脂类生物标志物在海洋环境中的应用与研究进展

海洋沉积物中的脂类生物标志物可以提供丰富的信息,包括有机物质源,沉积过程的古环境条件等。由于脂类生物标志物提供的信息准确、稳定,成为研究海洋环境的有力工具。本文介绍了其在古气候效应、河口系统的有机物质检测、降解以及污染物溯源的研究应用进展。     

网络管理技术在海洋立体环境监测系统中的应用

对海洋环境立体监测系统中的网络管理问题 ,论述了网络管理方法对于海洋立体环境监测系统网络的管理技术 ,对如何有效地管理网络 ,如何为现有网络规划网络管理系统具有一定的意义     

Biomarkers of Exposure and Effects for Assessing Toxicological Risk of Endocrine Disrupters in Top Predators of the Mediterranean Sea

Abstract. Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) have the potential to alter hormone pathways that regulate reproductive processes in wildlife and fisheries. In this research the unexplored hypothesis that Mediterranean top predator species (such as large pelagic fish and marine mammals) are potentially at risk due to EDCs is investigated. In the Mediterranean environment, top predators accumulate high concentrations of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs) and toxic metals, incurring high toxicological risk. Here we illustrate the need to develop sensitive biomarkers for evaluation of toxicological risk in top marine predators (Xiphias gladius, Thunnus thynnus thynnus) and non-lethal techniques, such as non-destructive biomarkers, for the hazard assessment of threatened species exposed to EDCs, such as marine mammals ( Stenella coeruleoalba, Tursiops truncatus, Delphinus delphis and Balaenoptera physalus ).     

我国海洋环境科学与海洋监测技术的发展问题

阐述了海洋环境科学和海洋监测技术的国家需求和技术特点,介绍了"九五"海洋监测技术的发展和产业化的起步情况.     

南海北部海域表层沉积物底栖有孔虫分布特征及影响因素

有孔虫在海洋环境指示方面具有重要意义,对现代环境中有孔虫的分布及影响因素进行研究有助于利用有孔虫对地质历史时期的沉积环境进行还原。我国南海海域辽阔,南海有孔虫的相关研究很早便有报道。对我国南海北部海域表层沉积物中的底栖有孔虫分布特征进行了描述,研究区以玻璃质壳底栖有孔虫占主导,胶结壳其次,瓷质壳最少。根据底栖有孔虫的分布特征划分了4个底栖有孔虫组合,组合1为Heterolepa subpraecincta - Hanzawaia mantaensis - Rotalinoides gaimardii;组合2为Bulimina marginate - Lagena substriata;组合3为Elphidium advenum - Pararotalia nipponica;组合4 为Recurvoides contortus - Ammodisus cretaceous - Bulimina aculeata。对影响该区域底栖有孔虫分布的环境因素进行了探究,结果表明,温度、盐度、底质类型等对底栖有孔虫的分布均存在一定程度的影响,海流对研究区底栖有孔虫时空分布的影响值得进一步探究。     

中国海洋微塑料污染的研究现状与展望

塑料垃圾通过各种途径进入海洋,海洋塑料污染已成为全球性环境问题。本文系统总结了国内外塑料污染的研究历程与现状,发现直接或者间接来源的微塑料在环境中广泛积累,呈全球化分布趋势;重点探讨了我国微塑料的来源、分布以及污染形势和生态影响,发现我国微塑料污染形势严峻,覆盖范围广泛,甚至涉及食品安全领域。塑料的生物降解是受到高度关注的研究领域,本文通过对微塑料的生物降解途径的归纳,总结了塑料降解的过程、生物种类以及相关的降解酶等,以期为海洋微塑料污染的治理提供启示。目前微塑料污染已经引起世界各国的广泛关注,但对海洋环境中微塑料的鉴定以及污染物消除技术等研究极少,迫切需要开展相关研究工作。     

东海和黄海表层沉积物生物标志物的分布特征及古生态重建潜力

多参数生物标志物法已被广泛用于重建浮游植物生产力和种群结构.但目前还缺乏这一应用的现代证据,尤其是西太平洋边缘海地区.文中作者对东/黄海的表层沉积物中的浮游植物生物标志物的分布进行研究,发现东海表层沉积物中菜子甾醇、甲藻甾醇、长链烯酮的总含量变化范围为357～3 115 ng/g,黄海的总含量变化范围为2 898 ～6 714 ng/g,硅藻、甲藻和颗石藻生物标志物总量基本具有近岸高、离岸低的趋势,与现场调查资料所得到的趋势基本一致.生物标志物比例结果显示在东海的长江口方向离岸越远硅藻相对比例下降,而在长江口以南则是离岸越远硅藻比例升高.在东海和黄海颗石藻所占比例都很低,但是有离岸越远比例升高的趋势.用生物标志物所重建的种群结构的变化趋势与现场调查资料相符,但其绝对值却与现场资料存在差异.本研究为生物标志物重建种群结构提供了现代数据,但是此方法的定量应用还需做进一步的研究.     

Degradation and Mechanism of the Mechanics and Durability of Reinforced Concrete Slab in A Marine Environment

An experimental research was conducted to determine the corrosion and bearing capacity of a reinforced concrete (RC) slab at different ages in a marine environment. Results show that the development of corrosion-induced cracks on a slab in a marine environment can be divided into three stages according to crack morphology at the bottom of the slab. In the first stage, cracks appear. In the second stage, cracks develop from the edges to the middle of the slab. In the third stage, longitudinal and transverse corrosion-induced cracks coexist. The corrosion ratio of reinforcements nonlinearly increases with the age, and the relationship between the corrosion ratio of the reinforcements and the corrosion-induced crack width of the concrete is established. The flexural capacity of the corroded RC slab nonlinearly decreases with the age, and the model for the bearing capacity factor of the corroded RC slab is established. The mid-span deflection of the corroded RC slab that corresponds to the yield of the reinforcements linearly increases with the increase in corrosion ratio. Finally, the mechanisms of corrosion morphology and the degradation of the mechanical properties of an RC slab in a marine environment are discussed on the basis of the basic theories of steel corrosion in concrete and concrete structure design.     

胶莱运河的修建对莱州湾水交换及海洋环境影响初探

为研究莱州湾水交换对胶莱运河修建工程的响应,以及为海洋污染治理问题提供参考,以莱州湾为重点模拟区域建立了二维平面潮流和对流扩散模型,利用渤海、黄海、莱州湾地形及海洋环境资料,结合2018年莱州湾海水水质监测结果,初步分析了胶莱运河的修建对莱州湾海洋环境现状的影响.模拟结果表明,胶莱运河建成后年径流总量约为7.2×109...     

感应耦合技术在海洋声学同步测量中的应用

海洋声场环境研究需要对不同深度的海洋声学环境要素进行同步测量,而感应耦合数据传输技术可实现多个单通道水声测量仪之间的同步采集和记录。文中阐述了感应耦合数据传输技术的特点及其在海洋声学环境同步测量中的应用,介绍了一种利用感应耦合数据传输技术实现数据同步测量的声学浮标系统,详细描述了系统的方案设计、结构组成及感应耦合部分的关键技术。实验水池测试表明,该系统工作稳定可靠,数据同步性好,具有良好的应用前景。     

海洋污染环境保障系统构建以及中子活化分析方法的可能应用

介绍了针对中国海域海洋污染环境保障系统的研究进展,并阐述中子活化分析(Neutron Activation Analysis,NAA)方法在其中的可能作用。该系统基于对海洋三维流场的预报与分析,对海洋污染物可能的扩散路径与影响区域、污染源头的可能位置进行推测,并结合GIS技术整合相关的环境敏感信息,为将污染物造成的危害降到最低提供决策支持。基于该系统技术的渤黄海海洋污染物预测预警系统已经实现业务化运行多年,并在中国沿海污染事故应急中多次获得成功的经验。目前,针对重金属与放射性污染物的环境保障系统正处于理论实验阶段,由于NAA方法特别适合用于对部分重金属及放射性物质的检测,因此NAA方法对实现海洋重金属及放射性污染物的监测及预测预警具有非常重要的实用价值。     

Food sources of the pearl oyster in coastal ecosystems of Japan: Evidence from diet and stable isotope analysis

We estimated the composition of two food sources for the cultured pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii using stable isotopes and stomach content analysis in the coastal areas of the Uwa Sea, Japan. The δ¹³C values of oysters (−17.5 to −16.8‰) were intermediate between that of particulate organic matter (POM, −20.2 to −19.1‰) and attached microalgae on pearl cages (−13.0‰). An isotope mixing model suggested that oysters were consuming 78% POM (mainly phytoplankton) and 22% attached microalgae. The attached microalgal composition of the stomach content showed a strong resemblance to the composition of that estimated through the isotope mixing model, suggesting preferential utilization of specific components is unlikely in this species. These results indicate that P. fucata martensii feed on a mixture of phytoplankton and attached microalgae, and that the attached microalgae on pearl cages can serve as an important additional food source.     

Monitoring the recovery of a previously exploited surf-zone fish community in the St Lucia Marine Reserve,South Africa,using a no-take sanctuary area as a benchmark

Limiting accessibility to a fishing area can reduce fishing effort effectively and may therefore promote local recovery of depleted stocks. In January 2002, beach driving was banned in South Africa, thereby reducing angler access to large areas of the coastline, particularly in less-developed areas. In November 2001 a project had been established in the St Lucia Marine Reserve, on the east coast of South Africa, to compare surf-zone fish populations inside a no-take sanctuary zone with those in an adjacent exploited area. Subsequent to the ban, the aim of the project was adapted such that surf-zone fish populations were monitored for potential recovery in what had been the exploited area, located to the north of Cape Vidal, which anglers could no longer access easily, because of the prohibition on beach driving. Standardised research fishing was conducted at two sites in the previously exploited area and two sites in the no-take sanctuary. Conventional stock-status indicators showed evidence of recovery in the four most common species caught in the previously exploited area, in terms of both abundance and biomass. Generalised additive mixed models were used to account for the influence of targeting specific species; however, subtle differences in habitat between the sampling sites, improved angling skill over time, variability in recruitment, and differential species-specific responses complicated interpretation of results. The implications of the findings are discussed in terms of the future monitoring and management of marine protected areas both within the St Lucia Marine Reserve and farther afield.