Exploratory Analysis of Spatial Data Using Interactive Maps and Data Mining

We present new methods for analyzing geo-referenced statistical data. These methods combine visualization and direct manipulation techniques of exploratory data analysis and algorithms for data mining. The methods have been implemented by integrating two hitherto separate software tools: Descartes for interactive thematic mapping, and the data mining toolbox Kepler. In using these tools, data analysis may proceed as a steady interaction between visual inspiration and insights gained from mathematical–statistical calculations. After introducing the various components of the methods and tools, the paper guides the reader through in-depth examples of using the tools in the context of analysis of urban demographic data. In particular, it is shown how geography-based classifications of urban districts can be related to available thematic characteristics by applying the data mining algorithms classification tree derivation, attribute weighting, and subgroup discovery.     

The Maps of Tolkien's Middle-earth by Brian Sibley and John Howe; The Lord of the Rings: Weapons and Warfare by Chris Smith; and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King Visual Companion by Jude Fisher.

A conceptual design is presented for a lineage meta-data base system that documents data sources and geographic information system (GIS) transformations applied to derive cartographic products. Artificial intelligence techniques of semantic networks are used to organize input-output relationships between map layers, and frames are used for storing lineage attributes characterizing source, intermediate, and product layers. An example indicates that a lineage meta-data base enables GIS users to determine the fitness for use of spatial data sets.     

A Hybrid System of Expanding 2D GIS into 3D Space

A hybrid system that integrates two-dimensional (2D) GIS and three-dimensional (3D) visualization has been developed to provide unique solutions to application domains where traditional 2D GIS and 3D visualization cannot alone provide a solution. In this paper, we focus on three key issues in realizing such an integrated system, including large-scale terrain rendering, 2D and 3D combination display (for example, rendering 2D GIS layers in 3D space), expanding traditional 2D GIS analysis functions into a 3D environment, and visualizing 3D geographical data. A generic framework is developed to integrate 3D visualization with various types of 2D GIS, such as commercial GIS software, open source GIS software and spatial databases. A prototype 2D and 3D hybrid system that seamlessly integrates 2D GIS (developed with ArcEngine) and 3D rendering engine (developed with DirectX) is then developed based on the framework. In this hybrid system, 2D and 3D data are viewed within the same scene. Multiple 2D GIS layers are overlaid on the base terrain using a Level of Detail (LOD) model. Advanced query functions, data accessing, data management and spatial analysis, which are executed in the traditional 2D GIS, are provided to users in a 3D environment by continuously transforming information between the 2D GIS subsystem and the 3D subsystem. The 3D data are organized and displayed by Keyhole Markup Language (KML) and textured 3D models in the COLLAborative Design Activity (COLLADA) format. The prototype demonstrates that this hybrid system has effectively addressed the three key issues identified above and that it can seamlessly integrate 2D GIS and 3D visualization. The hybrid system has great potential to be employed in many application domains, such as urban planning, landscape design and environmental decision making, among others, to enhance the 3D design capability and facilitate public participation in the planning, design and decision-making process.     

On the Uncertainty of Local Shape of Lines and Surfaces

Modeling line or surface phenomena digitally involves two tasks: discretization of the phenomenon, which yields a finite set of data, and subsequent interpolation, which reconstructs the continuum. Many mathematical techniques exist for the latter task, and most methods require a number of parameters to be specified. The shape of digital line or surface models between the data points (that is, the local shape) and the information derived from these models both depend on the selected method and, possibly, on the specification of parameters. The reconstruction of the continuum thus introduces uncertainty. This paper examines the sources and effects of this type of uncertainty. For this purpose, the modeling of lines and surfaces is separated into an abstraction, an implementation, and measurement. The individual factors affecting uncertainty of local shape in each step are identified and discussed. The paper concludes that local shape uncertainty, unlike positional uncertainty of given data, cannot be numerically assessed. Instead, measures of plausibility have to be used to denote the quality of digital models of lines and surfaces. Finally, the concept and potential problems of future empirical investigations are discussed.     

GIS网格体系结构探讨

就当前WebGIS发展中的空间资源共享问题,结合新兴的网格技术,从网格的角度提出了包括基础网格、空间数据网格、空间信息网格 (狭义)、空间知识网格和空间服务网格在内的GIS网格体系,以期改善Internet上空间资源共享的环境。     

重庆电网GIS平台建设

重庆电网GIS平台运用国产软件搭建网省信息化平台,完成了数据准备、软硬件环境、平台实施部署、应用系统集成等内容,该文介绍了其主要功能和关键技术。     

GIS支持下基于遗传优化神经网络的溃坝生命损失评估

针对溃坝生命损失评估涉及众多地理空间对象且影响因素多而复杂的特点,提出了GIS支持下基于遗传优化神经网络的溃坝生命损失评估方法。引入GIS与空间信息格网,提出了基于GIS空间信息格网模型的溃坝生命损失评估计算模型。分析了溃坝生命损失的影响因素,通过灰色关联度模型评判,建立了评估指标体系。开发了GIS支持下的溃坝生命损失快速评估系统,分析了系统的集成方案以及GIS空间信息格网模型的实现方法。应用表明,该评估方法精度较高,效果较好。     

概率积分法开采沉陷预计的GIS实现

以概率积分法为预计模型,对研究区可能的沉陷趋势进行预计,然后与GIS耦合,利用新一代的ArcGIS数据存储格式——Geodatabase建库,以整合目标区地形图、矿区图以及户籍信息等,为沉陷预计和信息管理做准备,然后利用预计模型求得的下沉参数实现沉陷范围和趋势的可视化,以方便信息的综合管理和其他决策。     

基于RunMap软件符号化地理信息数据新工艺

本文在概述了使用RunMap软件符号化地理信息数据新工艺流程的基础上,详细叙述该方法中符号库及符号与地物映射表的建立方法,并给出利用RunMap软件符号化地理信息数据的步骤及后期所要做的编辑处理工作.本文给出的方法为符号化地理信息数据提供新思路,提高了符号化的生产效率.     

基于GIS的高速公路养护质量检评系统设计与开发应用

基于GIS平台的高速公路养护质量检评信息系统,实现了公路养护数据采集、查询、统计、分析、养护质量评价、养护方案选择等业务过程的信息化管理,为公路养护管理部门提供了分析问题的方法和工具,使公路养护管理更加规范化、专业化、信息化。     

基于GIS的区域土地利用分析评价系统设计

土地利用分析评价需要分析处理并计算大量数据,同时又需要属性数据与空间数据的严格对应,工作复杂易出错。本文根据土地利用评价的业务流程,结合相关评价理论体系提出了基于GIS的区域土地利用分析评价系统的设计方案。设计方案主要从系统功能和结构方面展开,内容包括系统目标与设计原则、系统总体结构设计、系统功能设计与实现和数据库设计。并充分考虑了系统的构建成本、构建周期和系统的扩展、维护等因素。     

基于GIS的生态质量气象评价建库方法研究

根据生态质量气象评价的要求和GIS建库的特点,研究了建立生态质量气象评价的数据库和评价模块的具体方法,并将此方法应用于海南省生态质量气象评价,结果表明利用GIS的建立生态质量评价数据库是可行的。     

基于GIS的零售商业网点选址评价模型研究

传统零售商业网点选址模型主要是基于统计的静态模型。分析了影响零售商业网点选址的人口、经济、市场竞争三个关键要素,结合GIS,提出了一种基于权重设置的零售商业网点选址评价模型,并阐述了模型的应用流程。该模型在深圳市罗湖区公共信息服务平台中进行了典型应用实现,并检验了模型的应用可行性。     

GIS支持下的土地资源环境承载力评价——以荣成市为例

随着人类生产活动的日益加剧,土地资源环境已逐渐成为制约社会经济发展的主要因素。基于荣成市土地资源环境要素,利用层次分析法构建了区域土地资源环境承载力评价体系。对土地资源进行基础性评价,在GIS技术支持下计算各项指标分值,并得出承载状态压力指数;在基础性评价结果的基础上,对水资源、生态条件与环境质量进行修正性评价。结果显示,荣成市土地资源环境基础性评价为可载,基于水资源系统的综合承载状态为临界,基于生态条件与环境质量系统的综合承载状态为可载。     

一种高效的三维GIS数据库引擎设计与实现

针对大规模三维城市建模与数据库协同应用,设计实现了一种高效的三维GIS数据库引擎,支持基于Oracle 11g的多模式数据库管理;提出了顾及语义的三维空间数据库模型,为地上下室内外三维空间数据的一体化组织管理奠定了基础。介绍了该引擎涉及的多层次三维空间索引、多级缓存、多线程调度以及异步通信传输等关键技术,并用武汉市三维城市模型数据进行了试验分析,验证了该引擎的有效性和可靠性。     

Development of a GIS data model with spatial,temporal and attribute components based on object-oriented approach

This paper presents a conceptual data model, the STA-model, for handling spatial, temporal and attribute aspects of objects in GIS. The model is developed on the basis of object-oriented modeling approach. This model includes two major parts: (a) modeling the signal objects by STA-object elements, and (b) modeling relationships between STA-objects. As an example, the STA-model is applied for modeling land cover change data with spatial, temporal and attribute components.     

Determining the size of spatial clusters in focused tests: Comparing two methods by means of simulation in a GIS

 Based on a four-point evaluation system consisting of accuracy, consistency, power, and chance to commit type I errors, this study compares Tango's minimum p (MinP) and Stone's maximum relative risk (MaxRR) methods for detecting focused cluster size through simulations in GIS. It reveals that the MinP method is more effective than the MaxRR method. The MinP method exhibits higher levels of accuracy and consistency; and its power and chance to commit type I errors are similar to the MinP method. The MaxRR method has a tendency to underestimate the cluster size, while the MinP method tends to overestimate the cluster size, particularly when the clusters are relatively big and have high relative risk levels. In addition, the MinP method seems to be most effective in revealing the size of clusters when clusters are neither too strong nor too weak. The lowest detection rates for clustering occur when the clustering signal is relatively weak, which is easily understandable. In practice, it might be useful to use both the methods to estimate a range of possible cluster sizes, where the MaxRR method indicates the lower estimate, while the MinP method gives the higher estimate of the cluster size. Received: 24 August 2002 / Accepted: 20 December 2002     

利用数字中频信号模拟器和软件接收机对MBOC信号进行精度测试评估

在对MBOC信号的码跟踪噪声和多径误差进行理论分析的基础上,借助于所开发的数字中频信号模拟器和软件接收机进行了闭环测试评估。通过将数字中频闭环测试结果与理论预期值和模拟器仿真值进行对比分析,从多个层次有效验证了MBOC(6,1,1/11)相对于BOC(1,1)和BPSK-R(1)的测距精度改善。