一种动态绘制无交叉法线坡面线的新算法

研究一种动态绘制任何形状的无交叉法线坡面线的新算法,用以克服传统手工绘制复杂坡面线及原有自动化技术的不足。并证明基于＂实交点定理＂及其＂补充定理＂的算法是生成无交叉坡面线的充分条件。进一步说明使用该算法可以动态绘制地形图所需要的任何形状的法线自然（加固）斜坡、崩崖、陡崖、陡石山、堤岸等图式符号。最后,通过三组试验验证算法的有效性,分析算法的特点及影响因素。     

坡度截断对分布式土壤侵蚀学坡长提取的影响

地形是影响土壤侵蚀的重要因子, 分布式土壤侵蚀学坡长是地形因子的重要参数。坡长与土壤侵蚀过程相适应, 在一定条件下停止累计而截断。坡度变化是坡长提取的截断条件之一, 但坡度变化对提取结果的影响研究还不够深入。以数学曲面和黄土高原县南沟流域的数字高程模型作为数据源, 使用LS_TOOL方法提取坡长, 并对坡度变化引起的坡长截断结果进行对比和主成分分析。结果表明, 下坡坡度减小幅度越大, 坡度截断效果越明显; 坡度小于2.86°的截断参数R₁和坡度大于或等于2.86°的截断参数R₂与坡长最大值和坡长平均值均正相关; 在黄土高原地区, 陡坡、沟道较多, 相对R₂的影响, R₁对坡长的影响较小。坡度变化的截断设置在R₁>0.7, R₂>0.5时, 坡长变化较明显, 建议黄土高原地区侵蚀坡长的坡度截断设置值为R₁=0.7, R₂=0.5。     

一种由粗到精的边坡形变检测方法

现代化工程建设的过程会形成很多边坡,而这些边坡一旦遭到意外破坏,会对人民的生命财产安全造成巨大威胁。因此,对边坡进行持续的形变检测至关重要。地面激光扫描技术（TLS）是一种现代化的边坡检测手段。基于此,本文提出了一种由粗到精的边坡形变检测方法。对于经过良好配准的两期边坡点云,该方法首先计算两期点云的最近匹配点距离,并进行粗检测。在精检测阶段,首先估计出形变的大致方向;然后依据该方向向量搜寻快速点特征直方图（FPFH）最相似的点作为对应点;最后计算点到对应点所在平面的距离值作为形变量。试验表明,本文方法可以有效计算出边坡实际的形变量,具有实用价值。     

Nepal highway alignment survey and aspects of integrated approach for route alignment study

Satellite and aerial remote sensing techniques can provide useful, indicative information on most of the factors that are pertinent to a good route location. This information because it is obtained quickly, economically, and with fair to excellent dependability for large areas, can then be translated into better planning, design and constructions as well as lower maintenance cost. The Nepal highway project involved, besides study of geology, the mapping and delineation of land facets through which the route would pass, and included the study of (i) rock, (2) soil, (3) weathering, (4) slopes, (5) landslides, (6) hydrology and (7) construction material availability in an integrated manner. Remote sensing techniques helped in efficient selection of potential route than could have been possible by conventional ground techniques alone.     

An Algorithm to Determine the Slope of the Spectral Absorption of Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) and Detritus

A simple method to determine the slope of spectral variations of combined absorption of the colored dissolved organic matter and detritus (CDM) is presented. This method uses the slope of total absorption spectrum excluding contribution of waters in lieu of slope for the CDM. The errors in slopes using the new method decreased with increase in contributions of CDM to the total absorption. The relative errors were less than 10% when CDM contributions were above 60% and even at very low contributions of CDM of 25%, errors in the slopes were less than 40%. For estuarine and coastal waters rich in CDM, the errors in the slopes for CDM were less than 10% using this simple method. Absorption of CDM derived using the slope with the new method in a semi-analytical algorithm QAAV6 showed improved performance with RMSE of 0.07, 0.0119 and 0.0027 at 405, 555 and 665 nm respectively and with R² > 0.95 at all spectral range. The method provided values of spectral absorption due to CDM with fewer errors when validated with the satellite derived data from MODIS and SeaWiFS. This method to determine the slope of CDM could be easily implemented in any model, as it was very generic in nature, simple, did not involve any mathematical model and avoids empirical methods. Since the method is also independent of any specific bands, it can be used for most ocean color satellites. Considering the performance of this new method and applicability for most water types, it was considered as a better option to derive the slope of CDM than using a constant value or deriving the slope with empirical method.     

多桩段工程边坡3维建模方法研究

使用多桩段边坡的角点数据插值生成边坡场景的地形数据,运用OpenGL的自动化技术实现了多桩段边坡的3维建模。使用分块纹理映射的方法,克服了OpenGL渲染机对影像纹理大小的限制。应用低分辨率纹理映射和选择边坡增强纹理分辨率的映射的方法实现了场景的快速建立和漫游,解决了对多桩段边坡的大场景渲染效率与分析时需要的视觉效果的冲突问题。研究成果能够被用于实际工程中,为边坡的辅助设计提供了支持。     

无人机多光谱影像的天然草地生物量估算

地上草地生物量是衡量天然草地生态系统的重要指标,是草地资源合理利用和载畜平衡监测的重要依据。为了快速、准确、有效地估算天然草地地上生物量,掌握其变化规律,以天山北坡天然牧场为研究区,分析其地上生物量的时空分布特征。根据研究区阴坡与阳坡不同的草地类型和植被种类,利用多旋翼无人机获取的高分辨率多光谱影像(含近红外波段),结合地面实测数据,在进行天然草地地上生物量与植被指数相关性分析的基础上,运用回归分析方法,建立生物量和多种植被指数的估算模型。结果表明:考虑地形因子(阴阳坡)之后,植被地上生物量与各植被指数的相关性系数显著提高;不同坡向,同一植被指数拟合精度差异较大;同一坡向,各个植被指数的敏感性也有所不同。总体上,比值植被指数(RVI)与阴阳坡草地生物量拟合效果最好,模型精度均达到75%以上。利用植被指数建立的生物量估算方法结果与实际相符,可为天然草地生态系统检测和草地资源合理利用提供方法和依据。     

多桩段工程边坡3维建模方法研究

使用多桩段边坡的角点数据插值生成边坡场景的地形数据，运用OpenGL的自动化技术实现了多桩段边坡的3维建模。使用分块纹理映射的方法，克服了OpenGL渲染机对影像纹理大小的限制。应用低分辨率纹理映射和选择边坡增强纹理分辨率的映射的方法实现了场景的快速建立和漫游，解决了对多桩段边坡的大场景渲染效率与分析时需要的视觉效果的冲突问题。研究成果能够被用于实际工程中，为边坡的辅助设计提供了支持。     

Effect of slope steepness parameter computations on soil loss estimation: review of methods using GIS

In the analysis of soil loss equation, the researchers have suggested two methods of deriving the slope steepness parameter. One method is having percentage slope term, while the other method is having sinθ as its term. In this paper, both the methods were analysed and compared in soil loss computation using Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, over a Gangapur catchment area in India, having steep slopes. The soil loss rates derived were 0.98 million tonnes per year in case of steepness parameter derived by sinθ and 1.226 million tonnes per year in case of steepness parameter derived by percentage slope term. The observed rate of soil loss is 1.23 million tonnes per year. This methodology of soil loss estimation was also validated with similar catchment of Punegaon dam. It is concluded that for medium to steep terrain, percentage slope method estimates more accurate soil loss than other empirical methods for slope steepness estimation.     

ANALYTICAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY APPLIED TO NEPALESE SLOPE MORPHOLOGY

Site procedures and methods of analytical close range photogrammetry are described. The derived data are discussed in relation to the geomorphology of unstable hill slopes in Nepal. Acquisition of low cost multispectral aerial photography for a study of overall slope erosion is also described.     

集成地质、力学信息和监测数据的滑坡动态模型

首先假设边坡滑坡体为刚体，建立边坡滑坡的动态模型，由此建立卡尔曼滤波的系统方程。边坡的力学状态通过卡尔曼滤波与边坡变形观测的数据联系起来了。模型的不确定性(模型误差)是通过建立的虚拟观测方程来考虑的。与已有的方法不同的是，所建立的方法不仅利用包含在观测中的统计信息，而且能利用边坡滑坡的有关力学状态和地质条件所提供的信息。最后，以一实例论证方法的可行性。     

一种从LIDAR数据提取城区DTM的方法

由机载激光扫描系统获取的点云数据,可以直接生成扫描区域的数字表面模型,但要想提取数字地面模型还须对点云数据进行分类处理。提出了一种获取数字地面模型的方法,其主要思路是利用原始的激光数据构建二维三角网,从而构建数字表面模型。通过分析数字表面模型的坡度进行初始的分割,剔出坡度较大的三角形。经过初步的分割之后,通过连通区域分析来获取每个分割区域的特征,提取出裸露地表高程,从而由点云数据构建出数字地面模型。     

对渐进三角网点云数据滤波算法的改进

针对渐进三角网滤波算法（PTD）进行拓普康LiDAR点云数据处理过程中易将地物点误判为地面点的缺陷,本文提出两种改进方法。一种是采用局部坡度拟合法对PDT算法进行改进,将点云数据按高程值与拟合坡面法求解的拟合高程值的差由小到大进行排序,将为地面点可能性更大的点优先判定,从而获取更加精确的TIN;另一种是引入薄板样条曲线（TPS）插值法,对PTD算法进行改进,将PTD中候选点判断参数改为TPS法中的弯曲能量增长值,从而减少误判。结果表明,使用以上两种改进算法,综合考虑第1类误差和第2类误差影响,在大部分地形特征下比传统PTD算法表现更优,对低矮植被、桥、斜坡等特殊地物的滤波效果更佳。     

Measuring and modeling the speed of human navigation

Navigation, the goal-related movement through space and time to reach a destination, is a fundamental human activity. Geographers, physiologists, anthropologists, and psychologists have long been interested in the spatial and temporal aspects of navigation speed. Hikers, search and rescue teams, firefighters, the military, and others navigate on foot, and their success depends on understanding how the dynamics of foot-based navigation affect individual capabilities. This research modeled the speed of movement of humans engaged in navigation in wooded environments with varied terrain. Movement models were developed using spatiotemporal analysis of multiple subjects’ trajectories. Speed estimates were collected via satellite positioning from 200 subjects engaged in foot-based navigation. Trajectory data were merged with land-cover data to analyze human navigation over varying slopes and terrain. Generalizing these characteristics provided a model of navigational speed of movement from an origin to a destination along an unknown route. Tobler’s hiking function and Naismith’s rule were used in an analysis of the trajectory data. The model created from this study was shown to outperform those classic human movement speed estimators by predicting route completion time within 10% accuracy (M = 11.1min, 95% CI [9.8, 12.4] min). These models help explain the human dynamics of navigation.]     

Exploring Geomorphometry through User Generated Content: Comparing an Unsupervised Geomorphometric Classification with Terms Attached to Georeferenced Images in Great Britain

User generated content such as the georeferenced images and their associated tags found in Flickr provides us with opportunities to explore how the world is described in the non‐scientific, everyday language used by contributors. Geomorphometry, the quantitative study of landforms, provides methods to classify Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) according to attributes such as slope and convexity. In this article we compare the terms used in Flickr and Geograph in Great Britian to describe georeferenced images to a quantitative, unsupervised classification of a DEM, using a well established method, and explore the variation of terms across geomorphometric classes and space. Anthropogenic terms are primarily associated with more gentle slopes, while terms which refer to objects such as mountains and waterfalls are typical of steeper slopes. Terms vary both across and within classes, and the source of the user generated content has an influence on the type of term used with Geograph, a collection which aims to document the geography of Great Britain, dominated by features which might be observed on a map.     

卫星测高数据的沿轨迹重力异常反演法及其应用

本文给出了一套基于直角坐标系下的垂线偏差求解重力异常公式 ,并将之发展成为一套新的沿轨迹重力异常求解公式。与其他方法相比 ,本方法无须求解交叠点处沿轨迹和跨轨迹方向的海面高斜率 ,仅需计算沿轨迹方向的海面高斜率 ,因而更为简洁、有效 ,而且分辨率可以更高并可与真正的沿航迹实际船测重力相比较、验证。据此 ,利用 Geosat/GM、ERS-1 /35天及TOPEX/Poseidon三种测高数据 ,反演了南中国海域 (0°～ 2 5°N,1 0 5°～ 1 2 2°E)的 2′× 2′重力异常—— IGG-S。通过与实际船测资料和国际同行提供的重力模型相比 ,IGG-S总体精度达到1 0× 1 0 - 5ms- 2。     

激光雷达回波模型辅助的坡地森林冠层高度反演

大光斑激光雷达数据已广泛应用于森林冠层高度提取,但通常仅限于地形坡度小于20°的平缓地区。在地形坡度大于20°的陡峭山区,地形引起的波形展宽使得地面回波和植被回波信息混合在一起,给森林冠层高度提取带来巨大挑战。本文利用激光雷达回波模型和地形信息,提出了一种模型辅助的坡地森林冠层高度反演算法。该方法以激光雷达回波信号截止点为参考,定义了波形高度指数H50和H75,使用激光雷达回波模型与已知地形信息模拟裸地的激光雷达回波,将裸地回波信号截止点与森林激光雷达回波信号截止点对齐,利用裸地回波计算常用的波形相对高度指数RH50和RH75,对森林冠层高度进行反演。并与高斯波形分解法和波形参数法的反演结果进行了比较。研究结果表明:(1)利用所提取的波形指数RH50和RH75对胸高断面积加权平均高(Lorey’s height)进行了估算,在坡度小于20°时,高斯波形分解法、波形参数法和模型辅助法的估算结果与实测值线性拟合的相关系数(R2)分别为0.70,0.78和0.98,对应的均方根误差(RMSE)分别为2.90 m,2.48 m和0.60 m,模型辅助法略优于其他两种方法;(2)在坡度大于20°时,高斯波形分解法、波形参数法和模型辅助法的R2分别为0.14,0.28和0.97,相应的RMSE分别为4.93 m,4.53 m和0.81 m,模型辅助法明显优于其他两种方法;(3)在0°—40°时,模型辅助法对Lorey’s height估算结果与实测值的R2为0.97,RMSE为0.80 m。本研究提出的模型辅助法具有更好的地形适应性,在0°—40°的坡度范围内具备对坡地森林冠层高度反演的潜力。     

机载LiDAR点云密度对DEM精度的影响

机载激光雷达技术(LiDAR)作为一项先进的遥感技术,是植被覆盖区DEM获取的重要手段之一,而不同地形坡度条件及点云密度对DEM产品质量有重要影响。本文以辽宁省某市的机载LiDAR数据为基础,选取5种不同地形坡度的点云数据,通过随机、等间距及基于曲率3种不同的点云抽稀方法,按照点云保留率为80%、60%、40%、20%和10%共5个不同梯度的抽稀倍数对原始点云进行抽稀简化处理,生成与之对应的DEM并对其进行精度评价,以此研究地形坡度、点云抽稀方法、抽稀倍数对DEM精度的影响。结果表明,DEM精度与地形坡度呈负相关关系,即RMSE随地形坡度升高不断增加;基于曲率的抽稀方法在地形坡度＞30°时,相较于其他两种方法RMSE较小,具有明显优势;40%的点云保留率是平衡DEM精度与数据存储效率的一个节点,当点云保留率<40%时,DEM的高程RMSE会迅速增大。该研究对于利用机载LiDAR进行大范围DEM生产具有一定的指导和借鉴意义。     

基于改进A*算法的无人航道测量船路径规划方法

无人航道测量船由于具有低成本、高效率、便捷等优点,在航道测量领域受到越来越多的关注。在避碰过程中,为保证无人航道测量船测量数据的有效性,新规划的避碰路线应尽可能地与原规划测量航线一致。针对传统A*算法所规划的路径在避开障碍物之后无法快速回到预设航线上的问题,提出了一种改进的A*算法。该算法主要是在原始代价函数的基础上,新增了一个与当前点到预设航线的垂直距离相关的代价值,且该代价值的取值与无人航道测量船所处的位置相关。首先在MATLAB仿真环境下对改进A*算法进行仿真实验,然后利用无人航道测量船实船平台开展航行验证实验并进行围栏分析。实验结果表明,相比于传统A*算法,在保证安全的前提下,改进A*算法能够使无人航道测量船在避开障碍物之后更快地回到预设航线。     

坡度分级对地面坡谱的影响研究

地面坡度是最重要的地形定量指标之一,建立科学合理的地面坡度分级体系对坡度进行科学研究具有重要的意义。总结了近些年在坡度分级研究方面的已有成果,利用高精度1∶10000 DEM数据为信息源,提取了不同分级的坡谱,研究了不同分级方法及等差分级的不同级差对地面坡谱的影响。结果表明:不同的坡度分级法可以获得不同的地面坡谱表达;自定义分级法得到的坡谱对具体的应用有实际指导意义,模式分级法可以更好地表达地表形态;3°等差分级的坡谱在实际研究中更具适用性。