为－7.26‰,δ^18O为－6.41‰,其内所含两相流体包裹体的均一温度为109－151℃。这些高含硫气藏的天然气和储层沥青的热演化程度比其他地区飞仙关组气藏的更高。该区飞仙关组最大埋藏温度超过180℃,但由于后期构造抬升,大于104℃地温的埋藏时间小于20Ma,故气藏H2S含量低于20％。     

川东北飞仙关组高含H2S气藏特征与TSR对烃类的消耗作用

四川盆地川东北地区飞仙关组近年来发现了罗家寨、渡口河、铁山坡、普光等多个大、中型气田，它们均以高含硫化氢（H2S在气体组分中占10%~17%，平均为14%）为最显著特征。深入研究后发现，虽然这些大型鲕滩气藏储量规模较大，单井产量高；但是这些气藏充满度普遍偏低（在25%~91%之间），压力系数不高（大部分小于1.2）。从成藏条件来看，该区鲕粒溶蚀孔隙发育，有效储层厚度大，二叠系龙潭组、志留系龙马溪组优质烃源岩十分发育，油气源充沛，而且由断层构成的疏导体系发育，泥岩及膏质岩类组成的盖层封盖性良好，因此气藏的低充满度现象，可能是圈闭中发生过大量烃类的损耗或消耗。由于川东北飞仙关组H2S是烃类和硫酸盐在储层中发生热化学反应（TSR）形成的，气藏中硫化氢含量与压力系数、地层水矿化度、烃类含量等都存在反相关关系，因此飞仙关组高含硫化氢气藏压力系数小、充满度低，很可能是烃类被TSR大量消耗和储集空间增容所致。     

Origin of the Silurian Crude Oils and Reservoir Formation Characteristics in the Tazhong Uplift

<正>The Silurian stratum in the Tazhong uplift is an important horizon for exploration because it preserves some features of the hydrocarbons produced from multi-stage tectonic evolution.For this reason,the study of the origin of the Silurian oils and their formation characteristics constitutes a major part in revealing the mechanisms for the composite hydrocarbon accumulation zone in the Tazhong area.Geochemical investigations indicate that the physical properties of the Silurian oils in Tazhong vary with belts and blocks,i.e.,heavy oils are distributed in the TZ47-15 well-block in the North Slope while normal and light oils in the No.Ⅰfault belt and the TZ16 well-block,which means that the oil properties are controlled by structural patterns.Most biomarkers in the Silurian oils are similar to that of the Mid-Upper Ordovician source rocks,suggesting a good genetic relationship. However,the compound specific isotope of n-alkanes in the oils and the chemical components of the hydrocarbons in fluid inclusions indicate that these oils are mixed oils derived from both the Mid-Upper Ordovician and the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks.Most Silurian oils have a record of secondary alterations like earlier biodegradation,including the occurrence of UCM humps in the total ion current(TIC) chromatogram of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons and 25-norhopane in saturated hydrocarbons of the crude oils,and regular changes in the abundances of light and heavy components from the structural low to the structural high.The fact that the Silurian oils are enriched in chain alkanes,e.g.,n-alkanes and 25-norhopane,suggests that they were mixed oils of the earlier degraded oils with the later normal oils.It is suggested that the Silurian oils experienced at least three episodes of petroleum charging according to the composition and distribution as well as the maturity of reservoir crude oils and the oils in fluid inclusions.The migration and accumulation models of these oils in the TZ47-15 well-blocks,the No.Ⅰfault belt and the TZ16 well-block are different from but related to each other.The investigation of the origin of the mixed oils and the hydrocarbon migration and accumulation mechanisms in different charging periods is of great significance to petroleum exploration in this area.     

Origins of High H_2S-bearing Natural Gas in China

Natural gas containing hydrogen sulphide （H2S） has been found in several petroliferous basins in China, such as the Sichuan Basin, Bohai Bay Basin, Ordos Basin, Tarim Basin, etc. Natural gas with higher HES contents （HES 〉5 % mol.） is mostly distributed in both the gas reservoirs of Dukouhe, Luojiazhai, Puguang and Tieshanpo, which belong to the Triassic Feixianguan Formation in the northeastern Sichuan Basin and those of the Kongdian-Shahejie formations in the northeastern Jinxian Sag of the Jizhong Depression, Bohai Bay Basin. In the Sichuan Basin, the HES contents of natural gas average over 9% and some can be 17 %, while those of the Bohai Bay Basin range from 40 % to 92 %, being then one of the gas reservoirs with the highest H2S contents in the world. Based on detailed observation and sample analysis results of a total 5000 m of core from over 70 wells in the above-mentioned two basins, especially sulfur isotopic analysis of gypsum, brimstone, pyrite and natural gas, also with integrated study of the geochemical characteristics of hydrocarbons, it is thought that the natural gas with high HES contents resulted from thermochemical sulfate reduction （TSR） reactions. Among them, the natural gas in the Feixianguan Formation resulted from TSR reactions participated by hydrocarbon gas, while that in the Zhaolanzhuang of the Jinxian Sag being the product of TSR participated by crude oil. During the consumption process of hydrocarbons due to TSR, the heavy hydrocarbons were apt to react with sulfate, which accordingly resulted in the dry coefficient of natural gas increasing and the carbon isotopes becoming heavier.