Effectiveness of Dynamic Point Symbols in Quantitative Mapping

The main focus of this paper is the effectiveness of dynamic point symbols in the presentation of quantitative data. Such symbols are of particular use in the design of animated maps and computer games. The authors examine three existing techniques of using dynamic point symbols to present quantitative data: blinking, pulsation, and rotation. The aim of the study is to compare their effectiveness with that of classical cartographic animation techniques. The results of the study show that in animated map design, dynamic point symbols might be used to present not only qualitative but also quantitative data with comparable effectiveness. The results may serve as the basis for designing dynamic point symbols to be as effective as the classical techniques used in animated cartography.     

基于皮尔斯符号三元观的专题地图符号设计

作为专题地图的重要组成部分,符号始终受到广泛关注,不少学者对符号的设计方法提出了见解,然而少有学者从符号意义的角度系统研究地图符号设计。以皮尔斯的符号三元观为基础,结合专题地图特点,建立了"符号组成要素-符号表现层面-符号结构"的理论基础;并根据视觉变量的特征,阐述不同表现层面下的符号设计方法;以《深圳市地图集》中的3幅地图为例,介绍了具体的符号表达策略。     

以眼动实验为主的点状地图符号边框设计

地图符号设计是地图设计的重要组成部分,其中,用于表示不依比例尺小面积地物或点状地物的点状符号设计被广泛关注和探讨。综观目前常见的网络地图,特别是旅游网络地图,其点状地图符号设计方案大多尺寸相近,以象形符号为主,但边框设计有3种不同方案:对符号添加统一边框,对不同符号添加不同边框,以及不加边框。通过眼动实验,探究点状地图符号边框设计对用户认知地图的影响,比较上述3种方案所获取的不同认知效果,进一步研究网络旅游地图的点状地图符号边框设计方案。     

寻路地图设计中相关问题研究

以郑州市街头的寻路地图为例,对其设计现状进行了分析,指出了这些地图的特点和其在设计上存在的不足之处。根据寻路地图的目的和用户的特殊性,制作了寻路地图样图,并就其在定向和路线选择等方面进行了试验,对实验结果进行了分析和研究。结果表明地图内容、参考方向和地图符号是影响用户定向和路线选择的主要因素。以此为基础,得出了寻路地图设计中应当遵循的一些规律。     

Effectiveness and Efficiency of Map Symbols for Dynamic Geographic Information Visualization

The quality of dynamic map symbols plays an important role in the representation of spatial-temporal changes. This paper reports an investigation into the quality of dynamic symbols. To assess the quality of such symbols, a set of traffic flow data is used for the production of different kinds of dynamic maps, with focus on four variables, i.e. size, color, frame rate and display format. Two quantitative measures are used for analysis, i.e. deviation and response time. A set of traffic data is used for the production of dynamic maps for evaluation. The experimental results show that the size is more efficient and more effective than color for dynamic maps with the same frame rate and display format. The most efficient and effective color class number is 10 on the large format display such as 1024 × 768 pixels. And the most efficient and effective size class number is 15 on large format display such as 1024 × 768 pixels. The effective frame rate for dynamic map animation is smaller than that of the general animation on the Internet or Quick Time and AVI format video. The most efficient and most effective frame rate is 3 frames per second in the color expression and 6 frames per second in the size expression. In sum, the effective and efficient value of color, size and frame rate on large format display is less than the value on the small format display. These results suggest the frame rate should be reduced on the small format display. It is hoped that the results from this study will be of help in the design of effective and efficient dynamic map symbols for geographical information visualization.     

基于ArcGIS的地质符号库的设计与实现

符号是以图形的方式对地图中的要素进行描述,以找出并显示定性和定量关系。地质符号作为地质语言在地质图件的制作和输出中起着非常重要的作用。美国ESRI公司开发的ArcGIS是功能较强大的GIS软件,但是,其ArcMap模块中自带的符号库不能满足地质行业需求,因此,必须为它建立符合地质图图式要求的符号库。本文重点论述了在ArcGIS环境下地质符号库的设计方法,并分别讨论了点状符号、线状符号和面状符号的实现方式。     

基于不同类型底图的旅游地图符号设计

作为一种现代生活时尚中的旅游工具,旅游地图种类多样,需求量大。本文分析了旅游地图不同类型底图的表示特点和相互差异,探讨了不同类型底图上旅游地图符号的设计原则和方法,为更好地设计和制作旅游地图提供了依据。     

精品宁夏旅游地图的编制

从旅游地图的制图角度出发,分析了宁夏旅游地图的发展,找出其不足。本文提出制作精品宁夏旅游地图,从宁夏旅游地图的选题、色彩设计、地图符号设计、图面配置及整饰提出设想或建议,挖掘它的潜力,使之能成为宁夏独具特色的“旅游广告”,把宁夏旅游信息传递给来自各方的旅游者。     

THE ACCURACY OF VISUAL DETERMINATIONS OF STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS FROM MAPS

The authors address a range of issues connected with the visual representation and interpretation of statistical data on maps. Attention is focused on common behaviors of map users in determinations of various characteristics of map symbols. Results are reported from experiments testing the relationship between the accuracy of obtaining quantitative information on a map with the total number of symbols and number of scale levels [size classes] employed, the use (or non-use) of color in the symbolization scheme, etc. Translated by Larry Richardson, Los Angeles, CA 90039 from: Izvestiya Vsesoyuznogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva, 1989, No. 4, pp. 345–351.     

浅谈专题地图符号系统的设计

主要阐述编制综合性专题地图集时,符号系统设计应遵循的规则,涉及图集中经常用到的一些符号、图表符号制作,及构建这些符号系统时需要注意的细节问题,列举了一些制作专题地图符号、图表方法及对极值数据的处理方法。通过对编制专题地图符号极易出现的问题总结,可以在以后的编制地图集过程中,避免因制作专题符号不科学而引发读图人对数量指标估读的错误认知,从而做出错误的评价,实现专题地图符号的科学表达及具有可量算性特质。本文所列举事例均来自《河北省地图集》专题地图。     

Deconstructing Galbraith: A Geostatistical Analysis of Cartographic Intent

Abstract

This study uses cartometric techniques to reveal cartographic design considerations operative in Frank H. Galbraith’s 1897 railway mail service training maps. Galbraith’s maps make extensive use of humorous cartouches intended to serve as mnemonic devices for learning railway mail service routes. Poisson and quadrat point pattern analyses are performed on all eight maps in the series to determine whether the mimetic symbols are clustered along the railway mail routes or dispersed throughout the mapped spaces to achieve better graphic balance. Evidence overwhelmingly indicates that the placement of the mnemonic symbols was primarily driven by design considerations. The study therefore proves that it is possible to use cartometric techniques to deconstruct the map document to determine the cartographic design principles operative during the map's construction.     

一种专用矢量地图浏览服务器设计

以地图符号形式表达地理要素是GIS地理信息可视化的有效手段.目前Web GIS发布系统在复杂地图符号的表达能力、地图的快速发布和运行效率等方面存在一定的不足.为此,应用IE浏览器内容扩展技术,结合地图符号表达的特征,设计出面向基础地理数据的地图浏览服务器,给出地理数据类型可兼容的快速发布矢量地图文档结构.据此,开发基于...     

论我国国家基本地形图设计的改进

在调查研究和对我国国家基本地形图及其相应编绘规范和图式的分析研究基础上，参照国外许多地形图的设计，提出改进我国国家基本地形图设计的几个方面：改进国家基本地形图的比例尺系列及分档；地形图的设计文件需进一步标准化、规范化和系列化；国家基本地形图应适应时代发展的需要；改变我国地形图的旧面貌     

Arno Peters: The man and his map

Abstract

This paper shows an experiment with tactile maps designed for visually impaired persons. Tests were carried out on a tactile map produced with 3D printing and including a new type of tactile symbols, volumetric symbols (3D). These symbols are localized faster than conventional flat relief symbols, with the same error rate, an improvement in the use of these tactile devices. Moreover, following tests, differences were found between types of participants with blind participants generally carrying out the proposed tasks better than the rest of users.     

Map Symbols for Crisis Mapping: Challenges and Prospects

Crisis maps and visualizations utilized routinely by international agencies, humanitarian organizations, and non-governmental organizations for aid and relief activities commonly require complex sets of map symbols. However, effective map symbology for humanitarian relief purposes entails several challenges, including consideration of the following: (1) taxonomy development, (2) symbol design issues, (3) promulgation and sharing of map symbols, and (4) standardization of symbols within and among organizations. This paper discusses these key challenges to the design and use of crisis map symbology through a review of the cartographic literature as well as results collected from a survey targeted at humanitarian organizations from around the world. The survey was designed to gather information on current symbology design and use practices in order to understand common challenges. Survey results confirm agreement in the persistence of these four primary symbology challenges, especially the importance of intuitive symbol design. Respondents disagreed most about the adequacy of current crisis map symbology standards as well as the ease in which standards may be implemented within and across organizations. Survey results suggest the need for expert systems designed specifically for symbology design to support humanitarian relief activities.     

浅析中国古地图符号表示方法

地图内容是通过地图符号来表达的,随着地图所承载的内容不断丰富以及对地图精度的要求不断提高,地图符号也在不断地发展演变。基于此,通过研究从战国到清朝的有代表性的中国古地图,围绕中国古地图符号象形这一最大的特点,总结了中国古地图符号的山水画法、抽象画法和符号化3种表示方法,阐述了中国古地图符号表达方式的变化。     

Point grid map: a new type of thematic map for statistical data associated with geographic points

ABSTRACT

Social, economic, and environmental statistical data associated with geographic points are currently globally available in large amounts. When conventional thematic maps, such as proportional symbol maps or point diagram maps, are used to represent these data, the maps appear cluttered if the point data volumes are relatively large or cover a relatively dense region. To overcome these limitations, we propose a new type of thematic map for statistical data associated with geographic points: the point grid map. In a point grid map, an input point data set is transformed into a grid in which each point is represented by a square grid cell of equal size while preserving the relative position of each point, which leads to a clear and uncluttered appearance, and the grid cells can be shaded or patterned with symbols or diagrams according to the attributes of the points. We present an algorithm to construct a point grid map and test it with several simulated and real data sets. Furthermore, we present some variants of the point grid map.     

The World of Touch: Results of an International Survey of Tactile Maps and Symbols

Abstract

This paper reports the findings of an international survey that collected data on production methods, techniques, outputs and design preferences among tactile map producers, designers and researchers worldwide. A number of consistencies and inconsistencies are identified and we speculate on the extent to which the current state of tactile map production is likely to meet the needs of the client population. We describe the sample on which the report is based, the output in terms of quantity of maps produced, choice of production method, types of environment mapped and intended uses of maps. We also focus on issues of map design, such as the choice of map size and format, and choice of symbols.     

专题地图符号的句法结构及其自动构建机制

专题地图符号的构建是一个复杂的智能过程,可以通过句法结构对专题地图符号的语义关系进行规范,便于其自动生成。分析了专题地图符号的符号类型、内在结构及其设计模式,提出了基于音位（符号构成元素）-词（单个符号）-句（组合或复杂符号）的专题地图符号自动构建模型,定义了词间语义关系、句法关系等,并给出该模型的xml定义描述。通过该模型描述,每个专题符号可以由图元、结构法则、词间关系三个属性明确定义出来。系统讨论了该机制的设计模式,并给应用系统的形式化描述及集成应用。