时空地图与视觉变量

时空地图是显示随时间变化所历过程的地图，既可能是静态的也可能是动态的。本文分析了时空地图的表现形式，对其视觉变量作了初步探讨，认为视觉变量应当由６个静态变量和３个动态变量构成。     

国内实景影像地图中涉密敏感内容的判定及处理方法

近年来,实景影像地图逐渐走入百姓生活,为广大用户提供了更为直观的互联网地图位置服务,优势明显。但正是由于其展示街拍实景的特点,如果处理不当,则极易造成危害国家安全的泄密事件。因此,对实景影像地图中存在的涉密风险,以及对可能出现的涉密敏感内容保持清醒的认识显得十分重要。本文结合国家法律法规对上述问题进行了分析、归纳,并针对各类涉密敏感内容的特点分别提出了行之有效的处理方法。     

公路电子地图数据的处理

电子地图的制作是GIS系统建立的基础,具有非常重要的意义。要把GIS应用于公路信息化的建设必须对公路电子地图进行规范化的处理。本文详细介绍了公路地图处理的各个步骤:地图投影的定义、公路方向的纠正和合并、地图桩号的赋值和地图拓扑关系的生成。     

基于地图空间认知的室内消防救援地图设计

室内地图可为消防救援提供有效的空间信息服务。探索面向消防救援的室内地图空间认知规律,使室内地图能够更好地描述特定的室内环境,更切合消防救援人员的认知需求;借鉴传统地图的空间认知过程,探讨了面向消防救援需求的室内地图空间认知过程,提出了3种不同消防救援空间认知视角的室内空间划分方法和基于空间认知的室内消防救援地图设计原则,为面向消防救援室内地图的制作与使用提供了理论支撑。     

Map Design Evaluation for Mobile Display

How to effectively represent spatial information on handheld mobile devices is a key question, given the increasing use of personal digital assistants (PDAs) and cell phones concurrent with the development of location-based services. The mobile use of digital maps on small displays presents new capabilities and challenges that differ from using paper maps in a mobile setting or viewing digital maps on a desktop computer. This research addresses these issues through a study that evaluated maps on a mobile device used for a field-based navigation task. Map representations at two levels of generalization were compared by analyzing subject performance in a pedestrian route-following task, in which a handheld computer was used as a navigation aid. Subject time and accuracy as well as interaction with the mobile device during the task were measured. The results carry implications for map design for small, mobile displays and identify factors that affect the use of maps while moving. Maps are and will increasingly be used on small displays in mobile contexts for a variety of purposes and in many different environments. The requirements and preferences of mobile users, as well as how these maps are used in different contexts, must be understood in order to inform more effective designs.     

John Keates and Recreation Mapping: Personal Recollections

Abstract

John Keates is very well known for his numerous scholarly contributions to cartography as an academic discipline and science. However, throughout his career, he was also very actively involved in the design and production of maps. Mostly these were specialized thematic maps produced as the result of scientific research in the field sciences, especially in geology, glaciology and vegetation studies. However, during the 1970s he was much involved in the design and production of a considerable number of maps for recreation purposes, including maps for orienteering. Many of these maps were regarded at that time as being extremely innovative in terms of their cartographic design and layout. The article outlines the development of what became known as the 'Glasgow' style of map design John Keates' involvement with recreation maps in the 1970s.     

IndoorTubes A Novel Design for Indoor Maps

Efforts within cartography on indoor maps have previously not received a lot of attention. Work that has been carried out on indoor maps often focus on map design very similar to an architectural style (Klippel et al. 2006; Ciavarella and Paternò 2004). In some cases the design has been of a more novel character where approaches with augmented and virtual realities have been carried out (Radoczky 2007; Müller et al. 2006). Common to these approaches is the depiction of one floor per map. As well, the primary user task is often solely personal navigation. In this article I present an innovative approach to indoor maps. The design is directly inspired by underground tube maps first developed by Harry Beck (Garland 1994) and today a common design for public transport maps. The main advantages of the map design are its simplicity and the possibility of including all floors in one map view. This allows the map user to easier comprehend the structure of the building without using several maps, as commonly needed with today's indoor map designs. I present several different map styles each intended to satisfy different user groups and tasks depending on the user's familiarity with the environment. In addition the article motivate for new application areas suitable for indoor maps, especially large hospitals. I hypothesize that the design proposed in this article leans very well to displaying real-time dynamic geospatial information, such as patients, staff, equipment and room availability within hospitals. Due to the early phase of the work presented here I outline the needed further work and possibilities of technological platforms as well as evaluations necessary in order for the design to gain acceptance and success.     

Constrained regularization of digital terrain elevation data

A framework for geometric regularization of elevation maps is introduced in this letter. The framework takes into account errors in the data, which form part of standard elevation maps specifications, as well as possible additional user/application-dependent constraints. The algorithm is based on adapting the theory of geometric active surfaces to the problem of regularizing elevation maps. We present the underlying concepts and numerical experiments showing the effectiveness and potential of this theory.     

基于核密度估计方法的地图色域分析

针对地图制图中色彩选择较为困难的问题,该文收集国内外优秀地图、地图集、著作等上成功的设色方案,提取大量地图色彩样本。利用核密度估计方法,分析各类地图的常用色域区间,作为地图配色时的基色调。根据大量的地图色彩样本,利用定量的数学方法以及数据挖掘方法,探索地图色域特征分布规律。最后以收集的人口地图和环保地图颜色样本为例进行实验分析,对比证明本文方法能够很好地缩小地图色域选择区间,方便制图者根据地图种类选择颜色。     

模糊类别制图的空间统计学方法

类别地图是地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）应用中所利用的重要数据类别。这类数据可以从摄影测量和遥感技术得到。用摄影测量方法（影像判读）制作的类别地图常以点、线和多边形的离散目标形式描述,而遥感图像分类方法输出的类别地图以连通光栅块形式表达。不论哪一种情况,在每一个多边形或者光栅块（即制图单元）中仅允许单一类别,边界内部非均匀性和模糊形已经被“过滤”了。这样的类别地图沿用了古曲脆集合论,因为每个制图单元只允许     

Topographic Maps to Support Courses for Visually Impaired Students

Abstract

This short paper describes an inexpensive method for making topographic maps to support visually impaired students. The maps are mainly for courses in geology and ecology, but maps for walking and other recreational purposes have also been produced. The method is not well suited to reproduction of multiple copies, but work is continuing to investigate replication. The paper also considers the choice of materials, scale (including vertical exaggeration) and optimum methods of labelling to meet the needs of both blind and partially sighted students. The project concentrates on making tactile maps affordable, and shows that these can be effective despite using simple tools and techniques from low cost (sometimes free, scrap) material.     

基于MapInfo的土地利用信息系统设计与开发

针对土地信息变更频繁、数据量越来越大的现状,应用MapInfo设计开发了土地利用规划系统。通过该系统实现对现状图和规划图的管理,并对现状图实现面积统计,对规划图实现利用结构统计,通过现状图与规划图的比较,发现土地用途的变化。     

顾及视觉规律的行政区划图自动着色回溯法

行政区划图着色需要顾及区域配置、色彩平衡和用户意图等。本文从视觉规律出发,在给定配色模板前提下,研究了图面色彩协调、色彩对比和视觉平衡的定量化方法,并建立了行政区划图着色效果的评价模型。在此基础上,本文提出了行政区划图自动着色的面积均衡约束回溯法。试验结果表明,本方法能较好地顾及行政区划图着色过程中的视觉规律,满足制图要求。     

国家测绘局最新发布的《中华人民共和国地图》在MapInfo中的使用方法

国家测绘局于2006年7月在网站上正式发布了一套《中华人民共和国地图》和《世界地图》。为了方便大家的使用,本文介绍了利用MapInfo地理信息系统,对《中华人民共和国地图》进行配准的方法,使得用户可以在MapInfo系统中,非常方便地在地图上添加各种以点、线、面等要素内容。本文同时给出了用程序控制使用地图的过程,给出了经纬度投影到地图、地图坐标转换成经纬度的转换公式,并在网上给出了全部地图配准后的TAB文件及VB控制程序。     

地图上文字符号性质辨析

文字是地图上不可缺少的要素之一。本文从符号学的角度论证了地图符号与文字符号的关系，文字符号对于地图的重要意义，进而分析了文字符号移植到地图上之后其性质、功能的改造演变，并将地图上的文字区分为本义文字符号、文字注记符号和文字图形符号三种类型，指出其不同的功能和特点。     

等高线高程自动标注算法的研究

随着数字测图时代的来临,传统纸质图上的等高线逐渐被数字化形式的等高线图(层)所取代,数字等高线的生成与处理已成为了GIS中的一个研究的热点,然而数字等高线高程自动标注算法的人性化仍是一个有待解决的问题。本文依据人们的读图习惯进行了标注的位置和密度研究,提出了一种新的等高线高程自动算法。实验证明,该算法的结果已基本满足人们的读图习惯。     

Geological mapping of Jharia Coalfield,India using GRACE EGM2008 gravity data: a vertical derivative approach

High-resolution satellite gravity data of gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE) generated by Earth Gravity Model-2008 (EGM2008) have been utilised for geological mapping of the Jharia coalfield. The generated GRACE EGM2008 classical gravity data have been processed for estimation of gravity anomaly map. The gravity anomaly map has been enhanced using the first and second Vertical Derivatives techniques. Geological and structural maps of the study area have been overlapped over different derivative maps to analyse the correlation with the subsurface geological structures of the study area. Major distinct geological signatures, on different derivative maps, are correlated well with the existing geological map. Moreover, vertical derivative maps of the gravity data generated from GRACE EGM2008 model provide better agreement and understanding for geological setting of the Jharia coalfield.     

数字地图无缝连接及漫游的基本方法

针对目前数字地图应用中通常只使用单幅地图，从而在功能上受到一定限制的情况，本文提出实现多幅地图无缝连接并能漫游的设想，说明了实现这种功能的方法。     

地图在鄂州市水产资源决策中的应用

根据地图信息论,利用地图全面准确掌握湖北省鄂州市的水资源,并利用地图数据进行分析、决策,在此基础上,预测2005年的发展。     

Experiments in the Design of 1:100 000 Scale Topographic Mapping for Great Britain

Abstract

Most European countries have a national topographic map series at 1:100 000 scale, but currently Great Britain does not. The history of mapping at or around 1:100 000 in Britain is described briefly and consideration given as to why such a scale would be appropriate for a national series of mapping aimed at tourist and leisure users. The main focus of the article is to review a series of 1:100 000 scale maps of two sample areas of Great Britain, produced in the style of various western European medium scale topographic maps. Two further design examples are produced combining desirable characteristics of the maps examined. The results show both that many of the designs translate well to 1:100 000 scale maps of the British landscape and that there is considerable potential for a topographic base at this scale providing a basis for a national series aimed at tourist and leisure users.