超压盆地流体动力系统与油气运聚关系

流体动力系统是盆地流体分析中的核心问题。本文以莺歌海盆地和东营凹陷为例,分别探讨了泥-流体底辟型和盐底辟型盆地流体动力系统特征。研究表明,超压盆地内流体动力系统决定了不同成因流体流动的驱动机制和方询及流体域分布,进而控制油气运聚的全过程。     

沉积盆地中的流体活动及其成矿作用

盆地流体是指在沉积盆地演化过程中活动并参与了沉积物的各种成岩－后生变化的复杂流体相，包括来自盆地内部沉积物压实和相变所释放出的流体，以及主要由盆地边缘大陆隆起区补给的下渗大气降水。流体的流动机制主要有重力驱动流和压实驱动流两种。各种沉积有机质的广泛参与，乃是盆地流体区别于其它地壳流体的最基本特征。这对流－岩反应、对盆地流体及其周围环境的物理化学参数、对成矿金属迁移的形式和能力以及对成矿金属的沉淀就位等过程都有着十分重要的影响。盆地流体具典型的低温热液地球化学特性，流体的同位素组成和流体中的溶解组份与沉积物的特征以及沉积体系的空间分布密切相关。盆地流体广泛参与了沉积物的成岩、后生、成油、成气和成矿过程。沉积体系的空间分布（不均匀介质）、同沉积断裂体系、欠压实异常高压地层以及古地形联合控制着盆地流体的流动迁移和汇聚成矿。有关的矿床类型主要包括：沉积喷流型（ｓｅｄｅｘ型）矿床、密西西比式（ＭＶＴ）铅锌矿床、大陆砂页岩型矿床以及沉积岩容矿的微细浸染型金矿床等。我国南秦岭泥盆纪地层中的沉积喷流型铅锌矿床和滇黔桂金三角二叠纪－三叠纪地层中的微细浸染型金矿床都是盆地流体成矿的典型实例     

鄂尔多斯盆地砂岩型铀成矿中两种流体系统相互作用——地球化学证据和流体动力学模拟

鄂尔多斯盆地内的铀矿床多产在盆地的边部,并主要以侏罗系直罗组砂岩为主岩,铀矿体与从红色到绿-绿灰色、从氧化向还原过渡带中的热液蚀变密切相关。与铀矿化有关的后生矿物内流体包裹体研究曾得出60～180℃指示埋藏或热液环境的均一温度。铀矿化共生方解石和高岭石的C、H、O同位素组成研究表明,热液方解石的δ13CV-PDB为-14.0‰～2.7‰、铀成矿流体的δDV-SMOW和δ18OV-SMOW分别是-130‰～-94‰和-9.1‰～4.8‰,C和H同位素组成指示出大量C和H来自烃类的氧化。盆地内流体流动的数值模拟表明,在侏罗纪-白垩纪盆地边缘相对抬升和盆地内地层轻微变倾过程中,发育出2种流体流动系统,即渗出流和渗入流。渗出流系统受盆地上覆沉积压实作用产生的超压驱动,起源于盆地下部,从盆地中心下部流向盆地边缘浅部;渗入流系统受重力驱动,从盆地边缘向下流向盆地中心。笔者认为铀矿化的定位与这2种流体系统的混合过程密切相关,从侏罗系—白垩系渗滤出来的U6+被渗入的雨水流体搬运,当与渗出的富烃盆地流体相遇时,烃类将U6+还原为U4+,并在2种流体系统的过渡带铀矿物沉淀。2种流体系统间过渡带的位置受地形起伏大小控制。在白垩纪末...     

沉积盆地中地质流体运动与油气成藏

沉积盆地内地质流体运动的驱动力主要有压实作用、地下水重力作用、构造作用和进入盆地中的热流。在不同的驱动力作用下,地质流体可有离心流、向心流、穿越流以及幕式和集中式等不同的运动特征,对油气成藏的影响亦存在差异。在压实作用驱动下,油气藏围绕盆地生油中心成环状分布。在重力作用驱动下,油气主要聚集在地下水的低势区,如盆地的斜坡和中心,或地下水中下游的靠盆地一侧。构造作用驱动下的油气运移比较复杂,油气主要聚集在冲断层一侧,但也可以长距离运移到斜坡带聚集。     

浅谈地质流体与成矿作用

<正>流体不仅是地球的物质组分,而且是最活跃的组分,是地球几个圈层间质量、能量交换最直接的媒体。地质流体是一定地质作用的产物,而矿床的形成过与特定地质构造背景下地质流体的产生、运移和聚集有着密切联系。不同成矿流体的成矿机制各有差异。岩浆热液因温度降低、压力减小等因素使热液中成矿物质达到过饱和,从而产生矿质沉淀;沉积盆地含矿热卤水流体在热对流、沉积压实等作用下运移、充填、聚集;与海底基性火山活动有关的现代大洋海底热液形成硫化物矿床;地幔流体的     

微细粒浸染型金矿成矿新见解

关于微细粒浸染型金矿的成矿作用和矿床成因,以往有热卤水成矿说,渗流（滤）热液成矿说和改造作用成矿说;近年来,随着研究工作的深入,有学者提出了超压流体能成矿机制和议生油机制的新见解。 李思田等对扬子地台周缘及其邻近地区黑色细碎屑岩沉积岩系细粒浸染型金矿的成矿作用,引入了盆地整体分析的思路,提出超压流体能成矿机制,认为这类金矿床出现在活动古大陆边缘背景下形成的深水盆地,盆地可以看作是低温热化学反应器,在浊积岩系形成过程中,盆地不断沉降、压实,形成超压流体能,构成流体自驱动系统,不断运移成矿流体,以同…     

地下流体势的空间分布模式与油气运移聚集关系

利用流体势分析系统（简称ＦＰＡＳ）研究地下流体势分布模式，可克服井资料不系统的局限性，有效地大规模进行盆地下流体流动系统的研究，该方法技术在西藏伦坡拉盆地得到了很好的应用，得出了伦坡拉盆地具有“双层”结构的流体势分布特征，反映了西藏伦坡拉盆地所存原两大流体流动系统，即重力流系统和压实流系统，这两大系统在流体势内幕结构水化学场，地温场，流体流动方向等方面具明显不同的特征，它们对油气运移聚集起着不同的     

沉积盆地成岩作用的动力机制与时空分布研究若干问题及趋向

对成岩作用的物理—化学—生物过程的系统认识已经成为国际成岩作用研究的学术热点,而对沉积盆地尤其是化石能源盆地成岩作用重要性认识的加强,使得对成岩作用时空属性及其界定的精度要求愈来愈高。为此本文明确提出了在盆地动力学演化框架内,基于盆地沉积层序（岩石—矿物—化学体系配置）、埋藏、构造、流体格架分析,开展成岩作用时空分布研究的思路。进一步讨论了成岩作用的动力机制与时空分布研究若干问题和发展趋向,提出了应重视和开展地表温度变化对埋藏成岩作用,沉积结构及其矿物—化学体系对后期成岩改造的制约机理,断裂相、变形条带及其与碎屑岩储层裂缝或强压实改造关系,构造—流体活动耦合机制与流体—岩石相互作用效应等的研究建议。     

地质流体及成矿作用研究综述

地质流体是一定地质作用的产物，而矿床的形成过程与特定地质构造背景下地质流体的产生、运移和聚集有着密切联系。不同成矿流体的成矿机制各有差异。岩浆热液因温度降低、压力减小等因素使热液中成矿物质达到过饱和，从而产生矿质沉淀；沉积盆地含矿热卤水流体在热对流、沉积压实等作用下运移、充填、聚集；与海底基性火山活动有关的现代大洋海底热液形成硫化物矿床；地幔流体的碱交代作用形成大型一超大型中高温热液矿床。在具体的成矿过程中，各种构造环境又对流体中的成矿元素的分配、集中起到至关重要的控制作用。     

盆地流体及其成矿作用

盆地流体指在大陆性地壳基底上的沉积盆地演化过程中活动于沉积柱内的有机,无机复杂流体相,包括来自盆地内部由有机,无机沉积物压实和相变所释放出的自生流体和外来流体(盆地边缘隆起区补给的大气水和基底补给的流体)。盆地演化早期的沉积水地质阶段很可能以压实驱动流为主的自生流体占优势,而在晚期的渗入水地质阶段则以重力驱动流为主的外来流体。典型的低温热液地球化学特性和丰富有机组分的广泛参与,乃是盆地流体的两大突出特征。盆地流体广泛参与了沉积物的成岩一后生和成烃成矿过程。它既可以上升到达海底以沉积喷流的方式成矿,也可在海底以下的沉积柱中运移时遇到合适的地球化学障而发生沉淀卸载。献中报道的典型矿床类型主要包括沉积喷流型矿床,密西西比式铅锌矿床和大陆砂页岩型矿床。但在我国却发现了一批具有复杂成矿元素组合的重要矿床类型,包括沉积岩容矿的微细浸染型金矿床等。     

The effect of thermal history on the development of mineral assemblages during infiltration-driven contact metamorphism

 A one-dimensional model for coupled heat flow, fluid flow, and mineral reaction predicts the identity and spatial and temporal distributions of mineral assemblages produced during contact metamorphism of siliceous dolomite. Results are compared to mineral distributions predicted by transport models for fluid flow along steady-state temperature profiles and to mineral distributions observed in contact aureoles to assess whether a detailed analysis of heat flow is required to extract meaningful information of fluid flow history from field data. Results identify several mineral assemblages whose interpretation in terms of fluid flow is dependent on an understanding of their thermal history. Certain key mineral assemblages, however, are sensitive records of the geometry and amount of fluid flow but are insensitive to thermal history. The presence or absence of these mineral assemblages constrains the history of fluid flow during contact metamorphism of siliceous dolomite regardless of the details of heat flow. Occurrences of the key assemblages record both magmatic fluid flow in the direction of decreasing temperature (Alta, Elkhorn aureoles) and metamorphic fluid flow in the direction of increasing temperature (Beinn an Dubhaich, Kasuga-mura aureoles) during contact metamorphism. Time-integrated input fluid flux averages on the order of 100 mol/cm² with a range of ±1 order of magnitude. Received: 13 October 1995 / Accepted: 20 March 1996     

海底流体渗漏区的热流探测技术与方法

海底流体渗漏区往往伴随着丰富的海底资源,但具有区域较小、流体渗漏比较活跃、地质背景复杂等特点.为了更好地研究流体流动特征和富集资源等复杂问题,需要精细测量海底流体渗漏区的热流.通过总结各种热流探针的技术特点及海底流体渗漏区的热流特征,并结合最新的海洋地质调查发现,由机械手操控的热流探针,可以快速、准确地测量地质背景复杂的海底流体渗漏区的热状态.      

The potential for free and mixed convection in sedimentary basins

 Free thermal convection and mixed convection are considered as potential mechanisms for mass and heat transport in sedimentary basins. Mixed convection occurs when horizontal flows (forced convection) are superimposed on thermally driven flows. In cross section, mixed convection is characterized by convection cells that migrate laterally in the direction of forced convective flow. Two-dimensional finite-element simulations of variable-density groundwater flow and heat transport in a horizontal porous layer were performed to determine critical mean Rayleigh numbers for the onset of free convection, using both isothermal and semi-conductive boundaries. Additional simulations imposed a varying lateral fluid flux on the free-convection pattern. Results from these experiments indicate that forced convection becomes dominant, completely eliminating buoyancy-driven circulation, when the total forced-convection fluid flux exceeds the total flux possible due to free convection. Calculations of the thermal rock alteration index (RAI=q·∇T) delineate the patterns of potential diagenesis produced by fluid movement through temperature gradients. Free convection produces a distinct pattern of alternating positive and negative RAIs, whereas mixed convection produces a simpler layering of positive and negative values and in general less diagenetic alteration. Received, January 1999/Revised, June 1999/Accepted, July 1999     

FDEM-TH3D: A three-dimensional coupled hydrothermal model for fractured rock

This paper proposes a three-dimensional coupled hydrothermal model for fractured rock based on the finite-discrete element method to simulate fluid flow and heat transport. The 3D coupled hydrothermal model is composed of three main parts: a heat conduction model for the rock matrix, a heat transfer model for the fluid in the fractures (including heat conduction and heat convection), and a heat exchange model between the rock matrix and the fluid in the fractures. Four examples with analytical solutions are provided to verify the model. A heat exchange experiment of circulating water in a cylindrical granite sample with one fracture is simulated. The simulation results agree well with the experimental results. The effects of the fracture aperture, fluid viscosity, and pressure difference on the heat exchange between the fluid and rock are studied. Finally, an application concerned with heat transport and fluid flow in fractured rock is presented. The simulation results indicate that the 3D fully coupled hydrothermal model can capture the fluid flow and temperature evolution of rocks and fluids.     

镁铁质-超镁铁质层状岩体基本特征及岩浆作用

镁铁质-超镁铁质层状岩体可以产于多种构造环境,岩体具有典型的层状构造和韵律结构。层状岩体形成时主要的岩浆作用有重力分异作用、双扩散对流作用、压实作用、同化混染和岩浆混合作用等,其中重力分异作用很好地解释了层状岩体垂向上岩石类型的变化和矿物组分的变化,双扩散对流作用和岩浆混合作用在韵律层理形成过程中起了很重要的作用,而压实作用对岩浆演化晚期阶段补堆晶结构的形成作用明显,同化混染作用可改变岩浆的成分,导致岩浆分异产物的组成和成分的变化。堆晶结构的不同主要依赖于粒间液体的活动性和晶粥的渗透率,补堆晶结构形成需要高渗透率,而粒间液体不活动时将有利于正堆晶结构的形成。岩石组合、岩石结构、矿物组分及其变化规律很好地记录岩浆分异过程、岩浆补给等信息,可以用来讨论层状岩体的岩石成因:温度压力条件、原生岩浆及其演化过程等。     

Numerical modelling of orogenic processes and gold mineralisation in the southeastern part of the Yilgarn Craton,Western Australia

We use numerical modelling codes to simulate aspects of some current hypotheses for the origin of gold deposits and hydrothermal systems in the Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia. In particular, we investigate conceptual models advocating vertically continuous hydrothermal systems as well as those invoking extensive lateral flow and possible links with advection of heat by late orogenic granitic magmatism. Numerical models of part of the Eastern Goldfields Province and Southern Cross Province have been built with FLAC3D, to simulate crustal‐scale coupled interaction between deformation and fluid flow. These illustrate the potential for fluid focusing and mixing in shear zones, including downflow of meteoric water, lateral fluid flow driven by topographic elevation and upwards flow of fluids derived from melting and metamorphism in the deep crust. In some cases, downflow also occurs within the middle crust, at depths where fluid influx might trigger melting if the geothermal gradient were appropriate. The models indicate that tectonic wedging within a layered crust and diverging thrust systems that generate ‘pop‐up’ wedges may be important in facilitating efficient fluid upflow and downflow during uplift, while topographic elevation related to asymmetric thrust migration and loading tends to promote lateral fluid flow. However, the effect of topography appears more important than the precise depth or location of the site of fluid production in the deep crust. The effects of thermal convection and fluid‐fluid interaction have also been numerically modelled for a simplified section across the Kalgoorlie Terrane. Modelling under both hydrostatic and lithostatically overpressured pore‐pressure gradients has effectively delineated domains of convective fluid flow within the middle and upper crust, and has identified two generic sites that are favourable for fluid mixing, notably hangingwall and footwall environments in major shear zones, such as the Bardoc Shear, and in broad antiforms, such as the Goongarrie ‐ Mt Pleasant Antiform. The thermal effect of small plutons embedded in a regional metamorphic regime can cause significant lateral displacement of fluid convection patterns, over distances greater than pluton diameter, as well as more proximal effects on precipitation and dissolution of mineral species. However, these results are highly dependent on the pore‐pressure gradient and the permeability structure of the crust, and require magmatic and metamorphic fluid generation to be precisely timed with respect to deformation, thus reinforcing the dynamic feedback between deformation, magmatism and fluid production and migration.     

Modelling of rock alteration due to coupled heat and mass transport

 A three-dimensional computer model is presented for studying the interaction of heat and mass transport regarding the temporal and spatial evolution of sandstones. The model simulates coupled heat and reactive mass transport in porous rocks. In general, mineral solubilities in water are low. Therefore, large fluid volumes are required to flow through the rock to explain observed mineral cements in sandstones. Besides mass transport, pore fluids transport heat which modifies rock temperatures. Very high flow rates result in strong temperature modifications and, therefore, enhance diagenesis. Low flow rates often cannot account for observed cementation. The model results show the effect of advective, convective and conductive heat transport on temperature and diagenetic evolution of sandstones for two different flow systems in a simple geological environment. Received: 6 August 1996/Accepted: 18 December 1996     

Diagenesis of sandstones in the back-arc basins of the western Pacific Ocean

ABSTRACT Sandstones occur in back-arc basins of the western Pacific at DSDP sites 299 (Sea of Japan), 297 (northern Shikoku Basin), 445 and 446 (Daito-Ridge-and-Basin Province), 453 (Mariana Trough), 286 (New Hebrides Basin) and 285 (South Fiji Basin). These sandstones are dominantly volcaniclastic arenites derived from andesitic island arcs. The degree of sandstone diagenesis is dependent on original composition, burial rate, heat flow history of the basin, and timing of sandstone deposition with respect to rifting processes and associated high heat flow.
Sandstones containing a larger proportion of volcaniclastic components showed more diagenetic effects than sandstones containing a significant volume of other rock fragments and mineral components. Sandstones deposited during early stages of rifting (sites 445, 446) with a slow burial rate and high crustal heat flow showed the greatest degree of downhole diagenetic change. These diagenetic changes include early pore-space reduction and rim cementation by clay minerals followed later by calcite, and subsequent pore-fill cementation by clinoptilolite, heulandite, analcite and later calcite. Replacement of recognizable volcanic rock fragments by chert, calcite and zeolites was observed in the deepest part of the hole. Sandstones deposited after rifting under conditions of associated lower heat flow showed considerably less diagenetic changes, particularly if burial was rapid.
The high heat flow associated with earliest rifting, associated fluid circulation driven by thermal convection, and slow burial rate controlled the diagenetic history of these sandstones. Thus, timing of sandstone deposition with rifting stage and associated burial rates were key factors in controlling sandstone diagenesis in back-arc basins.     

Efficiency of compaction and compositional convection during mafic crystal mush solidification: the Sept Iles layered intrusion,Canada

Adcumulate formation in mafic layered intrusions is attributed either to gravity-driven compaction, which expels the intercumulus melt out of the crystal matrix, or to compositional convection, which maintains the intercumulus liquid at a constant composition through liquid exchange with the main magma body. These processes are length-scale and time-scale dependent, and application of experimentally derived theoretical formulations to magma chambers is not straightforward. New data from the Sept Iles layered intrusion are presented and constrain the relative efficiency of these processes during solidification of the mafic crystal mush. Troctolites with meso- to ortho-cumulate texture are stratigraphically followed by Fe–Ti oxide-bearing gabbros with adcumulate texture. Calculations of intercumulus liquid fractions based on whole-rock P, Zr, V and Cr contents and detailed plagioclase compositional profiles show that both compaction and compositional convection operate, but their efficiency changes with liquid differentiation. Before saturation of Fe–Ti oxides in the intercumulus liquid, convection is not active due to the stable liquid density distribution within the crystal mush. At this stage, compaction and minor intercumulus liquid crystallization reduce the porosity to 30%. The velocity of liquid expulsion is then too slow compared with the rate of crystal accumulation. Compositional convection starts at Fe–Ti oxide-saturation in the pore melt due to its decreasing density. This process occurs together with crystallization of the intercumulus melt until the residual porosity is less than 10%. Compositional convection is evidenced by external plagioclase rims buffered at An₆₁ owing to continuous exchange between the intercumulus melt and the main liquid body. The change from a channel flow regime that dominates in troctolites to a porous flow regime in gabbros results from the increasing efficiency of compaction with differentiation due to higher density contrast between the cumulus crystal matrix and the equilibrium melts and to the bottom-up decreasing rate of crystal accumulation in the magma chamber.     

成矿流体动力学的原理、研究方法及应用

流体流动是热液成矿作用不可或缺的一部分,其研究是建立成矿模式的重要组成部分。成矿流体动力学主要研究流体流动的驱动力、压力状态、流速、流动方向以及它们与矿床定位的关系。文中总结了成矿流体动力学的基本原理和方法,并对其在成矿作用研究和矿产勘查上的重要性和局限性进行了讨论。流体流动的驱动力可以是流体的超压、地势差、构造变形以...