The Exhumation History of North Qaidam Thrust Belt Constrained by Apatite Fission Track Thermochronology: Implication for the Evolution of the Tibetan Plateau

Determining the spatio-temporal distribution of the deformation tied to the India-Eurasian convergence and the impact of pre-existing weaknesses on the Cenozoic crustal deformation is significant for understanding how the convergence between India and Eurasia contributed to the development of the Tibetan Plateau. The exhumation history of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau was addressed in this research using a new apatite fission track (AFT) study in the North Qaidam thrust belt (NQTB). Three granite samples collected from the Qaidam Shan pluton in the north tied to the Qaidam Shan thrust, with AFT ages clustering in the Eocene to Miocene. The other thirteen samples obtained from the Luliang Shan and Yuka plutons in the south related to the Luliang Shan thrust and they have showed predominantly the Cretaceous AFT ages. Related thermal history modeling based on grain ages and track lengths indicates rapid cooling events during the Eocene-early Oligocene and since late Miocene within the Qaidam Shan, in contrast to those in the Cretaceous and since the Oligocene-Miocene in the Luliang Shan and Yuka region. The results, combined with published the Cretaceous thermochronological ages in the Qaidam Shan region, suggest that the NQTB had undergo rapid exhumation during the accretions along the southern Asian Andean-type margin prior to the India-Eurasian collision. The Cenozoic deformation initially took place in the North Qaidam thrust belt by the Eocene, which is consistent with the recent claim that the deformation of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau initiated in the Eocene as a response to continental collision between India and Eurasia. The immediate deformation responding to the collision is tentatively attributed to the pre-existing weaknesses of the lithosphere, and therefore the deformation of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau should be regarded as a boundary-condition-dependent process.     

Cenozoic Exhumation of Larsemann Hills,East Antarctica: Evidence from Apatite Fission-track Thermochronology

<正>Does Cenozoic exhumation occur in the Larsemann Hills,East Antarctica? In the present paper,we conducted an apatite fission-track thermochronologic study across the Larsemann Hills of East Antarctica.Our work reveals a Cenozoic exhumation event at 49.8±12 Ma,which we interpret to be a result of exhumation caused by crustal extension.Within the uncertainty of our age determination, the timing of extension in East Antarctica determined by our study is coeval with the onset time of rifting in West Antarctica at c.55 Ma.The apatite fission-track cooling ages vary systematically in space, indicating a coherent block rotation of the Larsemann Hills region from c.50 Ma to c.10 Ma.This pattern of block tilting was locally disrupted by normal faulting along the Larsemann Hills detachment fault at c.5.4 Ma.The regional extension in the Larsemann Hills,East Antarctica was the result of tectonic evolution in this area,and may be related to the global extension.Through the discussion of Pan-Gondwanaland movement,and Mesozoic and Cenozoic extensions in West and East Antarctica and adjacent areas,we suggest that the protracted Cenozoic cooling over the Larsemann Hills area was caused by extensional tectonics related to separation and formation of the India Ocean at the time of Gondwanaland breakup.     

东昆仑野马泉地区磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学及构造意义

通过对东昆仑西段野马泉地区所获得的5个磷灰石样品的裂变径迹分析, 探讨该地区构造演化特征.磷灰石裂变径迹年龄分为153.8 Ma、106.8~81.0 Ma、48.7~44.4 Ma 3个年龄组, 其中153.8 Ma记录了班公湖-怒江洋闭合事件; 106.8~81.0 Ma是拉萨地块与羌塘地块碰撞拼合事件对东昆仑地区的远程效应; 48.7~44.4 Ma是印度-欧亚大陆碰撞之后伸展事件的体现.野马泉地区热历史分为3个阶段:第1阶段(130~110 Ma)持续隆升, 对应班公湖-怒江洋闭合后拉萨地块与羌塘地块拼合事件; 第2阶段(110~14 Ma)持续隆升, 90 Ma之前隆升速度较快, 与阿尔金断裂走滑及西大滩断裂韧性变形有关, 90 Ma之后进入一个时间较长的平稳抬升期; 第3阶段(14 Ma至今)受青藏高原新近纪以来强烈构造活动的影响, 快速隆升.3个阶段的隆升速率和隆升量分别0.021 mm/a和0.42 km、0.01 mm/a和1.0 km、0.1 mm/a和1.43 km, 平均隆升速率为0.028 mm/a, 总隆升量为2.86 km.      

Exhumation and Preservation of the Jinchuan Ni-Cu-PGE Deposit under the East Longshou Mountain Thermal Evolution,Revealed by Apatite Fission Track Thermochronology

Uplift and exhumation are important factors affecting the preservation of deposits. The anatomy of uplift-cooling evolution and exhumation in the East Longshou Mountain is of significant research value in understanding changes in the Jinchuan Ni-Cu-PGE deposit since its formation. This study uses apatite fission track(AFT) thermochronology to reconstruct the thermal history of the East Longshou Mountain, including the Jinchuan mine, revealing the uplift and exhumation history of the East Longsho...     

苏鲁造山带东段新生代两阶段剥露事件的磷灰石(U-Th)/He热年代学证据

苏鲁造山带位于华北和华南板块之间,是中国东部最显著的陆内造山带之一,约束其新生代剥露过程对于理解中国东部盆山格局分布及其动力学机制具有重要意义.低温热年代学方法由于封闭温度较低,能更准确地约束上地壳地质体的剥露过程.利用磷灰石(U-Th)/He方法,对苏鲁造山带东部的多福山和锯齿山开展研究.磷灰石(U-Th)/He年龄...     

Apatite Fission Track Thermochronology of Granite from the Xiazhuang Uranium Ore Field, South China: Implications for Exhumation History and Ore Preservation

Xiazhuang uranium ore field, located in the southern part of the Nanling Metallogenic Belt, is considered one of the largest granite-related U regions in South China. In this paper, we contribute new apatite fission track data and thermal history modeling to constrain the exhumation history and evaluate preservation potential of the Xiazhuang Uranium ore field. Nine Triassic outcrop granite samples collected from different locations of Xiazhuang Uranium ore field yield AFT ages ranging from 43 to 24 Ma with similar mean confined fission track lengths ranging from 11.8 ± 2.0 to 12.9 ± 1.9 μm and Dpar values between 1.01 and 1.51 μm. The robustness time-temperature reconstructions of samples from the hanging wall of Huangpi fault show that the Xiazhuang Uranium ore field experienced a time of monotonous and slow cooling starting from middle Paleocene to middle Miocene (~60–10 Ma), followed by relatively rapid exhumation in the late Miocene (~10–5 Ma) and nearly thermal stability in the Pliocene–Quaternary (~5–0 Ma). The amount of exhumation after U mineralization since the Middle Paleogene was estimated as ~4.3 ± 1.8 km according to the integrated thermal history model. Previous studies indicate that the ore-forming ages of U deposits in the Xiazhuang ore field are mainly before Middle Paleocene and the mineralization depths are more than 4.4 ± 1.2 km. Therefore, the exhumation history since middle Paleocene plays important roles in the preservation of the Xiazhuang Uranium ore field.     

东昆仑五龙沟金矿床成矿热历史的裂变径迹热年代学证据

本文将取自五龙沟地区3个金矿体(区)的锆石和磷灰石进行裂变径迹热年代学分析,实测锆石裂变径迹年龄为197.4～235.0Ma,实测磷灰石年龄为200.5Ma,磷灰石校正年龄为244Ma,这与已有的RbSr和KAr同位素年龄范围207.1～252.9Ma基本一致,代表了相应温度时的成矿时代。热历史模拟结果显示,矿区主要经历了2次升温和降温过程,不仅体现了成矿作用的长期性,而且体现了成矿作用多期次的特征,各矿体矿石中锆石的裂变径迹年龄相差较大亦是佐证,并且符合多期次成矿的地质特征。     

Late Mesozoic-Cenozoic Exhumation of the Northern Hexi Corridor: Constrained by Apatite Fission Track Ages of the Longshoushan

The apatite fission track (AFT) ages and thermal modeling of the Longshoushan and deformation along the northern Hexi Corridor on the northern side of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau show that the Longshoushan along the northern corridor had experienced important multi-stage exhumations during the Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The AFT ages of 7 samples range from 31.9 Ma to 111.8 Ma. Thermal modeling of the AFT ages of the samples shows that the Longshoushan experienced significant exhumation during the Late Cretaceous to the Early Cenozoic (~130–25 Ma). The Late Cretaceous exhumation of the Longshoushan may have resulted from the continuous compression between the Lhasa and Qiangtang blocks and the flat slab subduction of the Neo-Tethys oceanic plate, which affected wide regions across the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. During the Early Cenozoic, the Longshoushan still experienced exhumation, but this process was caused by the Indian-Eurasian collision. Since this time, the Longshoushan was in a stable stage for approximately 20 Ma and experienced erosion. Since ~5 Ma, obvious tectonic deformation occurred along the entire northern Hexi Corridor, which has also been reported from the peripheral regions of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, especially in the Qilianshan and northeastern margin of the plateau. The AFT ages and the Late Cenozoic deformation of the northern Hexi Corridor all indicate that the present northern boundary of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is situated along the northern Hexi Corridor.     

东昆仑造山带花岗岩类Pb-Sr-Nd-O 同位素特征

本文报道了东昆仑造山带三叠纪辉长岩、花岗岩类及其包裹体的Pb、Sr、Nd和O同位素组成.东昆仑造山带花岗质岩石全岩和长石Pb同位素组成相差不大,具明显的造山带Pb同位素特征;Sr同位素初始值(ISr)变化于0.70144~0.70972之间,暗示幔源成因;εNd值变化于-4.49939~-9.19258之间,具壳源成因特点;Nd同位素模式年龄(tDM)在1.38~1.761Ga之间,与中元古代变质岩相当;O同位素组成变化范围7.8~9.5,表明花岗岩类成岩物质主要来自地壳.综合岩石的同位素组成,结合矿物学、岩石地球化学的研究,表明花岗岩浆主要起源于地壳,但与来自地幔的基性岩浆曾发生过混合作用,从而导致同位素组成趋于一致.     

Latest Triassic to Early Jurassic Thrusting and Exhumation in the Southern Ordos Basin,North China: Evidence from LA‐ICP‐MS‐based Apatite Fission Track Thermochronology

The contractional structures in the southern Ordos Basin recorded critical evidence for the interaction between Ordos Basin and Qinling Orogenic Collage. In this study, we performed apatite fission track(AFT) thermochronology to unravel the timing of thrusting and exhumation for the Laolongshan-Shengrenqiao Fault(LSF) in the southern Ordos Basin. The AFT ages from opposite sides of the LSF reveal a significant latest Triassic to Early Jurassic time-temperature discontinuity across this structure. Thermal modeling reveals at the latest Triassic to Early Jurassic, a ~50°C difference in temperature between opposite sides of the LSF currently exposed at the surface. This discontinuity is best interpreted by an episode of thrusting and exhumation of the LSF with ~1.7 km of net vertical displacement during the latest Triassic to Early Jurassic. These results, when combined with earlier thermochronological studies, stratigraphic contact relationship and tectono-sedimentary evolution, suggest that the southern Ordos Basin experienced coeval intense tectonic contraction and developed a north-vergent fold-and-thrust belt. Moreover, the southern Ordos Basin experienced a multi-stage differential exhumation during Mesozoic, including the latest Triassic to Early Jurassic and Late Jurassic to earliest Cretaceous thrust-driven exhumation as well as the Late Cretaceous overall exhumation. Specifically, the two thrust-driven exhumation events were related to tectonic stress propagation derived from the latest Triassic to Early Jurassic continued compression from Qinling Orogenic Collage and the Late Jurassic to earliest Cretaceous intracontinental orogeny of Qinling Orogenic Collage, respectively. By contrast, the Late Cretaceous overall exhumation event was related to the collision of an exotic terrain with the eastern margin of continental China at ~100 Ma.     

大地构造相在东昆仑造山带地质填图中的应用

不同的造山带是由不同的大地构造相单元组合而成, 大地构造相的划分揭示了造山带的基本框架和形成演化的规律.在对东昆仑造山带1∶2 5万冬给措纳湖幅地质填图中, 以时间演化和大地构造背景为主线, 根据不同演化阶段、不同部位出现的构造古地理单元、盆地类型和物质建造类型, 对填图区大地构造相进行了较精细深入划分, 共划分出七大相类、2 1种相, 如扩张洋脊相、分支(扩张) 海槽相、碳酸盐岩海山相、碳酸盐岩台地相、深海平原相、大陆碎块相、前陆盆地相和磨拉石盆地相等, 编制了1∶2 5万冬给措纳湖幅大地构造相图和造山作用过程与大地构造相演变图.大地构造相在地质填图中的应用进一步深化了造山带填图中的地层单元空间配置关系和盆地沉积充填序列的研究, 较全面细致地揭示了东昆仑造山带东段造山带形成、物质组成及演化过程      

太原西山煤田新生代隆升史的磷灰石裂变径迹约束

位于吕梁山中段东缘的太原西山煤田不但是我国重要的炼焦煤基地,同时也是煤层气开发基地。多年开发实践表明该煤田煤层气分布非均质性强、无气-低产井比例高,因此理解控制该煤田煤层气分布的地质因素是预测富集高产区的基础。由于构造抬升不利于煤层气的保存,因此认识煤层生气高峰后的隆升史可以确定煤层气保存的关键时期。通过太原西山煤田晚古生代含煤岩系标志层的5件砂岩样品的磷灰石裂变径迹测年及热历史模拟分析,结合前人在西山煤田西北部边缘及西部吕梁山中段核部前寒武基底地层的磷灰石热年代学数据,可以确定,该煤田在46±4~52±6Ma左右抬升退出磷灰石退火带,而核部前寒武基底地层则在早白垩世已抬升退出磷灰石退火带,吕梁山具有核部抬升早、边缘抬升晚的特点。自新生代以来,太原西山煤田经历了3个抬升阶段:48Ma以前的快速抬升,48±4~10±2Ma的缓慢抬升和10±2Ma以来的剧烈抬升,与前人获得的吕梁山存在缓慢抬升(120~65 Ma)、加速抬升(65~23 Ma)及强烈抬升(23 Ma以来)3个隆升演化阶段相比具有较大的差异,表明吕梁山不同部位具有不同的隆升史。10Ma以后的剧烈抬升与晋中盆地成盆及快速堆积期相一致,它们具有盆山耦合关系,该阶段也是西山煤田煤层气保存的关键时期。     

安徽绩溪伏岭岩体隆升时代的磷灰石裂变径迹证据

安徽绩溪伏岭岩体位于安徽省南部、黄山花岗岩体的东部。伏岭岩体裂变径迹（AFT）热年代分布于51±5～68±7 Ma之间,围限径迹长度为11.9～12.9μm。岩体形成之后,所在山系经历了速率波动较大的隆升过程,至55 Ma期间为一加速隆升过程,到55 Ma时速度达到最大的73 mm/ka;随后速度减缓,54 Ma左右时的平均抬升速率为60 mm/ka;54～51 Ma间又是一个快速加速隆升时期,到51 Ma时,速度达到70 mm/ka。研究区具有三个主要的冷却剥露阶段：130～116 Ma左右,冷却速率约为1.34℃/Ma;70～60 Ma左右,进入第二个较为快速冷却阶段,冷却速率约为25℃/Ma;在7～8 Ma左右发生突然加剧冷却事件,持续至今,速率达到8℃/km。总体来说,伏岭岩体经历了速率逐渐增加的冷却过程。由于黄山山体与伏岭岩体在大地构造位置、岩性特征及侵入时间上具有很大的相似性,二者的隆升时代、速率以及抬升剥蚀量是大致相当的。     

中新生代天山地区隆升历史的裂变径迹证据

本文对天山及其两侧盆地的8条典型地质剖面进行了大量的磷灰石裂变径迹测试,重点分析了天山地区不同区域的抬升历史的差异。结果表明天山主要经历4次构造抬升过程,每次抬升的范围并不相同,且存在东西差异:①早白垩世抬升,在天山南北两侧都有发生,且南边抬升早,北边抬升晚。本次抬升导致早中侏罗世天山地区准平原化状态开始解体,盆山分异开始出现;②晚白垩世抬升,从约96Ma开始,天山南侧为盆山同升的区域性隆升,天山北侧的抬升主要发生在东部地区;③古近纪抬升,从约46Ma开始,主要发生在中天山和南天山,造成天山两侧盆地物源区的重大变化,本次抬升为印度-亚洲碰撞在天山地区产生的最早的远程效应;④中新世以来的抬升,从约25Ma开始,主要发生在库车盆地北缘和北天山—准噶尔南缘。从抬升剥蚀量来看,从东向西逐渐变大。     

东昆仑造山带蛇绿岩矿物学特征及其岩石成因讨论

首次对东昆仑复合造山带不同时代蛇绿岩主要造岩矿物橄榄石、辉石、斜长石进行了系统的矿物化学研究 ,查明了不同蛇绿岩带在矿物成分上的差异 ,对清水泉蛇绿岩带和布青山蛇绿岩带单斜辉石、斜方辉石、斜长石进行了矿物稀土、微量元素的研究 ,阐明了矿物稀土、微量元素与全岩稀土、微量元素的关系 ,证明了在以辉石和橄榄石为主的橄辉岩中 ,单斜辉石的稀土元素基本上代表了全岩的稀土元素。根据地幔岩石中矿物成分特征 ,对不同蛇绿岩带地幔类型进行了讨论 ,并根据实测的辉石、斜长石分配系数 ,确定了清水泉蛇绿岩带玄武岩的部分熔融定量模拟     

东昆仑造山带低山头花岗岩体岩石地球化学特征及其地质意义

低山头一带花岗岩体归属东昆仑弧盆系北昆仑岩浆弧带,位于东昆仑成矿带伯喀里克—香日德成矿亚带东昆仑造山带中段,岩石类型主要为石英闪长岩、正长花岗岩及二长花岗岩。为了加强该地区花岗岩体岩石地球化学与成岩成矿背景探讨,对花岗岩体开展了主量元素、微量元素及矿质元素研究。主量元素组成上,石英闪长岩具中硅（57.64%和58.47%）、富钠（Na₂O/K₂O均为2.57）特点,正长花岗岩具高硅（75.45%~75.99%）、富钾（Na₂O/K₂O为0.74~0.94）特点,二长花岗岩具高硅（66.80%~73.45%）、富钠（Na₂O/K₂O为1.50~2.13）特点;花岗岩体铝饱和指数A/CNK<1,为准铝质岩浆岩;碱饱和指数NK/A集中在0.26~0.69之间,属钙碱性岩石;里特曼组合指数σ₄₃在1.18~2.31之间,属钙碱性类型。花岗岩体轻稀土元素相对重稀土元素富集,岩浆分异特征明显,大离子亲石元素（LILE）富集Rb、K、Ba、Th、Sr、Nd,仅正长花岗岩Sr亏损,高场强元素（HFSE）富集Zr、Hf、Ce,而Nb、P、Ti明显亏损,源区物质为壳幔混合物质,属挤压应力环境中同碰撞I型花岗岩。在岩体实测剖面中获得11种元素分析数据,与青海全省、东昆仑成矿带及其亚成矿带平均元素丰度值进行对比,初步划分不同岩性、不同类型、不同时代花岗岩,以及富集的含矿元素为Au、Zn、Y、Pb等。与区域有成矿事实且为I型花岗岩成因进行对比,认为研究区有较好的找矿前景。     

碎屑颗粒裂变径迹热年代学在沉积物源区剥露历史分析中的应用

沉积盆地中未遭受热重置的碎屑颗粒裂变径迹(FT)热年代学正成为山前冲断带蚀源区抬升-剥露过程及其与相邻盆地沉积作用关系研究的重要方法.对于未热重置碎屑岩样品的磷灰石(或锆石)单矿物颗粒裂变径迹年龄(FTGA)数据,采用高斯或二项式拟合方法可以获得样品中不同组分碎屑颗粒矿物的FT峰值年龄或称蚀源区抬升一剥露事件的FT封闭(冷却)年龄.已有的统计分析结果表明,抬升冷却矿物的FT封闭年龄(tc)与其剥露搬运至相邻盆地的沉积年龄(td)之间具有较好的线性关系(tc=A+Btd),二者的滞后时间(△t=tc-td≈tc-te,te为抬升冷却的碎屑颗粒矿物剥露到近地表的剥露年龄)构筑了蚀源区抬升冷却矿物FT封闭深度(Zc)与抬升剥露速率(E)之间的定量关系(E=Zc/△t)和不同碎屑颗粒的滞后时间与其沉积年龄之间相关变化的统计预测模型△t=A+(B-1)td.显然,滞后时间越短,造山带蚀源区的抬升剥露速率越大、物源供应越充分,山前带沉积一沉降作用趋于增强,反之亦然.     

磷灰石裂变径迹研究新疆阿尔泰山南缘剥露历史及古地形再造

本文应用裂变径迹技术对阿尔泰地区13个磷灰石裂变径迹样品进行分析研究,揭示了该地区的隆升剥露历史,并进行了古地形再造.热历史演化模式具有3个阶段的特征:①约120～80 Ma至70 Ma,温度较高,处于磷灰石裂变径迹退火带底部温度,主体高于100℃,晚白垩世末期和早第三纪初期,阿尔泰地区构造运动不明显,仅有微弱的升降运动,均夷作用显著;②从80～70 Ma至30～20 Ma,快速冷却,温度由85～75℃降至35～30℃,晚第三纪,自中新世起,特别是中新世中晚期,由于喜马拉雅运动的影响,块断升降运动较为加强,山区上升,盆地相对下降;③从约30～20 Ma至现今,缓慢冷却,温度由35～30℃降为现在的地表温度(平均20℃).三阶段隆升速率分别为0.025 mm/a,0.027 mm/a和0.02 mm/a;隆升幅度分别为1.14 km,1.34 km和0.43 km.地表隆升幅度变化于634～2394m之间.区内平均剥蚀量为2168m,平均隆升量3318m,二者之差1150 m便是现在的平均高程.