疏松砾岩砾石中的张裂缝系

在加里福尼亚的萨尔顿地堑区和以色列阿拉瓦裂谷的较新地层中，具杂基支撑结构，胶结疏松的砾岩中的砾石内普遍发育规则的张裂缝系。张裂缝倾角大都很陡，彼此近于平行，且只在砾石内部发育，不切穿基质．张裂缝系的走向在区域上与当地的水平压应力方向吻合良好，是构造压应力下的产物，可作为构造应力的标志，它对我国西北新生代勘探程度较低的地区可起判别构造压应力方向的作用。     

北秦岭东部变质岩系同位素年代学及热历史研究

通过对北秦岭东部各种方法年代学数据的统计分析，获得了本区自元古宙以来主要热事件的时限及地壳动力学演化的一些信息．这些热事件时限与地壳主要构造旋回是对应的．年代学数据的统计分段指示了主要构造－岩浆事件的尾声（同位素封闭时间），它们是：４００～４５０Ｍａ，６００～７００Ｍａ，９５０～１１００Ｍａ，１４００±Ｍａ，２０００～２２００Ｍａ．秦岭造山带中，秦岭群形成最早，因而经历了最复杂的变质变形史．但其独立性特征，则显示了它在元古宙可能是一些微板块（地体）．     

1994年美国北岭地震震源区构造应力状态反演及动力学解释

针对余震震源机制解相对比较复杂、紊乱这一现象,借助ZMAP软件包的特点,提出在尽可能减少人为分区因素情况下,利用余震震源机制解反演计算震源区应力状态的具体思路。利用1994年美国北岭MW6.7地震的余震震源机制解,采用Michael提出的应力张量反演算法,对震后震源区的构造应力状态及其分布进行反演分析,探讨了地震后震源区应力状态的调整变化及其与地质构造的关系。结果表明：1）震后震源区最大主应力为近水平,方向为北北东向,北北东向的水平挤压是北岭震源区构造应力状态的一个明确特征;2）震后震源区深浅部的构造应力状态可能不完全一致,虽然深部和浅部的最大主应力方向均为北北东向,但震源区深部的应力类型为逆断型,震源区浅部的应力类型为走滑型,深部数据组的反演结果与区域构造应力场相一致。认为北岭地震后震源区深浅部构造应力状态的差异可能与震源区的地震构造和北岭主震的错动方式有关。北岭主震是一次逆冲型地震,地震发生后,在区域构造应力的作用下,震源区应力继续释放,隐伏的北岭断裂（可能包括其周围的小断层）继续逆冲运动,从而产生一些逆冲型的中小余震。深部构造应力状态没有发生明显的改变,但北岭断裂的逆冲运动有可能引起了震源区浅部应力状态的变化。     

华北地台东部早中寒武世古气候的识别标志及变化旋回

本文依据蒸发岩及伴生沉积构造、沉积红层、碳酸盐类及鲕粒沉积、古生物、古风化壳类型、古水温、海绿石等沉积标志以及与海平面变化的关系，以山东沂水地区为分析重点，结合华北地层区的特征，将华北东部的早中寒武世古气候初步划分为六个温暖潮湿—干燥炎热气候变化旋回（基本上与三级海平面变化一致，周期１Ｍａ～１０Ｍａ），１３个气候期。进而确定本区属于温带—热带半干旱气候区，地处中低纬度。     

小秦岭东部控矿韧性剪切带特征

根据大量野外地质调查和室内分析研究，小秦岭东部控矿韧性剪切带的构造特征可概括为以下几点：①依据应力矿物塑性变形的差异，区内出露早期、晚期脆韧性控矿剪切带及韧脆性控矿剪切带；②早期脆韧性控矿剪切带形成温度高于５００℃，古应力值大于１００ＭΡａ，剪切方向以右行逆冲为主，变质作用达高绿片岩相；③晚期脆韧性控矿剪切带生成温度低于５００℃，古应力值在７０～５０ＭΡａ之间，既有右行剪切，又有左行剪切，变质作用为绿片岩相；④韧脆性控矿剪切带形成温度更低，古应力值小于５０ＭΡａ，剪切方位多次变化，变质作用为低绿片岩相；⑤在空间上，控矿韧性剪切带呈波浪状，它们在活动—平静—再活动—再平静波浪演化中形成，因而是金矿形成、富集的有利因素之一     

构造动力对滑坡灾害发育的影响———以喜马拉雅东构造结地区为例北大核心CSCD

基于有限元数值模拟技术,利用GPS数据获取喜马拉雅东构造结区域的断裂运动状态和构造应力场,并结合区域滑坡隐患探讨构造活动对滑坡灾害发育的影响。结果显示,差异化的断裂运动会造成显著相异的构造应力分布,而区域滑坡灾害更集中分布在断层锁固引起的构造应力异常区域;对应力异常区的斜坡进行稳定性研究发现,受应力长期累积影响,斜坡表层应力场持续扰动,造成潜在危险滑移面安全系数降低,促进滑坡失稳。研究表明,断裂构造运动模式可对区域滑坡灾害的发育和分布造成不可忽视的影响,且长期持续的构造应力荷载将促进滑坡灾害的发育。     

龙门山断裂带的性质与活动性研究

沿龙门山构造带两侧，在9个100～500m深的钻孔中进行了水压致裂地应力测量，获得了断裂带两侧地表浅部构造应力的大小、方向和分布特征。据这些实测的应力资料，用库仑摩擦滑动准则分段研究了断裂带的性质和活动性。结果表明：试验得到的摩擦强度(0．6～1．0)似乎适用于浅部断层构造，地壳浅部地应力的大小和方向与断裂的性质及活动性密切相关，应力状态与断裂带的逆冲性质相一致；在断裂带东段的广元地区．中段的平武、汶川和茂县地区，实测的最大水平主应力值达不到逆断层活动要求的临界状态；而西段与鲜水河断裂带、南北向构造带复合部位的二郎山地区，现今构造应力状态比较复杂．实测的最大水平主应力值满足逆断层活动要求的临界状态。     

川滇黔接壤区 ＭＶＴ 铅锌矿床年代学研究进展及成矿构造背景

川滇黔接壤区处于扬子地块西南缘,经历过复杂的地质演化过程并分布有大量的大中型 ＭＶＴ 铅 锌矿 床。对该区 ＭＶＴ铅锌矿床成矿年代学研究开展的大量工作成果显示该区至少经历过２次铅锌成矿事件,分别处于晚泥盆世－晚石炭世和中三叠世－早侏罗世。早期成矿事件与古特提斯洋的扩张（３８２～３２８ Ｍａ）密切相关,在伸展构造环境下形成天宝山、大梁子、毛坪等矿 床。晚期成矿事件与古特提斯洋闭合、印支期强烈挤压造山运动阶段（２４５～２０５ Ｍａ）相对应,在挤压构造环境下形成会泽、茂租、金沙厂等矿床。不同地质背景下形成的矿床在控矿构造性质、矿体赋存规律等方面具有较大差别。在对川滇黔接壤区 ＭＶＴ 铅锌矿床成矿时空分布规律总结的
基础上,结合该区区域构造演化、矿床的控矿构造特征以及矿体赋存规律,探 讨 了 该 区 不 同 时 期 控 制 ＭＶＴ 铅 锌矿床形成的成矿构造环境。      

中非加丹加－赞比亚多金属成矿带成矿演化及找矿潜力分析

中非加丹加－赞比亚成矿带是世界闻名的铜钴铀铅锌多金属成矿带,其 成 矿 具 有“多 期 次、时 空 分 布 集中、规模巨大”的显著特征。通过对该地区各类型矿床成因、成矿时代及物质来源研究沿革以及进展的系统述评,获得了以下认识:泛非运动导致了区域性多金属成矿事件,铜钴矿化主要集中在８５０～６４０,５９０～５３０,５２５～５００Ｍａ３个时期,铀矿化主要集中在６５０,５４０～５３０ Ｍａ２个时期,铅锌矿化主要集中在６８０～６００,５００～４５０ Ｍａ２个时期;该地区成矿金属元素以壳源为主,主要受造山活动影响形成的高盐度热卤水分别从不同类型的基岩中萃取金属元素并在特定区域富集成矿,其中长英质基岩主要提供了铜、铀 矿 源,而铁镁质类岩浆岩则主要提供了钴、铅、锌矿源。此外,还对该地区各类型金属找矿方向提出了一定建议。      

三峡及邻区新构造期以来应力场分区研究

利用地形变测量、震源机制和钻孔应力测量等资料,综合研究了三峡及邻区的构造应力场。结果表明,研究区在大区域近东西向构造应力场作用下．新构造期一现代构造应力场的作用方向具有明显的分区性,即北区呈近北西西向挤压;西区呈北西向挤压;东区呈北东向挤压。     

GIS based spatial data analysis for landslide susceptibility mapping

Landslide susceptibility map delineates the potential zones for landslides occurrence. The paper presents a statistical approach through spatial data analysis in GIS for landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Sikkim Himalaya. Six important causative factors for landslide occurrences were selected and corresponding thematic data layers were prepared in GIS. Topographic maps,satellite image,field data and published maps constitute the input data for thematic layer preparation. Numerical weights for different categories of these factors were determined based on a statistical approach and the weighted thematic layers were integrated in GIS environment to generate the landslide susceptibility map of the area. The landslide susceptibility map classifies the area into five different landslide susceptible zones i.e.,very high,high,moderate,low and very low. This map was validated using the existing landslide distribution in the area.     

Regional scale rainfall- and earthquake-triggered landslide susceptibility assessment in Wudu County, China

Wudu County in northwestern China frequently experiences large-scale landslide events.High-magnitude earthquakes and heavy rainfall events are the major triggering factors in the region.The aim of this research is to compare and combine landslide susceptibility assessments of rainfalltriggered and earthquake-triggered landslide events in the study area using Geographical Information System(GIS) and a logistic regression model.Two separate susceptibility maps were produced using inventories reflecting single landslide-triggering events,i.e.,earthquakes and heavy rain storms.Two groups of landslides were utilized: one group containing all landslides triggered by extreme rainfall events between 1995 and 2003 and the other group containing slope failures caused by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.Subsequently,the individual maps were combined to illustrate the locations of maximum landslide probability.The use of the resulting three landslide susceptibility maps for landslide forecasting,spatial planning and for developing emergency response actions are discussed.The combined susceptibility map illustrates the total landslide susceptibility in the study area.     

A public Cloud-based China’s Landslide Inventory Database (CsLID): development,zone, and spatiotemporal analysis for significant historical events, 1949-2011

Landslide inventory plays an important role in recording landslide events and showing their temporal-spatial distribution. This paper describes the development, visualization, and analysis of a China's Landslide Inventory Database (CsLID) by utilizing Google’s public cloud computing platform. Firstly, CsLID (Landslide Inventory Database) compiles a total of 1221 historical landslide events spanning the years 1949-2011 from relevant data sources. Secondly, the CsLID is further broken down into six zones for characterizing landslide cause-effect, spatiotemporal distribution, fatalities, and socioeconomic impacts based on the geological environment and terrain. The results show that among all the six zones, zone V, located in Qinba and Southwest Mountainous Area is the most active landslide hotspot with the highest landslide hazard in China. Additionally, the Google public cloud computing platform enables the CsLID to be easily accessible, visually interactive, and with the capability of allowing new data input to dynamically augment the database. This work developed a cyber-landslide inventory and used it to analyze the landslide temporal-spatial distribution in China.     

Hazard and population vulnerability analysis: a step towards landslide risk assessment

In this paper, an attempt to analyse landslide hazard and vulnerability in the municipality of Pahuatlán, Puebla, Mexico, is presented. In order to estimate landslide hazard, the susceptibility,magnitude(area-velocity ratio) and landslide frequency of the area of interest were produced based on information derived from a geomorphological landslide inventory; the latter was generated by using very high resolution satellite stereo pairs along with information derived from other sources(Google Earth,aerial photographs and historical information).Estimations of landslide susceptibility were determined by combining four statistical techniques:(i) logistic regression,(ii) quadratic discriminant analysis,(iii) linear discriminant analysis, and(iv)neuronal networks. A Digital Elevation Model(DEM)of 10 m spatial resolution was used to extract the slope angle, aspect, curvature, elevation and relief.These factors, in addition to land cover, lithology anddistance to faults, were used as explanatory variables for the susceptibility models. Additionally, a Poisson model was used to estimate landslide temporal frequency, at the same time as landslide magnitude was obtained by using the relationship between landslide area and the velocity of movements. Then,due to the complexity of evaluating it, vulnerability of population was analysed by applying the Spatial Approach to Vulnerability Assessment(SAVE) model which considered levels of exposure, sensitivity and lack of resilience. Results were expressed on maps on which different spatial patterns of levels of landslide hazard and vulnerability were found for the inhabited areas. It is noteworthy that the lack of optimal methodologies to estimate and quantify vulnerability is more notorious than that of hazard assessments.Consequently, levels of uncertainty linked to landslide risk assessment remain a challenge to be addressed.     

Landslide distribution and sliding mode control along the Anninghe fault zone at the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau

Tibetan Plateau is known as the roof of the world. Due to the continuous uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, many active fault zones are present. These active fault zones such as the Anninghe fault zone have a significant influence on the formation of special geomorphology and the distribution of geological hazards at the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. The Anninghe fault zone is a key part of the Y-shaped fault pattern in the Sichuan-Yunnan block of China. In this paper, high-resolution topographic data, multitemporal remote sensing images, numerical calculations, seismic records, and comprehensive field investigations were employed to study the landslide distribution along the active part of the Anninghe. The influence of active faults on the lithology, rock mass structures and slope stress fields were also studied. The results show that the faults within the Anninghe fault zone have damaged the structure and integrity of the slope rock mass, reduced the mechanical strength of the rock mass and controlled the slope failure modes. The faults have also controlled the stress field, the distribution of the plastic strain zone and the maximum shear strain zone of the slope, thus have promoted the formation and evolution of landslides. We find that the studied landslides are linearly distributed along the Anninghe fault zone, and more than 80% of these landslides are within 2-3 km of the fault rupture zone. Moreover, the Anninghe fault zone provides abundant substance for landslides or debris flows. This paper presents four types of sliding mode control of the Anninghe fault zone, e.g., constituting the whole landslide body, controlling the lateral boundary of the landslide, controlling the crown of the landslide, and constituting the toe of the landslide. The results presented merit close attention as a valuable reference source for local infrastructure planning and engineering projects.     

地面滑坡信息图谱的浅析

地学信息图谱作为地学问题的一种研究思路和方法论 ,有助于深化地学现象和过程滑坡研究。从地球信息科学和滑坡学理解的滑坡信息图谱形式上有一定的差别 ,其研究内容也有一些异同。本文从地球信息科学的角度详细阐述了滑坡信息图谱方法的内容及具体应用 ,文中将滑坡信息图谱分解为滑坡征兆、诊断与实施图谱 ,用于辅助解决滑坡研究不同阶段和层次的方法论问题 ,其主要目的是提出并寻找 GIS对滑坡研究应用的途径和方法体系。     

地面滑坡信息图谱的浅析

地学信息图谱作为地学问题的一种研究思路和方法论,有助于深化地学现象和过程滑坡研究。从地球信息科学和滑坡学理解的滑坡信息图谱形式上有一定的差别,其研究内容也有一些异同。本文从地球信息科学的角度详细阐述了滑坡信息图谱方法的内容及具体应用,文中将滑坡信息图谱分解为滑坡征兆、诊断与实施图谱,用于辅助解决滑坡研究不同阶段和层次的方法论问题,其主要目的是提出并寻找GIS对滑坡研究应用的途径和方法体系。     

基于物理模型试验的多层滑带滑坡变形演化特征

滑坡变形演化特征一直是滑坡灾害预测与防治领域急需解决的关键问题, 但对于多层滑带滑坡的变形演化特征却少有研究。以物理模型试验为手段建立了三层滑带滑坡物理试验模型, 完成了多层滑带滑坡变形演化全过程的模拟。基于PIV技术获取坡表位移数据, 通过柔性测斜仪监测滑坡深部位移, 同时布设土压力盒获取滑坡内部土压力的变化情况, 实现了多层滑带滑坡演化过程多参量数据分析。试验结果表明, 多层滑带滑坡破坏过程可分为初始、等速、加速和破坏4个阶段。不同破坏阶段滑坡的主要变形区域不同, 下层滑体受到上层滑体牵引作用, 在重力和推力作用下滑坡变形逐渐向浅层发展。变形过程中滑坡应力逐渐向滑带集中, 滑坡推力沿埋深方向呈多级梯形分布。加速变形阶段滑带处应力迅速增大, 滑坡体内产生多层应力集中带, 滑带位置推力变化与滑坡位移显著相关。      

基于时序栅格的海洋异常事件提取方法

海洋异常事件（Marine Abnormal Event,MAE）可为区域海气相互作用和全球气候变化研究提供重要的时空特征参考,具有重要的科学意义。鉴此,本文基于长时间序列的栅格数据集,提出了一种海洋异常事件时空提取算法（Marine Abnormal Event Spatio-Temporal Extraction Method,MAESTEM）。MAESTEM的核心步骤包括事件的时间维度提取、事件的空间维度提取和事件追踪。在时间维度提取方面,将每一个栅格像元作为一维时间序列,计算其平均值和标准差作为判断每个时刻是否异常的标准,并根据异常持续发生的时间长短来提取时间维度的海洋异常事件（Temporal MAE,TMAE）。在空间维度提取方面,利用空间邻域统计方法,统计栅格像元的空间邻域中属于TMAE的个数,并通过空间维度异常判断规则获取空间维度的海洋异常事件（Spatial MAE,SMAE）。利用时刻状态的SMAE的空间拓扑关系,根据事件前后时刻覆盖的空间区域是否重叠以及事件持续的时间长短,实现异常事件的追踪。最后,通过提取太平洋海域1993年1月至2012年12月的月均海面高度异常（Sea Level Anomaly,SLA）事件,验证了该算法的有效性和实用性。     

黄河三角洲东营市土地利用“涨势图谱”的时空特征分析

本文在分析黄河三角洲环境生态特征的基础上 ,以 4 0年 (1 95 6～ 1 996年 )来 4期土地利用数据合成的土地利用系列图谱及其“涨势”变化图谱为基础 ,研究不同行政单元上“涨势图谱”的时空分布变化规律 ,并分析了耕地、盐碱地以及居民工矿用地在“涨势图谱”上的时空分布特征。