Intelligent Visualisation and Information Presentation for Civil Crisis Management

This paper describes an ongoing research work on developing methods for effective visualisation support for situation analysis, decision making, and communication in the course of disaster management. The major goals are to reduce the information load of the analyst, decision maker, or information recipient without omission of anything important and to ensure quick and accurate comprehending of the information. The work embraces the issues of selection of the relevant information and defining the appropriate level of detail, data preparation (aggregation and other transformations), and selection of the appropriate methods for visual representation depending on the user's tasks or communication goals, recipient's profile, and the target presentation medium. A practical outcome from the research will be a knowledge base that can be used to support analysis, decision making, and information communication in emergency situations. A great part of the knowledge, specifically, knowledge on data transformation and representation, is generic and can be used for different applications.     

石油天然气管线信息可视化实现

随着地理空间信息技术、计算机技术的发展,GIS以其强大的分析功能应用于各类工程项目中。本文论述了怎样利用GIS的空间分析功能,实现陕京津石油天然气输配气二期工程管线信息的可视化,从而改变了传统的手工图纸标绘方法,并通过运用直观形象、颜色逼真的立体地貌效果,提高了用户对石油天然气管线信息的了解与掌握,有助于决策者正确合理地进行管线维修、管理、设计等方面的决策。     

GIS and people with visual impairments or blindness: Exploring the potential for education,orientation, and navigation

GIS, with their predominantly visual communication of spatial information, may appear to have little to offer people with visual impairments or blindness. However, because GIS store and manage the spatial relations between objects, alternative, non-visual ways to communicate this information can be utilized. As such, modified GIS could provide people with visual impairments access to detailed spatial information that would aid spatial learning, orientation, and spatial choice and decision making. In this paper, we explore the ways that GIS have been, and might be, adapted for use by people with visual impairments or blindness. We review current developments, report upon a small experimental study that compares the ability of GIS-based and various adaptive technologies to communicate spatial information using non-visual media, and provide an agenda for future research. We argue that adapted GIS hold much promise for implicitly improving the quality of life for visually impaired people by increasing mobility and independence.     

GIS中属性不确定性的处理方法及其发展

属性数据的不确定直接影响决策的准确性和可靠性,特别是对侧重于属性分析的领域,在研究属性不确定性的基础上,分析了GIS中的主要处理方法及其研究进展,具体地就基于GIS的模型,概率论及数理统计学,模糊集合,云理论,粗集等方法及进展进行讨论.     

环境监测信息空间表征技术研究与应用

随着环境问题的日益凸显及公众对环境问题的日益关注,如何将污染分布及发生规律、环境质量状况及变化趋势以科学、准确、直观的方式进行展示并以浅显易懂的方式传递给广大公众,是摆在环境管理者面前的一个问题.本文提出了环境监测信息空间表征定义,并介绍了基于GIS、大数据技术的环境监测信息空间表征的主要形式,包括:①点数据的空间表征;②线数据的空间表征;③面数据的空间表征;④三维可视化空间表征;⑤随时间变化的空间信息表征,以及各空间表征方法在环境监测中的应用.     

Spatial Prediction of Landslide Hazard Using Fuzzy k-means and Dempster-Shafer Theory

Landslide databases and input parameters used for modeling landslide hazard often contain imprecisions and uncertainties inherent in the decision‐making process. Dealing with imprecision and uncertainty requires techniques that go beyond classical logic. In this paper, methods of fuzzy k‐means classification were used to assign digital terrain attributes to continuous landform classes whereas the Dempster‐Shafer theory of evidence was used to represent and manage imprecise information and to deal with uncertainties. The paper introduces the integration of the fuzzy k‐means classification method and the Dempster‐Shafer theory of evidence to model landslide hazard in roaded and roadless areas illustrated through a case study in the Clearwater National Forest in central Idaho, USA. Sample probabilistic maps of landslide hazard potential and uncertainties are presented. The probabilistic maps are intended to help decision‐making in effective forest management and planning.     

GSPP a general surface representation module designed for geodesy

GSPP is a computer program system which has been developed for the purposes of automatically determining and representing gravity field surfaces like the geoid, the field of gravity anomalies or deviations of the vertical at prescribed altitude, etc. The system processes gravity field information given by a heterogeneous set of linear functionals of the anomalous potential superimposed by noise, and provides automatically gravity field surfaces in terms of profiles, contour maps and/or 3-dimensional representations. The solution is generally based on least-squares collocation; for a homogeneous data set, a simple weighted average interpolation is available as well. Based on the given data, surface function values at the grid points of a regular rectangular grid are predicted. The representation of the surfaces is smooth using bicubic spline functions. GSPP has a control unit which performs all necessary decision processes and such reduces the user’s decision making to a minimum. The system has been designed for geodetic purposes only; however, because of its versatility and flexibility it presents itself also for applications in other geosciences.     

专题制图决策支持系统的设计

专题制图中有很多决策问题,如何建立一个专题制图决策支持系统是本文要讨论的问题。本文对下面的问题进行了讨论和介绍;专题制图决策支持系统的总体设计、子系统间的信息交换、地图表达手段、数据处理方法等。     

街区式居民地多尺度表达不确定性分析

本文对街区式居民地多尺度表达的不确定性进行了分析,认为制图综合是街区式居民地多尺度表达存在不确定性的根本原因,并挖掘探讨了街区式居民地多尺度表达不确定性的本质及其分类。针对街区式居民地多尺度表达的各类不确定性,重点分析并确立了用街区式符号表达居民地时的不确定性类型及评价指标和方法。本文的研究成果可以应用于街区式居民地多尺度表达尺度转换方法优劣及产品不确定性的评估。     

流域水环境监测管理系统设计与应用——以云南松华坝流域为例

流域水环境监测管理系统建设将对当地水环境信息化建设和业务部门工作效率提高起到促进作用,为水环境管理与保护决策提供必要依据。文章对信息采集、传输、主要技术和系统总体结构做了研究.介绍了系统功能和实现方法。系统本着低成本、开发简单、快捷、方便的原则,采用可视化开发工具、GIS组件、Access数据库集成模式,开发C/S结构的应用系统。系统实现了基本GIS功能、信息管理、水质模拟、水环境容量计算、污染源分析等功能,满足当前业务数据分析管理需要,达到了一定辅助决策的目的。     

基于模糊综合评判的选址空间决策支持系统

传统的选址空间决策支持系统的数学模型难以全面考虑复杂、抽象的选址影响因素,难以把一些模糊的约束条件纳入数学模型,因而模型存在一定缺陷。利用模糊综合评判进行选址空间决策支持系统的研究,可以充分利用GIS的空间和非空间信息,且考虑的因素更为全面,极大地避免了人为因素的影响,是对选址决策支持系统数学模型的改进。     

WebGIS房产交易信息发布系统的构建

针对传统的房产交易信息发布系统采用文字形式对房产交易信息、房产地理位置、周边环境等情况进行描述,文字描述抽象、含糊的问题。为了构建一个地理位置可视化、地理位置精确化、提供辅助决策的房产交易信息发布系统,依托基础地理信息服务平台,以天地图为基础底图,叠加房产专题数据,采用Silverlight框架技术,开发建立基于WebGIS的房产交易信息发布系统。系统不仅为大众提供了房产信息文字、图片,而且实现了房产地理位置可视化和地理分析,为大众提供基于地理位置的选房辅助决策。本文通过丹东市房产交易信息发布系统阐述研究成果的具体应用,奠定了丹东智慧选房的空间信息基础。     

Integrated Framework for the Simulation of Biological Invasions in a Heterogeneous Landscape

In the integrated framework presented in this article, a geographical information system serves as a shell to integrate spatial, dynamic and stochastic perspectives of biological invasions in a coherent workflow. A decision tree model stratifies the landscape with respect to spatial susceptibility and builds the spatial biophysical structure for the simulation of species invasion. A dynamic diffusion model evaluates the temporal changes of species to provide the dynamic parameters for the simulation. A simulation model derived from percolation theory simulates species invasion by combining spatial and dynamic information, and explicitly representing spatio‐temporal patterns of invasions within the GIS‐percolation environment. The simulation illustrates the great influence of spatial structure and connectivity of landscape on the diffusion of the species.     

遥感卫星影像K-SVD稀疏表示去噪

常规的去噪方法在去除遥感卫星影像噪声时,往往会造成影像模糊和空间分辨率下降。本文将稀疏表示理论应用于遥感卫星影像去噪,提出了一种改进算法,能够保留低频信息不变,仅对影像的高频信息进行稀疏重建。算法核心是按照是否能够从过完备字典中选择较少原子进行稀疏表示的原则来区分高频信息中的有效信息和噪声。通过3组实验对改进算法与传统去噪方法进行对比检测,实验结果表明,改进算法在去除噪声的同时,能较好地突出影像的边缘和细节信息。     

Obstacle‐limited service coverage: A new geospatial approach

Service coverage is a crucial component of spatial decision‐making involving facility siting. Determining coverage requires knowledge about travel behavior and accessibility across a region, as well as supporting methods of measurement and derivation when actual travel cannot necessarily be observed. When service is provided using vehicles that move freely without the restriction posed by roads (e.g., airplanes, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles/drones, boats, ships, and submarines), straight‐line travel is regularly assumed. However, this common assumption is often violated by geographical obstructions, resulting in overestimated service coverage. To date, no methods have been developed capable of accounting for obstacle‐limited service coverage. Existing methods either completely ignore obstructions or crudely estimate impacts on travel. In this research, we develop a novel method, ESP‐Cover, capable of deriving accurate obstacle‐limited coverage without introducing representation errors. A location siting problem involving drone‐based package delivery is presented to highlight the necessity of explicitly accounting for obstacles in system design. The assessment results demonstrate the importance of accurate derivation of the obstacle‐limited coverage for spatial decision‐making and the accuracy of the ESP‐Cover method in coverage derivation.     

How to Assess Visual Communication of Uncertainty? A Systematic Review of Geospatial Uncertainty Visualisation User Studies

Abstract

For decades, uncertainty visualisation has attracted attention in disciplines such as cartography and geographic visualisation, scientific visualisation and information visualisation. Most of this research deals with the development of new approaches to depict uncertainty visually; only a small part is concerned with empirical evaluation of such techniques. This systematic review aims to summarize past user studies and describe their characteristics and findings, focusing on the field of geographic visualisation and cartography and thus on displays containing geospatial uncertainty. From a discussion of the main findings, we derive lessons learned and recommendations for future evaluation in the field of uncertainty visualisation. We highlight the importance of user tasks for successful solutions and recommend moving towards task-centered typologies to support systematic evaluation in the field of uncertainty visualisation.     

Analysis of dependence of decision quality on data quality

GIS professionals seem to assume that better data lead to better decisions, but how does one decide when better data lead to a better decision? An analysis to determine the effects of data quality on the quality of decisions provides criteria whether to invest in data quality improvement. This article analyzes data quality and how it influences the quality of a decision. It uses an example of an environmental engineering decision to demonstrate a general method to assess the influence of data quality on the decision. It shows that the uncertainty in aspects, which are poorly known, e.g., the necessary security levels, dominate the uncertainty of many decisions. Efforts to collect more or better data to improve the data quality of those stored in a GIS would not reduce uncertainty in the decision significantly. This result seems to be consistent with results from other studies for this very large class of decisions. The article gives a general method to assess whether collecting better data improves a decision or not.     

三维地图式可视化大数据

数据可视化技术利用计算机图形图像学以及数据挖掘技术,以交互方式将数据中的隐藏信息展示给用户,为用户决策提供参考。近年来,随着PC计算能力与互联网技术的快速发展,传统的数据可视化技术已无法满足人们日益增长的信息处理需求。目前,数据可视化在可视化过程中存在显示结果精确度低、表达方式单一、不能突出数字信息内含的规律性等问题。本文针对上述问题提出了基于三维地图的可视化大数据解决方案,该方案通过制作专题地图可视化数据,对数据的规律性进行了研究,从而方便用户理解数据的深层次信息,发现隐藏的特征、模式、趋势等信息。