Towards the Automated Map Factory: Early Automation at the U.S. Geological Survey

This paper is concerned with changes in map work at the U.S Geological Survey during the period from 1950 to 1974. At the start of this period, mapmaking at USGS was dominated by manual techniques organized to conform to twentieth-century advances in photogrammetry, drafting techniques, materials, and industrial organization. During the 1950s and 1960s, technologies that had been developed in other sectors of American science and industry were inserted into mapping processes with hopes of huge productivity gains and added efficiencies. The development paths of two in-house devices, Autoplot and Autoline, illustrate the ways in which cartographic automation became an agency policy as well as a powerful ideology.     

New Imaging Materials Assist in Map Drafting

Image transfer materials, of which Copyproof CPFab, Image-N-Transfer, and Chromatec are examples, can be used to accomplish various drafting tasks. They are useful for both prmted maps and the single copy display map, color as well as black and white.     

DTP系统环境下地图的制作与出版

彩色地图的出版印刷和一般的彩色图文的出版印刷有很多相似之处 ,但也有不同之处。本实验选择了一幅有代表性的地图 ,图内要素不仅包括水系 ,道路 ,居民地和等高线 ,而且还有分层设色 ,图外还有彩色附图和文字说明。尝试运用常用桌面出版系统制作 ,直接得到 5张 A4幅面的分色晒版胶片 (黄、品红、青、黑和棕专色 )。实验结果证明 ,桌面出版系统软件功能较全面 ,可以制作和出版地图 ,尤其是适合制作和出版带有广告 ,彩色图片的专题地图和影像地图     

基于1∶10000比例尺数字影像地图的开发与制作

通过介绍1∶10 000比例尺数字影像地图的设计开发、技术路线等情况,从而提出应用Illustrator,Photoshop软件制作1∶10 000比例尺数字影像地图的作业方法,初步探讨了以软件为核心的生产体系,倡导在生产实践中不断完善和充实,为今后数字影像地图制作的应用提供建设性的指导意见。     

Atlas Mapping in the 21st Century

Atlases are changing. The paper paradigm of maps and atlases has pervaded recent cartographic history. By nature that paradigm serves, as well as defines, a specific audience in terms of use and presentation. In the lab and at the printing press, the paper paradigm demands certain design and production flows that will drastically change through evolutions in data structures, mapmaking techniques, and presentation methods. Technological transformations in mapping influence much of this change. The implications for the creation and distribution of atlases are significant. With that in mind, this paper addresses a number of issues that relate to the technological evolution of atlases from paper to digital products: the distinction between paper and digital products and services and the implications of that distinction for atlas design—particularly for web-based services; facilitating data and its application to the evolution of map/atlas products; and a redefinition of "atlas" and the "audience" for an atlas.     

An Automated Method of Scale Selection and Sheet Configuration for Multiple Sheet Census Maps with Insets

In order to create a useful map, the cartographer must select a scale at which the map reader can distinguish features shown on the map and read their labels. However, the choice of scale for a paper map is also constrained by the size of the map sheet and by the cost of working with a large number of sheets. When the feature density pattern allows, space can be conserved by making the map at more than one scale: a small scale suitable for most of the map, while dense features are shown on inset maps at larger scales. Creating inset maps requires the cartographer to make a series of complex, interrelated decisions regarding the most effective overall sheet configuration, which is dependent upon the scale chosen for the main map and how the inset maps are created. The Census Automated Map Production System (CAMPS) applies cartographic logic and density analysis to make these decisions in a fully automated mapping environment.     

Contemporary Statistical Maps—Evidence of Spatial and Graphic Ignorance

Statistical maps are now produced in greater numbers and by persons in a wider range of disciplines than ever before. It is unfortunate that this increased production has not been accompanied by an improvement in map quality. All too frequently, contemporary mapmakers evidence a lack of understanding of the primary function of statistical maps, the symbolic language of mapping, and the effect that data manipulation plays in map communication. Coupled with these deficiencies there is a general lack of appreciation of the basic elements of graphic design. Furthermore, the expanded use of the computer in mapmaking seems to be related to and may even foster low quality since programmers are generally untutored in cartographic design and communication.     

Automatic mapping and innovative on-demand mapping services at IGN France

Mapmaking has become widespread through the Internet, resulting in a wide range of cartographic quality. To achieve better quality, mapmaking needs tools and online services for intuitive and efficient on-demand mapping. A project team at IGN, the French National Mapping Agency, is working on producing a digital cartographic model (DCM) from various existing databases and maps on which such tools and services are based. This DCM ranges from detailed topographic maps to small general road maps. GeoServer Web Map Service capabilities were used extensively to produce quality maps with various legends. Special care was taken to make a default legend suitable for customer data overlays, both on-screen and on paper. Web-based interface prototypes were built to guide users in choosing colors and creating their own original map legends. Users can also rely on a growing catalog of harmonious color palettes and map samples as sources of inspiration.     

专题地图色彩的智能设计

为提高专题地图色彩设计的智能化水平,结合专题地图制图的实际需求,给出了一种专题地图色彩智能设计算法;其基本思路为以设计者的配色期望、色彩情感数据库和色彩协调理论为基础,采用粒子群算法进行配色方案的选取,借助孟.斯宾瑟的美度公式对配色方案进行进一步优化,进而得出专题地图智能设色的最优方案。     

Cartographic Consequences of a Planned Economy—50 Years of Soviet Cartography

For half a century all cartography in the Soviet Union has been under centralized control. It was recognized early that mapmaking was an activity of prime importance. All phases of the activity—from cartographic education and the preparation of topographic and thematic maps to the development of regional atlases and school maps—have been managed by and for the benefit of the state in accordance with its economic and social objectives. This has had a significant effect on the development of cartography, the degree of its standardization, and the relative emphasis placed on its various aspects.     

Recent Maps and Atlases – Map Cabinet

Abstract

Manual airbrushed hill shading has often been viewed as a rather crude and ineffective way of portraying relief relying to a large extent on the ability of the cartographer to visualize the landscape whilst having the dexterity to handle a seemingly uncontrollable spraying machine. This paper discusses the benefits and disadvantages of the manual process, the impact digital technology has had on it, and briefly reviews tools and equipment used in relief map production.     

地图色彩的美学设计研究

随着科学技术的发展和人们生活水平的提高,不仅要求地图具有实用性,更要具有艺术性。地图作品要具有艺术性,应从多方面努力,如版式设计、色彩运用、印刷和装帧等。本文仅从地图的色彩设计方面进行研究。     

网络地图的配色研究

网络地图的配色是决定网络地图生命力的一个重要因素,同时也极大地影响了用户的视觉感受效果。目前网络地图发展迅猛,但地图配色由于缺少理论指导,仍存在着许多问题,严重影响网络地图的推广和应用。文中首先研究了网络地图配色的作用,接着对当前网络地图配色中存在的突出问题进行归纳,然后提出了基于视觉感受理论和地图美学理论的一般性网络地图配色原则。最后,举例说明上述原则在网络地图配色中的具体应用,并给出了几种较好的配色方案。     

一种简单的黑版确定方法

彩色屏幕地图是以Ｒ、Ｇ、Ｂ色空间表示,彩色印刷地图是以Ｙ、Ｍ、Ｃ、ＢＫ油墨色空间表示的。因此彩色屏幕地图成为印品必须经过色空间的转换。黑版的确定是色空间转换的难点,文中论述了是在Ｎｅｕｇｅｂａｕｅｒ三色转换方程的基础上,经过大量实验获得的一种黑版确定的方法。     

American Promotional Road Mapping in the Twentieth Century

This paper sketches the broad outlines of the practices of map publishers, industrial concerns, motor clubs, and state governments to convince Americans to become motoring tourists and, hence, to consume the goods, services, and landscapes these interests wished to promote. Their efforts were rooted in the promotional mapping of American railroads during the nineteenth century and in bicycle mapping. Yet, the particular demands of automobile travel, including long-distance navigation under the control ofthe travelers themselves, argues for an almost unique dependence on maps, which in turn gave road maps considerable value as promotional tools.     

利用Adobe Illustrator CS2制作1∶50000影像地形图的生产工艺

制作影像地形图是一种地图新产品的有益尝试。在矢量线划地形图上叠加影像,影像丰富的纹理和色彩信息增强了地形图在地形地貌方面信息的表达,同时在影像上叠加一定的矢量要素,又弥补了单纯影像不能定量和指示性欠缺的不足。在生产实践中,该产品的作业方法同传统地形图制作有区别又有联系。针对这一新产品,本文提供了一种利用Adobe Illustrator CS2制作1∶50 000影像地形图的生产工艺。     

设计模式在地图制图软件开发中的应用

数字地图制图实际上是建立在海量空间数据管理基础之上的图形编辑过程。因此,开发数字制图软件的核心工作是要完成地图数据管理和通过对鼠标与键盘的控制以完成灵活的图形编辑操作。设计模式是大型软件架构设计的基础,恰好能满足这些基本的要求。文中从数字地图制图软件的需求出发,对制图软件设计中常用设计模式（包括MVC模式、C嶙ERvER模式、COMPOSITE模式、COMMAND模式）的一般原理和结构进行简要介绍,并通过实例进行具体的说明。     

Variations of the Gringorten Square Equal-area Map Projection

Gringonen's square equal-area map projection has been forgotten since its appearance in 1972. I describe a modern implementation, including details of how to arrange, in different ways, the fundamental Gringonen projection of a sexadecant (one sixteenth of the surface of the sphere) onto a triangle. The Gringorten Mark I projection is an arrangement in which one hemisphere forms a square, with the other hemisphere disposed around it so that the whole sphere projects as a diamond, which may then be rotated to appear as a square. I introduce an alternative arrangement, the Gringorten Mark II, which is twice as high as it is wide, with one hemisphere on top of the other. These variants are compared with some other square map projections. Maps that fill a rectangular space completely can be very useful where, as on computer screens, space is limited and must be used efficiently.     

An Integrated Approach to Map Design and Production

Creative, productive human activity is often associated with a melding of rational-analytical thinking and intuitive-holistic thought. In this paper the common sense basis of map design and production is related to the integration of these two distinct but complementary ways of processing information. A variety of internal (physiological/psychological) and external (data, materials, tools, working conditions, map audience) circumstances that influence cartographic education are viewed within the framework of these two cognitive styles. This balanced approach to cartographic education is less frustrating and potentially more effective for students than much contemporary course work with its strong rational-analytical emphasis.     

A framework for teaching the timeless way of mapmaking

There are now many opportunities to learn how to make maps through technical training with mapmaking tools, including geographic information systems and web-based mapping services. In cartographic education, two challenges with teaching through practice stem from the disruptive nature of mapmaking tools and the tradition of teaching cartographic principles by rule or convention. This article outlines a framework for a pattern language to organize and share practical information about principles for making maps. The article provides an example pattern for mapmaking and discusses how this framework addresses recurring problems with teaching through practice.