An Automated Method of Scale Selection and Sheet Configuration for Multiple Sheet Census Maps with Insets

In order to create a useful map, the cartographer must select a scale at which the map reader can distinguish features shown on the map and read their labels. However, the choice of scale for a paper map is also constrained by the size of the map sheet and by the cost of working with a large number of sheets. When the feature density pattern allows, space can be conserved by making the map at more than one scale: a small scale suitable for most of the map, while dense features are shown on inset maps at larger scales. Creating inset maps requires the cartographer to make a series of complex, interrelated decisions regarding the most effective overall sheet configuration, which is dependent upon the scale chosen for the main map and how the inset maps are created. The Census Automated Map Production System (CAMPS) applies cartographic logic and density analysis to make these decisions in a fully automated mapping environment.     

Distinctive Recent Maps

Successful implementation of an intelligent system for automated map generalization requires formalization of cartographic principles that are, in many cases, only intuitively understood. Formalizing these principles requires acquisition and re-expression in the form of semantic nets, frames, production rules, or similar formalization methods. The various techniques for cartographic knowledge acquisition have been discussed on a theoretical basis; however, little empirical research has been conducted. This paper reports on empirical acquisition of cartographic knowledge by reverse engineering; that is, on trying to recapitulate decisions made on published documents or maps. The work is based on a computer-assisted multi-scale inventory of the Austrian National Topographic Map Series. Queries of the relational database, within which inventory data are stored, lead to the formulation of prototype production rules for modifying map symbols during automatic scale changes. Components of map generalization expressed in such rules include the selection behavior of settlement, transportation, and hydrographic objects, and the degree of simplification of settlement domains and building clusters. The acquired cartographic knowledge reveals quantitative relations between map elements and the changes in these relations that occur with scale transition. These insights can guide subsequent knowledge refinement using other acquisition methods. This paper provides, in addition, a conceptual framework by which other topographic map series may be compared at multiple scales.     

自动制图综合链理论与技术模型

为满足地图生产自动化和GIS中对自动制图综合的迫切需求,必须研究新的理论、方法和模型。在充分探讨制图综合现状和存在问题的基础上,系统研究自动制图综合链理论与技术,把抽象的制图综合操作过程化、任务化、步骤化,并把制图综合任务转化为计算机环境下自动执行与优化的可执行操作链,从而达到提高制图综合自动化、智能化水平的目的。     

遥感专题制图中图斑综合的跟踪统计法

本文介绍了遥感影像分类以后利用微机进行图像制图综合的一种方法。通过这一方法,制图人员可以根据需要,方便、自由地控制综合的程度,实现对各种图斑数量特征的综合。它对及时、充分地处理分类后的像元集,提高机助制图系统自动化水平,以及生成新的矢量图斑,快速输入地理信息系统的数据库,都有着重要的意义。     

GIS环境下的制图自动综合方法研究

制图综合一直是地图学领域研究的重要课题,近年来又成为国际GIS领域内的热点和前沿问题之一。借助GIS的可视化以及GIS的空间分析工具,制图自动综合的研究进入了一个新阶段。本文简要介绍了在GIS环境下制图自动综合的概念和特点,以及相关内容,并从知识表示方面分析了制图综合的理论。其中重点讨论了制图综合的综合算法以及模型综合,而模型综合是地理信息的概念层次上的综合,是地图综合的前提和基础。     

城乡一体化地籍中道路自动综合研究

本文介绍了分形分析与制图综合的关系,把分形分析理论应用到城市道路自动综合中,利用分形分析理论与方法对城市道路进行自动综合,沿用已有算法针对城市道路的地理特征,改进了城市地图中基于道路几何特征的综合算法.结合分形分析方法进行制图综合,使制图综合中抽象的问题具体化,分形分析方法中自相似性给出了制图对象的局部和整体间在结构特...     

自动综合算子分析及算法库的建立

在分析自动综合过程和自动综合系统构成的基础上，指出了自动综合算子库对自动综合的必要性，并以现有的各种综合算子划分为参考，对自动综合算子进行了重新划分，提出了算子库中的算法集合，以此来建立自动综合算子库。     

基于弹性力学思想的居民地点群目标位移模型

本文引入弹性力学思想对空间目标进行冲突探测及受力分析 ,用空间距离聚类及建立最小生成树的方法把空间关系较近的、相互独立的点状要素聚类组合成多个有机的整体 ,对每个整体用有限元的方法通过多次迭代。本算法的实验结果满足了诸多的制图约束条件 ,能够很方便地应用在制图综合中的位移操作中     

An Ontology of the Submarine Relief for Analysis and Representation on Nautical Charts

Abstract

A nautical chart is a kind of map used to describe the seafloor morphology and shoreline of adjacent lands. One of its main purposes is to guarantee safety of navigation. As a consequence, the construction of a nautical chart follows very specific rules. The cartographer has to select and highlight undersea features according to their relevance to navigation. In an automated process, the system must be able to identify and classify these features from the terrain model. This paper aims therefore to define ontologies of the submarine relief and nautical chart that will be at the root of a model-oriented generalization process. To the best of our knowledge, no ontology has been defined to formalize the geographical and cartographic objects for nautical chart representation. Thus, a bottom-up approach was developed to extract and model knowledge derived from standards established by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and cartographers’ expertise. The submarine relief ontology formalizes undersea features describing the submarine relief. Four concepts (composition, morphometric class, shape value and depth value) are introduced to describe properties and relationships between undersea features. The cartographic representation ontology of nautical charts will define several concepts (chart, features, isobathymetric lines and soundings) for the representation of undersea features on the chart.     

采用决策树算法进行居民地自动综合

借鉴人工智能领域中的机器学习研究成果,提出一种采用决策树算法进行居民地智能选取的新方法。将制图专家对居民地综合的结果作为参照,对其进行结构化描述并构建和转化为案例库;采用决策树算法对案例库中的案例进行分类,把制图综合问题转化为分类问题,从案例库中归纳出if-then规则,进而指导同类居民地的自动综合。试验验证,算法能够较好地还原专家的选取规律,在同类型的居民地自动综合试验中取得了良好的效果。     

AUTOMATED MAPPING FROM THEMATIC INTERPRETATION OF SCANNER IMAGERY

The process of the automated compilation and plotting of thematic maps based on selected methods of cartographic representation is examined. The authors argue that the essence of logical and mathematical processing of digitized space imagery is formalized, objective cartographic representation of the results of image interpretation. General procedures of map compilation are operationalized based on a geomorphological mapping project using Landsat MSS data for the Moscow Region.     

基于数据库的保质设计制图综合知识库研究

建立基于数据库的保质设计制图综合知识库,并对该知识库中的基本表结构、制图综合知识库的建立与维护、推理机制的实现分别进行阐述。其特点在于对质量知识的有效管理,使制图综合知识的作用不仅仅局限于综合开始阶段针对不同目标进行综合处理方法的选择,而是在综合的各个阶段能够进行质量的自动引导与控制,同时在表结构设计中对保质设计中的质量功能配置进行考虑,能够实现自动推理机制,从而在整个制图综合过程中发挥质量控制的作用。     

Urban Structure Generalization in Multi‐Agent Process by Use of Reactional Agents

This article proposes an improvement of automated cartographic generalization using multi‐agent sytems in urban areas. Indeed the AGENT model, whose robustness has been tested and approved through the European project AGENT, gives very good results in generalizing dense urban areas by means of enlargement, removal and displacement of buildings. But this model does not tackle the question of including particular structures like building alignments in the process, which is a crucial issue. The problem is that integrating such structures does not fit into the accurate top‐down hierarchy of urban agents. In order to face this problem, we propose to partly re‐engineer the model by introducing the concept of reactional agents whose behavior is very different from hierarchical agents of the original model as they use bottom‐up activation. In this view, urban alignment is considered to be a reactional agent activated only by its inner buildings, which generalizes the aligned buildings together into one entire structure. Associating reactional alignment behavior with new generalization actions on alignments significantly improves the model and gives better results in dense urban areas. Moreover, the idea could probably be used for other applications.     

数字环境下制图综合若干问题的探讨

分析了数字环境下制图综合的特点，探讨了有关的理论和方法，并对自动化制图综合过程中面临的一些问题提出对策。     

Generalization Services on the Web—Classification and an Initial Prototype Implementation

Much progress has been made in the field of web-based cartography through standards developed by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). While automated access and presentation of cartographic data have been defined, the services for automated generalization are yet to be standardized. This paper aims to show advantages of applying the service concept to generalization and suggests several classification schemas of generalization services at different levels of granularity. A detailed explanation of a real implemented Generalization Service is provided. We show how software developers can make their generalization functionality available as a service and how these services can be accessed dynamically. For the implementation, the open source Java Unified Mapping Platform (JUMP) was extended to work as a framework for generalization. Generalization services could be used in different application scenarios, for instance as a middleware component extending a web map service with adaptive zooming or as stand-alone services supporting the production of topographic maps by national mapping agencies. They may also allow the development of a common research platform, where researchers would have access to a common generalization framework.     

基于小波多尺度分析的DEM数据综合研究

在同一地区,随着数字高程模型(DEM)分辨率的降低,或者地形图比例尺的缩小,DEM或地形图所描述的地形表面的细节部分不断舍弃而表现出宏观的骨架特征。本文将小波多尺度分析方法和方根模型结合模拟这一过程,由基于1:1万比例尺地形图建立的DEM生成了两种新的较小比例尺DEM,对比不同比例尺等高线可知,较小比例尺保持了较大比例尺的山体轮廓、山脊、谷地走向等地貌形态的塑造。采用坡度和剖面曲率两个参数及信息论的方法,分别对原始DEM和新生成的DEM进行分析和验证,结果表明,DEM经过数据综合,不但地形表面的轮廓越来越平缓,而且地形表面的细节也越来越平滑。利用方根模型作为小波高频系数阈值选取的依据更贴近于传统制图综合方法,能够将比例尺的改变与综合程度结合起来,实现任意比例尺DEM的自动综合。     

Reasserting Design Relevance in Cartography: Some Examples

Abstract

While concepts and theories about design underpin the work of the professional cartographer, it is unrealistic for most map-makers to be cognisant of the plethora of techniques available to support excellence in design. In the second part of our paper to reassert the relevance of design in cartography, we present the results of a survey of cartographic experts drawn from the academic and professional world. The survey asked participants to present their top ten most expertly designed maps from throughout history. Here, we share the most frequently cited maps that emerged from that survey and describe why they exhibit design excellence. By showing map-makers a range of high-quality cartographic work, we aim to provide exemplars that demonstrate how design affects a map and expertly marries form with function. The techniques on display are well executed and create products that are both well suited to their purpose and have an aesthetic quality that invites people to take notice. They are all, in their own ways, beautiful examples of the art of design in cartography. We have deliberately avoided a ‘top ten’ approach and, instead, offer three examples in a range of map categories. The examples are neither definitive, nor exhaustive and should act as a starting point to explore design in cartography from those who have managed to set the bar high.     

基于图匹配的城市建筑群典型字母型分布的识别

建筑群空间分布结构对于制图综合和多尺度表达等具有重要意义。结合国内外对该问题的研究,从结构模式识别的角度提出了基于图匹配算法的建筑群典型字母型分布模式的识别方法。首先统计和提取感兴趣的字母型分布模式,选定基元,选取合理的属性信息参数和结构信息参数,利用属性关系图形式语言描述模式,构建模板库。然后对建筑群抽象和降维,将其转化为基于属性关系图表达的场模型。最后通过Ullman图匹配算法求解非精确子图同构问题,从而识别建筑群中的典型字母型分布模式子集。实验表明该方法能够有效识别典型字母型建筑群分布,并为地图综合提供了新思路。