页岩储层岩石物理模型及地震AVO响应模拟

通过模拟并分析各向异性页岩岩石物理模型,研究页岩中干酪根含量变化对页岩弹性各向异性的影响,其结果为应用AVO方法定量解释页岩储层厚度和干酪根含量提供依据。岩石物理模型预测了页岩速度和各向异性参数随干酪根含量的变化规律。应用传播矩阵方法计算薄层页岩的AVO响应,得到反射系数关于页岩层厚度、入射波频率、干酪根含量和入射角的函数。数值模拟结果表明:在干酪根含量不变且在同一入射角下的反射系数在频率域呈周期变化,该周期与薄层厚度成反比;对同一频率入射波和相同入射角,反射系数幅值随干酪根含量增加而变大。     

泥页岩热模拟实验及成岩演化模式

随着泥页岩油气勘探开发的不断推进,对泥页岩的成岩作用研究越来越受到重视。通过对三种不同干酪根类型的泥页岩样品的热模拟实验发现,随着有机质成熟度的增加,干酪根热解生烃产生的有机质孔及不稳定矿物溶蚀孔增加,是泥页岩储集空间增加的主要原因;泥页岩成岩作用类型主要有黏土矿物转化、不稳定矿物溶蚀作用和重结晶作用;结合镜质体反射率,建立了基于热模拟实验的泥页岩综合成岩演化模式。研究表明:不同类型的干酪根在生烃过程中演化特征不同,Ⅰ型干酪根以"解聚型"的途径生烃,以产生有机质边缘孔为主;Ⅲ型干酪根以"平行脱官能团型"的途径生烃,以产生有机质内部孔为主;Ⅱ型干酪根介于两者之间,既可以产生有机质内部孔,也可以产生有机质边缘孔。     

松辽盆地古龙页岩油储层干酪根的有机元素组成及其N元素的地球化学意义

对青山口组页岩的317件干酪根样品进行了工业、元素及能谱分析,对样品进行两次校正,引入合理评价干酪根C、H、O、N的指标Ccc、Hcc、Occ、Ncc概念。研究结果显示：古龙凹陷青山口组泥页岩Ⅰ型干酪根具有较高的Hcc、Ncc和很低的Occ,而Ⅲ型干酪根的Occ则较高,Hcc、Ncc较低。Ⅱ干酪根的Hcc和Ncc低于Ⅰ型干酪根,而高于Ⅲ型干酪根;Ⅱ干酪根的Occ高于Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型干酪根。Ncc主要以有机官能团（NH3+）方式存在的于黏土的F F纳缝中,而不是存在于黏土晶胞间的无机N（NH4）。微量元素研究表明,古龙青山口组页岩油储层沉积时经历了十几次干旱咸水环境,因为咸水环境有利于形成黏土的F F凝聚,使发育有NH3+官能团的有机质被吸附在黏土片的F F纳缝之间。随着深度的增加,Ncc的克分子量增加速率是Ccc克分子量增加速率的0. 96~2. 04倍,在青山口组1300~2550 m深度内青一段干酪根的Ncc含量明显比上部的干酪根相对高,主要原因与下部青一段藻类较富集有关,其次与Hcc的快速脱落而使Ncc相对富集有关,间接地揭示了青一段生烃能力较上部强。通过研究Ncc可以间接地知道古环境中的咸度、黏土的孔隙类型及其干酪根的来源。经过论证,Occ和Ncc越大,页岩的封存性也就越好,含油气性也越好。因此,Occ和Ncc值可以作为判别页岩油发育程度的指标。古龙页岩油储层的Ncc和Occ的研究可以提供一些重要的沉积环境、地球化学、黏土结构、干酪根有机质类型和成岩成储及成藏等信息,应该受到重视。     

中国页岩油的形成和分布理论综述

页岩油是指生成并滞留在烃源岩中,以游离或吸附状态赋存在地层微纳米级储集空间中,基本未运移或极短距离运移的低熟—半熟油气.通过总结泥页岩低孔低渗的特点,对页岩油的形成机制、演化条件、保存条件以及分布特征进行了讨论.泥页岩中有机质的丰度、类型以及演化成熟度是泥页岩生油能力的主要影响因素.生油能力较好的Ⅰ或Ⅱ型干酪根是良好的有机质类型,而Ⅲ型干酪根则以生气为主.在适当的埋藏深度下,达到生油门限,即可发生热化学反应产生大量液态烃.弱水动力条件以及相对长时间稳定的构造活动,都能使得有机质及沉积物缓慢沉降并演化.陆上优质泥页岩由于分布范围广、类型多、时代跨度大、陆相湖盆面积小、物源丰富且湖平面变化等原因,有利于页岩油气形成.     

松南上白垩统青山口组一段不同赋存状态页岩油定量评价

松辽盆地南部青山口组一段页岩油资源丰富,多口井试油获得工业及高产油流,具有较大的勘探开发潜力。本文以青山口组一段下段为研究对象,以页岩油赋存状态为切入点,重点针对研究区页岩油富集优质岩相,即高有机质薄片状页岩和中有机质纹层状页岩中溶胀油、吸附油以及游离油量进行定量评价,揭示页岩油在地下页岩层系储层中的赋存特征。青山口组一段页岩油主要以干酪根溶胀态、干酪根吸附态、有机质孔隙游离态、无机矿物吸附态及无机孔隙游离态等5种赋存形式存在于页岩层系储层中。其中：高有机质薄片状页岩中页岩油赋存状态以干酪根溶胀油、干酪根吸附油和有机质孔隙游离油等有机赋存油为主,有机赋存油量可高达253.0 mg/g TOC,以TY1井页岩油赋存量最大,其次为CY8井,H238井页岩油量最低;中有机质纹层状页岩中页岩油赋存状态以无机矿物吸附油、无机孔隙游离油等无机赋存油为主,可达167.0 mg/g TOC,CY8井页岩油赋存量最大,H258井次之,H238井页岩油量最低。TY1井、CY8井位于半深湖—深湖区,发育大套泥页岩;H238井位于三角洲外前缘,离物源区较近,导致其页岩油赋存量明显低于半深湖—深湖区。因此,沉积环境是导致不同工区页岩油赋存量差异的主要原因。     

页岩中甲烷的振荡式释放

在富含干酪根页岩中,甲烷释放率的瞬时振荡起因于其迁移的非线性。这种非线性是由于渗透率和由于甲烷生成、流体的压实与热膨胀的影响而导致的由超压产生的断裂中的流体压力的偶合作用造成的。破裂的愈合在从滞后中心至振荡的过程中起着重要作用。我们模拟的振荡释放是通过反应—迁移方程式来说明干酪根分解释放出甲烷,并说明流体压力引起的破裂作用对渗透率的影响以及通过流动和扩散而导致的液态甲烷迁移。     

绿河页岩干酪根分步瞬时热解演化特征及机理研究

分步瞬时热解法可以有效的用于研究干酪根（或其他相关样品）结构组分随温度变化而演变的详细特征。利用分步瞬时热解法从300℃到600℃共分七个温度点,依次对绿河页岩干酪根样品进行热模拟分析。结果表明:在300℃时,绿河页岩干酪根样品基本没有热解产物,在350℃时可检测到少量吸附烃但含量极少;400℃、450℃和500℃是热解产物十分丰富的三个温度点,主要产物是成对出现的正构烷烃和直链烯烃,同时含有一定量的异构烷烃和姥鲛-1-烯;随着热解温度升高,异构烷烃和长链烃类的相对含量逐渐减少;姥鲛-1-烯在400℃和450℃一直占据主要地位;550℃出现了长碳链烷烃（C₂₇~C₃₂）,很有可能是绿河页岩干酪根样品中类似于绿藻等的组分经高温裂解产生的;600℃之后热解产物基本消失,说明在低温阶段干酪根裂解作用就基本完全。另外,绿河页岩干酪根样品在不同温度点的瞬时热解均给出了相应的产物组分构成,对比研究发现,其产物种类及相对含量具有逐渐变化的特征,由此将更有利于研究干酪根的热演化及其成烃机制。     

干酪根对页岩基质中甲烷运移规律的影响

微/纳米孔隙内甲烷的运移研究是进行页岩气藏开发预测及评价的前提和基础.页岩中分布大量的微/纳米孔隙,其中干酪根中的纳米级孔隙分布广泛.由于气体在不同尺度孔隙中的运移机理大不相同,且在有机孔中存在明显的吸附/解吸现象.因而,甲烷在页岩中的运移机理仍需完善.本研究综合物理模拟及数学分析方法,对甲烷渗流规律进行研究.研究结果表明:（1）温度升高,单位质量页岩的产量减少,达到平衡的时间缩短,总体体现在甲烷在高温下的吸附/解吸-扩散速率大.（2）相同生产压力下,随入口压力升高,甲烷运移速率增大,达到产量平衡的时间增长.（3）数学模型充分考虑干酪根中甲烷扩散对气体运移过程的影响,并与实验结果及不考虑干酪根影响的模型进行对比分析,结果显示,本文建立的数学模型能更准确地描述甲烷在页岩基质中的运移动态.      

松辽盆地朝73-87井青山口组缺氧事件层的有机地球化学特征

松辽盆地白垩纪青山口组下部广泛分布一套富含有机碳的黑色泥岩、页岩和油页岩沉积,是全盆地划分泉头组与青山口组的一级标志.朝73-87井青山口组黑色页岩、油页岩的地球化学特征研究表明：它具有干酪根碳同位素正偏和重排甾烷含量低,存在28,30一双降藿烷、伽马蜡烷生物标志化合物等有机地球化学特征,表征为白垩纪温室效应时间窗内古湖泊缺氧事件的产物.结合生物地层研究成果,认为青山口期缺氧事件层大体可与白垩纪古海洋Cenomanian-Turonian界线事件层进行对比,进而提出松辽盆地青山口组的时代归属晚白垩世晚cenomanian-Turonian期的新观点.     

准噶尔盆地阜康凹陷侏罗系烃源岩特征与页岩气勘探潜力分析

页岩油气正在成为中国油气勘探的重要对象之一。准噶尔盆地是中国西部最大的叠合盆地之一,盆地中是否存在页岩油气是能否打开油气勘探新局面的关键问题。本文通过对比其最大的生烃凹陷(阜康凹陷)的侏罗系烃源岩特征与Barnett页岩,来评价准噶尔盆地页岩油气的勘探潜力。阜康凹陷侏罗系烃源岩与Barnett页岩有以下相似性:①烃源岩规模稍大。阜康凹陷侏罗系主要发育八道湾组、三工河组和西山窑组三套泥质烃源岩层,累计厚度(最大950m)大于Barnett页岩;②干酪根类型相当。阜康凹陷干酪根类型在纵向上表现出一定的差异,下部八道湾组以Ⅱ型—Ⅲ型为主,中上部以Ⅲ型为主。③有机质的丰度偏小,但是存在厚层的煤。阜康凹陷有机质丰度分布符合正态分布,主要分布在1.2%~2.5%,与Barnett页岩相比略微偏小。但是从页岩气的角度来看,阜康凹陷发育多层单层厚度5m的煤层,总厚度超过50m,最大单层厚度超过20m,弥补了泥岩丰度不足的缺憾;④烃源岩已经进入中—高成熟阶段。表征烃源岩成熟度的Ro=1.6%,与Barnett页岩相当。上述对比结果表明阜康凹陷具有生成页岩油气的潜力。在此基础上,本文试图通过生烃潜力法的残留烃量评价本区页岩油气的勘探潜力,评价结果表明残留烃的规模为874.6亿吨,展示出阜康凹陷良好的页岩油气勘探潜力。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.