地理空间可视分析及其研究方向综述

介绍了可视分析的概念和内涵,分析了可视分析与可视化、地理空间可视分析等概念的关系。研究了地理空间可视分析的概念和内涵,在此基础上提出了地理空间可视分析的5个重要研究方向:面向可视分析的地理空间数据转换;多维地理空间数据的深层可视化表达和分析;地理空间可视分析推理;地理空间数据的协同可视分析和决策;地理空间数据可视分析工具的设计和评估。     

地理空间元数据可视化设计及关键技术研究

依据信息可视化技术的特点,研究地理空间元数据单要素和多要素可视化方法;构建地理空间元数据可视化的设计流程和逻辑模型,分析影响可视化设计的主要因素及可视化技术的应用条件,并设计两个方面的交互方式;研究可视化实现的关键技术,包括数据的多层次组织和显示,基于空间特征的关联属性获取以及元数据的可视化映射。通过原型系统的实验,证明可视化模式的有效性。     

Representation and its Relationship with Cartographic Visualization

A research agenda is presented which addresses the current role and potential of map displays. By considering the geospatial data used in visualization, the form and design of maps, the purposes for which map displays are created, the nature of the map user community, and the technology employed to visualize geospatial data, a thorough overview of the nature of cartographic visualization is given. Under the same themes, and sourced in cartographic tradition, cartographic practice and technological opportunities, a series of possible research avenues are highlighted. The important links between representation and the user interface, map user cognition and the geospatial database are stressed.     

Cartography-Oriented Design of 3D Geospatial Information Visualization – Overview and Techniques

In economy, society and personal life map-based interactive geospatial visualization becomes a natural element of a growing number of applications and systems. The visualization of 3D geospatial information, however, raises the question how to represent the information in an effective way. Considerable research has been done in technology-driven directions in the fields of cartography and computer graphics (e.g., design principles, visualization techniques). Here, non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) represents a promising visualization category – situated between both fields – that offers a large number of degrees for the cartography-oriented visual design of complex 2D and 3D geospatial information for a given application context. Still today, however, specifications and techniques for mapping cartographic design principles to the state-of-the-art rendering pipeline of 3D computer graphics remain to be explored. This paper revisits cartographic design principles for 3D geospatial visualization and introduces an extended 3D semiotic model that complies with the general, interactive visualization pipeline. Based on this model, we propose NPR techniques to interactively synthesize cartographic renditions of basic feature types, such as terrain, water, and buildings. In particular, it includes a novel iconification concept to seamlessly interpolate between photorealistic and cartographic representations of 3D landmarks. Our work concludes with a discussion of open challenges in this field of research, including topics, such as user interaction and evaluation.     

政务地理空间大数据研究进展综述

近年来,地理空间大数据引起了产学研及政府部门的高度关注,甚至引发了许多变革。面向电子政务的地理空间大数据技术为政府信息管理和决策提供了新的手段。本文在阐述政务地理空间大数据的内涵及特点的基础上,重点梳理了政务地理空间大数据处理的关键技术,包括政务地理空间大数据整合、存储与管理、挖掘与分析、可视化以及决策支持服务技术,最后分析了当前和未来政务地理空间大数据所面临的机遇和挑战。     

AR技术在GIS可视化中的应用及方法研究

地理数据的增强现实可视化技术,是地理信息科学可视化的一个重要的发展方向之一。首先,笔者详细地综述了国内外AR技术在GIS可视化领域的应用。针对基于真实视频影像表达地理数据的问题,笔者构建了该可视化系统的概念模型;并以户外山区地形数据和影像数据为基础,详细地阐述了AR技术可视化地理数据的原理和方法;最后,实现了以视频影像为载体的地理数据AR可视化方法。与传统地理数据的可视化方式相比,AR可视化表达方式更简单直观,真实感更强。     

基于SuperMap iServer的福建省统计信息系统设计

福建省统计信息系统是基于地理空间信息框架和WebGIS下的一种统计数据直观表达与可视化的发布方式,结合了目前主流的RIA技术,以SuperMap iServer作为GIS应用服务器,采用SuperMap iClient for Flex作为网络客户端GIS开发平台,在Flex Builder平台进行二次开发,设计出一个既具有良好的用户交互界面,操作简单的福建省统计信息系统,实现了统计数据的Web发布、查询、专题图可视化等,系统的建设可为社会经济信息的分析利用以及政府辅助决策提供参考。     

GeoGraphViz: Geographically constrained 3D force-directed graph for knowledge graph visualization

Knowledge graphs are a key technique for linking and integrating cross-domain data, concepts, tools, and knowledge to enable data-driven analytics. As much of the world's data have become massive in size, visualizing graph entities and their interrelationships intuitively and interactively has become a crucial task for ingesting and better utilizing graph content to support semantic reasoning, discovering hidden knowledge discovering, and better scientific understanding of geophysical and social phenomena. Despite the fact that many such phenomena (e.g., disasters) have clear spatial footprints and geographic properties, their location information is considered only as a textual label in existing graph visualization tools, limiting their capability to reveal the geospatial distribution patterns of the graph nodes. In addition, most graph visualization techniques rely on 2D graph visualization, which constrains the dimensions of information that can be presented and lacks support for graph structure examination from multiple angles. To tackle the above challenges, we developed a novel 3D map-based graph visualization algorithm to enable interactive exploration of graph content and patterns in a spatially explicit manner. The algorithm extends a 3D force directed graph by integrating a web map, an additional geolocational force, and a force balancing variable that allows for the dynamic adjustment of the 3D graph structure and layout. This mechanism helps create a balanced graph view between the semantic forces among the graph nodes and the attractive force from a geolocation to a graph node. Our solution offers a new perspective in visualizing and understanding spatial entities and events in a knowledge graph.     

Hypercube-Based Visualization Architecture for Web-Based Environmental Geospatial Information Systems

The geospatial field significantly influences the development of the environmental domain, including a wide range of geospatial and cartographic information systems, such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Multimedia Atlas Information Systems (MAIS) and more recently web-based GIS (Web-GIS). In this context, we introduce web-based environmental geospatial information systems (Web-EGIS) as a special case of Web-GIS, aiming to integrate the functionalities of geospatial information systems with the enormous quantity of specialized, distributed and highly heterogeneous environmental geo-referenced data and services. We define three main characteristics of the Web-EGIS. The first is a generic hypercube-based data organization and visualization. The next characteristic is a standard-based, three-tier service-oriented architecture. The third and last characteristic is the traceability of the architectural and design decisions, for which we introduce the new concept of an ‘Environmental Application Context’, arguing that not only the functional but also the non-functional requirements (NFRs) have an important role in defining the architecture, software components and data services of such systems. In a nutshell, a Web-EGIS is characterized by a coherent user experience through the hypercube-based visualization concept, technically supported by a service-oriented architecture that is structured according to an extensive analysis of NFRs. On this basis, we introduce the Geodata visualization and interactive training environment (GeoVITe) Platform for Interdisciplinary Environmental Research as a reference implementation of a Web-EGIS with its basic design requirements, integrative hypercube-based visualization for heterogeneous data sources, extended web cartography functionalities, and its de facto system architecture. The concept of the hypercube-based visualization is better transferred to the system architecture by understanding the ‘Environmental Application Context’ of this particular Web-EGIS, which also makes it easier to maintain and enhance. The resulting system is a support platform for research activities in the environmental domain.     

Geovisualization illustrated

In recent years, the visualization of geospatial data has undergone dramatic and important developments. Next to static maps, nowadays, immersive and highly interactive virtual environments can be used to explore and present dynamic geospatial data. Additionally, the World Wide Web has developed into a prominent medium to disseminate geospatial data and maps. In visualizing geospatial data, methods and techniques from fields, such as scientific visualization and information visualization, are applied because of the large volumes of data at hand. This has accumulated in what is known as geovisualization—the use of visual geospatial displays to explore data and through that exploration to generate hypotheses, develop problem solutions and construct knowledge. Maps and other linked graphics play a key role in this process. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the usefulness of geovisualization and, in particular, how alternative graphic representations can stimulate the visual thought process. This is demonstrated by applying geovisualization techniques to Minard's well-known map of Napoleon's 1812 campaign into Russia, the “Carte figurative des pertes successives en hommes de l'Armee Française dans la campagne de Russie 1812–1813” (http://www.itc.nl/personal/kraak/1812/).     

可视化空间数据挖掘研究综述

空间数据挖掘针对的是更具有可视化要求的地理空间数据的知识发现过程,可视化能提供同用户对空间目标心理认知过程相适应的信息表现和分析环境,可视化与空间数据挖掘的结合是该领域研究发展的必然,并已成为一个研究热点。论文综述了空间数据挖掘和可视化的研究现状,重点阐述了空间数据挖掘中的可视化化技术及其应用,并对可视化空间数据挖掘的发展趋势进行了阐述。     

共用战场态势信息系统研究综述

共用战场态势信息系统是数字化的战场空间信息集成平台和可视化显示系统。总结了战场感知与战场可视化的概念、发展历史和遇到的问题;通过几个COP项目,介绍了共用战场态势信息系统产生的背景和当前研究现状;通过总结相关的研究活动,分析了共用战场态势系统的关键技术和研究思路;最后预测了共用战场态势系统的发展趋势。     

Automatic search of geospatial features for disaster and emergency management

Although the fast development of OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) WFS (Web Feature Service) technologies has undoubtedly improved the sharing and synchronization of feature-level geospatial information across diverse resources, literature shows that there are still apparent limitations in the current implementation of OGC WFSs. Currently, the implementation of OGC WFSs only emphasizes syntactic data interoperability via standard interfaces and cannot resolve semantic heterogeneity problems in geospatial data sharing. To help emergency responders and disaster managers find new ways of efficiently searching for needed geospatial information at the feature level, this paper aims to propose a framework for automatic search of geospatial features using Geospatial Semantic Web technologies and natural language interfaces. We focus on two major tasks: (1) intelligent geospatial feature retrieval using Geospatial Semantic Web technologies; (2) a natural language interface to a geospatial knowledge base and web feature services over the Semantic Web. Based on the proposed framework we implemented a prototype. Results show that it is practical to directly discover desirable geospatial features from multiple semantically heterogeneous sources using Geospatial Semantic Web technologies and natural language interfaces.     

Spatio-temporal evaluation matrices for geospatial data

The global geospatial community is investing substantial effort in providing tools for geospatial data-quality information analysis and systematizing the criteria for geospatial data quality. The importance of these activities is increasing, especially in the last decade, which has witnessed an enormous expansion of geospatial data use in general and especially among mass users. Although geospatial data producers are striving to define and present data-quality standards to users and users increasingly need to assess the fitness for use of the data, the success of these activities is still far from what is expected or required. As a consequence, neglect or misunderstanding of data quality among users results in misuse or risks. This paper presents an aid in spatio-temporal quality evaluation through the use of spatio-temporal evaluation matrices (STEM) and the index of spatio-temporal anticipations (INSTANT) matrices. With the help of these two simple tools, geospatial data producers can systematically categorize and visualize the granularity of their spatio-temporal data, and users can present their requirements in the same way using business intelligence principles and a Web 2.0 approach. The basic principles and some examples are presented in the paper, and potential further applied research activities are briefly described.     

Harnessing the power of immersive virtual reality - visualization and analysis of 3D earth science data sets

ABSTRACT

The availability and quantity of remotely sensed and terrestrial geospatial data sets are on the rise. Historically, these data sets have been analyzed and quarried on 2D desktop computers; however, immersive technologies and specifically immersive virtual reality (iVR) allow for the integration, visualization, analysis, and exploration of these 3D geospatial data sets. iVR can deliver remote and large-scale geospatial data sets to the laboratory, providing embodied experiences of field sites across the earth and beyond. We describe a workflow for the ingestion of geospatial data sets and the development of an iVR workbench, and present the application of these for an experience of Iceland’s Thrihnukar volcano where we: (1) combined satellite imagery with terrain elevation data to create a basic reconstruction of the physical site; (2) used terrestrial LiDAR data to provide a geo-referenced point cloud model of the magmatic-volcanic system, as well as the LiDAR intensity values for the identification of rock types; and (3) used Structure-from-Motion (SfM) to construct a photorealistic point cloud of the inside volcano. The workbench provides tools for the direct manipulation of the georeferenced data sets, including scaling, rotation, and translation, and a suite of geometric measurement tools, including length, area, and volume. Future developments will be inspired by an ongoing user study that formally evaluates the workbench’s mature components in the context of fieldwork and analyses activities.     

A study-based ranking of LiDAR data visualization schemes aided by georectified aerial images

Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) collects dense 3D topographic information in the form of points. LiDAR data can be displayed either through direct rendering of the point cloud or by generalizing features extracted through classification or segmentation. We are working in the domain of visualizing LiDAR data sets and have developed certain pipelines for visualization. These pipelines have been presented elsewhere. We present a technique for the evaluation of visualization schemes for LiDAR data, by conducting a visualization experience survey for 13 pre-processing and visualization schemes where 60 participants rated these schemes on a 10 point scale on a questionnaire. The paper establishes a ranking for the different visualization schemes described herein. Finally, this paper establishes that our heuristic-based algorithm (presented elsewhere) performs almost equal to a classification-based visualization pipeline made using professional software. We believe that the presented technique can be used to assess other geospatial visualization schemes.     

CAD中遥感影像数据转换与可视化实现

在GDAL开源栅格空间数据转换库的基础上,利用ObjectARX开发工具,研究Au-toCAD环境中遥感影像数据转换与影像地图可视化的方法。以某市遥感影像为数据源进行实例验证,取得了较好效果,为实现AutoCAD图形数据与遥感影像数据的叠加应用提供了可行的解决方案。     

一种基于地形轮廓匹配的地理数据AR可视化新方法

地理数据的增强现实可视化技术,是地理信息科学可视化的一个重要的发展方向.作者针对结构特征明显的区域,初探了增强现实技术在地学可视化领域的应用.首先,分别提取视频影像数据的可视轮廓和DEM地形数据的水平轮廓,将两种地形轮廓匹配,实现地理数据的地理坐标系与视频影像的图像坐标系之间的配准,最后模拟了地理数据基于视频影像的AR...     

Interface Design for Geographic Visualization: Tools for Representing Reliability

Digital "softcopy" maps are becoming the norm—replacing static paper maps in applications from wayfinding to scientific research. As a result, the design of interface tools that allow users to manipulate map parameters effectively and efficiently is likely to become as fundamental to cartography as the design of maps themselves. This article presents some principles for the design of interfaces to geo-referenced data. These principles are summarized in a hierarchical approach to interface design with conceptual, operational, and implementational levels. This hierarchical approach leads designers from questions about the goals of the system and the users of that system to the creation of tools to accomplish those goals and interface controls that allow effective interaction with the tools. The article goes on to describe the application of these principles to a prototype geographic visualization system designed for exploration of spatial data sets and visualization of reliability of both data and data abstractions associated with environmental change. The prototype involves a synthesis of concepts and methods derived from cartography, scientific visualization, and exploratory data analysis into a system for exploratory spatial data analysis and spatial decision support.     

基于开放互操作标准的分布式地理空间模型共享研究

传统的单机环境和封闭式网络环境由于有限的资源利用能力, 难以充分支持分散地学数据、模型等资源的共享与应用集成。基于网络环境的信息交换特点, 提出了分布式地理空间模型共享的服务体系。该体系以数据、模型、元数据等互操作要素为核心, 通过网络将数据、模型等网络节点进行开放式耦合。针对地理空间模型服务的互操作问题, 提出了分布式环境下的模型共享服务交互接口, 该接口定义了模型服务元数据、模型服务的交互操作、模型服务的通讯方式等交互规则, 尽可能地降低模型服务与模型终端之间在数据交换、功能调用等方面的互操作困难。为了降低将模型共享为模型服务的实现难度, 设计和开发了地理空间模型共享平台, 并介绍了在该平台上发布地理空间模型的2种方法。最后介绍了研究成果在Prairie生态模型共享方面的应用实践。