Diagenetic and Depositional Impacts on the Reservoir Quality of the Upper Jurassic Arab Formation in the Balal Oilfield,Offshore Iran

The Kimmeridgian‐Tithonian aged Arab Formation, as the main reservoir of the Jurassic succession in the Balal oilfield, located in the offshore region of the Iranian sector of the Persian Gulf, is investigated in this study. The formation is composed of dolomites and limestones with anhydrite interbeds. Based on detailed petrographic studies, six microfacies are recognized, which are classified in four sub‐environments including supratidal, intertidal, lagoonal and the high energy shoal of a homoclinal carbonate ramp. The main diagenetic features of the studied succession include dolomitization, anhydritization, cementation, micritization, fracturing and compaction. Based on stable isotope data, dolomitization of the upper Arab carbonates is related to sabkha settings (i.e. evaporative type). In terms of sequence stratigraphy, three shallowing‐upward sequences are recognized, based on core and wireline log data from four wells of the studied field. Considering depositional and diagenetic effects on the reservoir quality, the studied facies are classified into eight reservoir rock types (RRT) with distinct reservoir qualities. Dolomitization has played a major role in reservoir quality enhancement, whereas anhydritization, carbonate cementation, and compaction have damaged the pore throat network. Distribution of the recognized RRTs in time and space are discussed within the context of a sequence stratigraphic framework.     

伊朗Kashan地区库姆组沉积相及其对储层的控制作用

伊朗Kashan地区库姆组形成于混水碳酸盐岩台地沉积环境,以碳酸盐岩与陆源碎屑岩的混合沉积为主,沉积特征受陆源碎屑的影响较大.库姆组自身储集条件偏差,裂缝和溶孔在储集空间中占绝对优势,断裂活动及相伴生的溶蚀活动是控制储层发育的主要因素,而沉积相则为之提供物质基础.有利储集相带主要分布在应力集中区域和岩石破裂地区,其中局限台地滩相和三级层序界面之下的岩溶带是最佳储层发育位置.     

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界层序格架内的成岩作用

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界主要发育石英砂岩、岩屑砂岩、杂砂岩、“牛毛毡砂岩”、黑色石英砂岩等五种砂岩类型。这些砂岩具有成份成熟度较高、结构成熟度中—低、以正粒序为主、粒级普遍为中粗粒、储层填隙物类型多、含量变化大的特点。经历了三个重要成岩阶段:早成岩压实期—原生孔隙大量破坏损失期，中成岩A期—有机酸溶蚀—次生孔隙发育期，中成岩B期—埋藏压溶再胶结成岩期。在SQ8主要发育压溶、高岭石溶蚀、石英次生加大等成岩作用。SQ11主要发育硅质胶结、碳酸盐胶结成岩作用。成岩相可分为三级五类，即Ⅰ强压溶—石英加大相；Ⅱ压溶—碳酸盐溶蚀—高岭石交代相及溶蚀—弱杂基充填—高岭石交代相；Ⅲ强压实—粘土胶结相及强压实—碳酸盐胶结、交代相。区内储层整体为低孔低渗的致密砂岩储层，以发育次生孔隙为主，包括粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔和高岭石晶间孔，原生孔隙较少保留。通过对沉积砂体展布、储层成岩相类型及储集性能的综合分析，对有利的储层分布区带进行了预测。     

鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组层序地层格架与沉积相构成

运用高分辨率层序地层学的原理和方法,综合鄂尔多斯盆地野外地质露头、岩心、测井及地震资料,确定了层序界面的识别标志,在上三叠统延长组识别出不整合面和沉积作用转换面两种类型的层序界面。延长组发育7个具有等时意义的层序界面,将其划分为6个长期基准面旋回。根据短—中期基准面旋回的叠加样式,SQ1层序至SQ3层序基准面上升旋回地层样式总体上以长期基准面上升半旋回为主,构成"上升不对称"型旋回结构;SQ3层序基准面下降旋回至SQ6层序地层样式则以长期基准面下降半旋回为主,构成"下降不对称"型旋回结构。沉积相类型及其展布受基准面升降变化控制明显,沉积微相类型以(辫状)河流—(辫状河)三角洲前缘水下分支河道为主。有利储层发育于长期基准面旋回上升半旋回的早中期以及下降半旋回的中晚期。     

Impacts of Depositional Facies and Diagenesis on Reservoir Quality: A Case Study from the Rudist-bearing Sarvak Formation, Abadan Plain, SW Iran

An integrated geological-petrophysical analysis of the rudist-bearing sequence of the Cretaceous Sarvak Formation is given one giant oilfield, and provides an improved understanding of this main reservoir in the Abadan Plain, in the Zagros Basin, SW Iran. The main objective of this study is to evaluate reservoir potential of the Sarvak Formation, and then to utilize the calibrated well log signature to correlate reservoir potential in un-cored wells. Eight main facies are recognized and categori...     

Facies Analysis and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Qal’eh Dokhtar Formation (Middle–Upper Jurassic) in the West of Boshrouyeh, East Central Iran

The study area is located in the east Tabas Block in Central Iran. Facies analysis of the Qal’eh Dokhtar Formation (middle Callovian to late Oxfordian) was carried out on two stratigraphic sections and applied to depositional environment and sequence stratigraphy interpretation. This formation conformably overlies and underlies the marly-silty Baghamshah and the calcareous Esfandiar formations, respectively. Lateral and vertical facies changes documents low- to high energy environments, including tidal-flat, beach to intertidal, lagoon, barrier, and open-marine. According to these facies associations and absence of resedimentation deposits a depositional model of a mixed carbonate–siliciclastic ramp was proposed for the Qal’eh Dokhtar Formation. Seven third-order depositional sequences were identified in each two measured stratigraphic sections. Transgressive systems tracts (TSTs) show deepening upward trends, i.e. shallow water beach to intertidal and lagoonal facies, while highstand systems tracts (HST) show shallowing upward trends in which deep water facies are overlain by shallow water facies. All sequence boundaries (except at the base of the stratigraphic column) are of the no erosional (SB2) types. We conclude eustatic rather than tectonic factors played a dominant role in controlling carbonate depositional environments in the study area.     

鄂尔多斯盆地中奥陶统马家沟组海相碳酸盐岩储集层特征*

探讨了鄂尔多斯盆地中奥陶统马家沟组海相碳酸盐岩储集层岩石物理相特征及储集层分类方法。应用露头、岩心、薄片分析及储集层物性测试及压汞实验方法开展了碳酸盐岩储集层岩性、孔隙结构及物性研究,应用储集层流动带指标FZI开展了储集层岩石物理相特征及储集层分类方法研究。马家沟组碳酸盐岩储集层岩石类型主要为岩溶角砾泥晶—粉晶白云岩、膏盐溶蚀角砾泥晶—粉晶白云岩、含膏盐或膏盐质白云岩、粉晶—细晶白云岩、残余结构中晶—细晶及粗晶—中晶白云岩、次生灰岩、泥晶灰岩及白云岩,发育洞穴、溶洞、孔隙及裂缝4种储集空间,主要发育晶间孔型、裂缝型、裂缝—晶间孔型、裂缝—晶间孔—溶洞型4类储渗类型。依据流动带指标将储集层划分为6类岩石物理相及24类亚相,据此将储集层分为5类7亚类：一类储集层是天然气赋存的优质储集层,主要分布于马五₁、马五₄及马五₆段;二、三类储集层是马家沟组主要储集层类型,以孔隙为主的二₁、三₁类储集层主要分布于马五₁—马五₆段,以裂缝为主的二₂、三₂类储集层主要分布于马四段;四类储集层物性差,见于各段;五类为非储集层。研究结果表明,基于岩石物理相的储集层研究方法是揭示碳酸盐岩储集层特征及开展储集层定量分类与评价的有效途径。     

普光地区须家河组沉积相及储层特征研究

普光地区上三叠统须家河组地层具有较大的勘探开发潜力,根据岩石特征及测井相对该地区须家河组沉积相类型、储集空间类型、储层物性特征以及影响储层的因素等分析表明,家河组主要发育辫状河-三角洲及湖泊沉积,并可进一步划分为分流河道、水下分流河道和分流间湾等微相;储层主要表现为低孔-低渗、特低孔-特低渗,储集孔隙空间为粒内溶孔、残余粒间孔、粒间溶孔,裂缝-孔隙型是主要的储集类型;储层储集性能主要受沉积微相和成岩作用控制。     

沉积有机相在陆相层序地层格架中的分布特征--以吐哈盆地台北凹陷及准噶尔盆地南缘中侏罗世煤系为例

综合应用有机岩石学、地球化学及孢粉学的研究方法,对吐哈盆地台北凹陷及准噶尔盆地南缘J2x煤系的沉积有机相在陆相层序的格架中的分布特征进行了探讨。研究表明,一般情况下,各类沉积有机相在层序地层格架纵向上以湖侵体系域为中心对称分布,生烃能力最强的烃源岩出自湖湾-半深湖有机相,其位置一般出现在湖侵体系域中部,向上向下,烃源岩生烃能力依次变差。     

燕山冀北凹陷雾迷山组沉积相研究

在收集前人及野外采集资料基础上,利用薄片鉴定、岩石密度分析,对冀北坳陷中新元古界雾迷山组的岩石类型与特征、沉积相标志、剖面相研究了其沉积相类型。结果认为研究区属于典型的陆表海碳酸盐台地沉积环境,根据岩性及叠层石特征可细分为潮下、潮间和潮上带。其中一、二段由近35个小型韵律层组成了一个完整的由海侵到海退的沉积序列,具有自潮下至潮间再至潮上的潮坪相为主的沉积样式,为典型的雾迷山韵律沉积。第三段小型叠层石只见于三段的下部,而从第12层开始出现大型叠层石。第四段灰质白云岩中含沥青质块体,层理一般平直,或微波状,有时可见斜层理和波痕,为潮间带一潮下带沉积。     

冀北晚侏罗世张家口组段的划分

4冀北晚侏罗世张家口组的岩石地层单位长期以来一直没有一个较统一的划分方案,划分较为混乱,影响了其合理的地层层序的建立及区域地层对比。根据《冀北中生代陆相火山-沉积盆地1∶25万填图方法研究》项目的工作成果,提出张家口组以相序的岩石组合为基本单元将其依次划分为3个岩性段的方案。一段主要为弱喷发相序的岩石组合;二段主要为爆发相序的岩石组合;三段主要为喷发沉积相序的岩石组合。三者分别代表该组某破火山的初始爆发阶段、大规模爆发阶段和破火口塌陷沉积阶段。由此划分的岩性段可以较好地反映火山构造特征,建立合理的地层层序,有助于火山演化历史的研究,使岩石地层单位的划分与火山-沉积盆地的研究有机地结合在一起。     

歧口凹陷沙河街组一段层序格架和储层质量分析

层序地层格架与储层质量之间具有明显的关联,不同沉积体系域具有不同的岩性组合,经历了不同的成岩过程,造成了储层质量差异。本文综合利用地质和地球物理资料,以歧口凹陷沙一段为研究对象,重点讨论了沙一段层序地层格架、成岩演化和储层质量之间的关系,指出沙一段可划分成三个三级层序,每个层序均发育低位、湖侵和高位体系域。低位和高位体系域多发育三角洲和水下扇成因的砂砾岩,这些沉积砂砾岩目前处于成岩演化的中期。受原始沉积环境和成岩环境等因素的影响,不同沉积体系的储层质量存在明显的不同。高位体系域多发育三角洲和重力流成因的、相对较粗的砂砾岩,加之埋深相对较浅,所以相对于低位体系域储层来说,具有较好的储层质量。最后,依据层序格架、沉积类型和成岩作用综合研究,指出歧北次凹沙一段储层的储集物性比歧南次凹好,沙一上层序的储层物性比沙一下层序和沙一中层序的好,从而评价预测了沙一段有利储层的空间分布。     

松辽盆地白垩系营城组埋藏火山机构岩相定量模型及储层流动单元特征

松辽盆地营城组火山机构类型划分为碎屑岩火山机构、熔岩火山机构和复合火山机构3种。碎屑岩火山机构中火山通道相占9.3%,爆发相占55.3%,喷溢相占29.2%,侵出相占1.4%,火山沉积相占4.8%;火山机构半径为0.5～1.5 km,高度为50～220 m。熔岩火山机构中火山通道相占8.1%,爆发相占23.4%,喷溢相占62.6%,侵出相占5.1%,火山沉积相占0.8%;火山机构半径为1～2 km,高度为200～300 m。复合火山机构中火山通道相占4.9%,爆发相占34.4%,喷溢相占56.8%,侵出相占2.6%,火山沉积相占1.3%;火山机构半径为2～4 km,厚度为300～450 m。亚相控制储层流动单元的规模,碎屑岩火山机构的储层流动单元范围为0.3～1.5 km,厚度小于60 m。熔岩火山机构的储层流动单元范围为1～2 km,厚度小于80 m。复合火山机构的储层流动单元范围为1.5～3.0 km,厚度小于100 m。各类火山机构气藏开发时的井距和压裂方案均存在差异。     

Facies Analysis, Sequence Stratigraphy and Diagenetic Studies of the Jurassic Carbonates of the Kohat Basin, Northwest Pakistan: Reservoir Implications

The present study deals with the depositional facies, diagenetic processes and sequence stratigraphy of the shallow marine carbonates of the Samana Suk Formation, Kohat Basin, in order to elucidate its reservoir quality. The Samana Suk Formation consists of thin to thick-bedded, oolitic, bioclastic, dolomitic and fractured limestone. Based on the integration of outcrop, petrographic and biofacies analyses, the unit is thought to have been deposited on a gentle homoclinal ramp in peritidal, lagoonal and carbonate shoal settings. Frequent variations in microfacies based sea-level curve have revealed seven Transgressive Systems Tracts (TSTs) and six Regressive Systems Tracts (RSTs). The unit has undergone various stages of diagenetic processes, including mechanical and chemical compaction, cementation, micritization, dissolution and dolomitization. The petrographic analyses show the evolution of porosity in various depositional and diagenetic phases. The fenestral porosity was mainly developed in peritidal carbonates during deposition, while the burial dissolution and diagenetic dolomitization have greatly enhanced the reservoir potential of the rock unit, as is further confirmed by the plug porosity and permeability analyses. The porosities and permeabilities were higher in shoal facies deposited in TSTs, as compared to lagoonal and peritidal facies, except for the dolomite in mudstone, deposited during RSTs. Hence good, moderate and poor reservoir potential is suggested for shoal, lagoonal and peritidal facies, respectively.     

塔东南坳陷侏罗系杨叶组沉积相特征及古环境研究

沉积环境影响着烃源岩的发育情况,因而研究侏罗系杨叶组沉积时的古环境对塔东南坳陷的勘探开发及有利区块的优选有着重要意义。本文根据区内已有钻井的岩心观察结果、岩电组合特征、分析化验资料和野外露头及古生物特征,对区内侏罗系杨叶组的沉积相特征及古环境进行了分析研究,指出了该区沉积相主要发育有辫状河三角洲沉积和湖泊沉积。其沉积环境为陆相淡水环境,具有较强的还原性;古气候为温暖半潮湿亚热带气候。提出该区优质烃源岩形成的最有利相带的浅湖-半深湖湖湾环境。通过对沉积相和古环境的研究,总结了沉积相平面展布特征和四大控制因素。     

Determination of hydrocarbon generation potential of a non-isothermal pyrolysis of Faraghun and Sarchahan Formations in Coastal Fars and the Persian Gulf,Iran

Source rock assessment is a key step in any petroleum exploration activity. The results of Rock-Eval analysis showed that Sarchahan Formation was in the late oil window, while the Faraghun and Zakeen Formations were just in the early stages of the oil window. Furthermore, Sarchahan, Zakeen and Faraghun Formations exhibited different kerogen types (types-Ⅱ, types-Ⅲ and type-Ⅲ, respectively). Refining the kinetic parameters using the OPTKIN software, the error function returned error values below 0.1, indicating accurate optimization of the kinetic parameters. Based on the obtained values of activation energy, it was clear that Sarchahan Formation contained type-Ⅱ kerogen with an activation energy of 48–52 kcal/mol, while Zakeen and Faraghun Formations contained type-III kerogen with activation energies of 70–80 kcal/mol and 44–56 kcal/mol, respectively. The geographical distribution of the samples studied in this work, it was found that the organic matter (OM) quantity and quality increased as one moved toward the Coastal Fars in Sarchahan Formation. The same trend was observed as one moved from the southern coasts of Iran toward the shaly and coaly portions of Faraghun Formation in the center of the Persian Gulf.©2021 China Geology Editorial Office.     

碳酸盐岩断裂相分类特征——以新疆塔里木盆地柯坪露头为例

断裂相的概念为断裂带的内部结构研究提供了新的思路与建模方法,通过塔里木盆地柯坪露头断裂带的分析,碳酸盐岩断裂相特征有别于碎屑岩.柯坪露头碳酸盐岩断裂带不连续构造以滑动面、裂缝带和变形带发育为特征.根据形态识别出平直截切型、弯曲起伏型、渐变条带型三种类型滑动面.破碎带中裂缝带发育,裂缝充填少,是良好输导通道;断层核部存在...     

准噶尔盆地车排子凸起侏罗系齐古组沉积相分析及储层展布--以车60井区齐古组地层-岩性油气藏为例

侏罗系齐古组为准噶尔盆地重要的含油气层系,其层序发育较完整,沉积相类型丰富。综合利用岩芯、测井、录井及相关测试资料,在沉积特征分析的基础上,对车排子车60井区齐古组沉积微相进行了系统研究。确定研究区齐古组主要为砾岩、砂岩、细砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩构成的一套碎屑岩多旋回沉积组合,为典型的辫状河三角洲相沉积,其物源主要来自于北西和正北方向。平原辫状分流河道微相砂体为储集层骨架砂体,储集性能较好,前缘分支河道微相砂体及河口砂坝次之,为油气运移聚集的有利相带。该研究成果为油田开发方案的调整和动态分析提供了可靠的地质依据。     

鄂尔多斯盆地下侏罗统富县组沉积体系及古地理

富县组是鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系最早沉积的地层,其发育在由印支运动所造成的凹凸不平剥蚀面上,沉积以填平补齐为特点,与下伏三叠系延长组呈不整合接触关系。富县组沉积厚度变化大,岩性差异明显,岩相复杂。沉积相在空间上变化较大,为河流相和冲积扇相沉积。     

Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy of a Back-Arc Basin： A Case Study of the Qom Formation in the Kashan Area, Central Iran

The Qom Formation comprises Oligo-Miocene deposits from a marine succession distributed in the Central Basin of Iran. It is composed of five members designated as A-F. Little previous work exists on the sequence stratigraphy. Based on an integrated study of sequence stratigraphy with outcrop data, wells and regional seismic profiles, the Qom Formation is interpreted as a carbonate succession deposited in a mid-Tertiary back-arc basin. There are two second-order sequences (designated as SS1 and SS2) and five third-order sequences (designated as S1-S5). Five distinct systems tracts including transgressive, highstand, forced regressive, slope margin and lowstand have been recognized. The relationship between the sequences and lithologic sub-units has been collated and defined (S1 to S5 individually corresponding to A-C1, C2-C4, D-E, the lower and upper portions of F); a relative sea level change curve and the sequence stratigraphic framework have been established and described in detail. The coincidence of relative sea level change between that of the determined back-arc basin and the world indicates that the sedimentary cycles of the Qom Formation are mainly controlled by eustatic cycles. The variable combination of the systems tracts and special tectonic-depositional setting causally underpin multiple sequence stratigraphic framework styles seen in the carbonates of the back-arc basin revealing: (1) a continental margin basin that developed some form of barrier, characterized by the development of multiple cycles of carbonate-evaporites; (2) a flat carbonate ramp, which occurred on the southern shelf formed by the lack of clastic supply from nearby magmatic islands plus mixed siliciclastics and carbonates that occurred on the northern shelf due to a sufficient clastics supply from the land; and (3) a forced regressive stratigraphic stacking pattern that occured on the southern shelf and in basin lows due to the uplifting of the southern shelf. Thick and widespread aggradational framework limestone usually occurs in the initial sequences (S1 and S3) of the supersequence, which led to preferential oil reservoir deposition but a lack of source and cap rocks, whereas the retrogradational and progradational framework limestone usually occurs in the later sequences (S2 and S4-S5) of the supersequence, which results in two perfect sets of source, reservoir and cap rock assemblies, so that the limestone in sub-member C2-C4 and the F-Member can be predicted as important objects for oil exploration.